Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the Concept of Capacitance: Students will be

introduced to the basic concept of capacitance, which is the ability
of a system to store an electric charge. They will learn that
capacitance is determined by factors such as the size and shape of
conductive surfaces, the distance between them, and the type of
material in between.

2. Explore the Unit of Capacitance (Farad): Students will become

familiar with the unit of capacitance, the farad (F), and understand
its significance. They will learn that a capacitance of one farad
means that one coulomb of charge on one conductor causes a
potential difference of one volt between the conductors.

3. Investigate Practical Applications of Capacitance: Students

will discover how the concept of capacitance is applied in various
real-world situations and devices. They will understand that
capacitors are used in many electrical and electronic devices,
including the power supply of electronic appliances, defibrillators,
and even in their own smartphones.

Secondary Objectives:

 Promote Collaborative Learning: Encourage students to work

together in groups, fostering teamwork, and peer learning.

 Develop Problem-Solving Skills: Through hands-on activities and

experiments, students will develop their problem-solving and critical
thinking skills.

 Enhance Understanding through Visual Aids: The use of visual

aids, such as diagrams and models, will help students to better
understand the abstract concept of capacitance.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Recall Prior Knowledge: The teacher will begin by reminding the

students of the basic principles of electricity they have learned in
the past, such as electric charge, voltage, and current. They will also
recap the concepts of conductors and insulators. This will serve as a
foundation for understanding the new concept of capacitance. The
teacher will also remind students of the metric system and the basic
units of measurement, as these will be utilized in the lesson.

2. Problem Situations: The teacher will present two problem

situations to stimulate students' curiosity and to introduce the topic.
The first problem could be, "Why does a battery take a longer time
 to charge a big device like a laptop compared to a smaller device
like a smartphone?" The second problem could be, "How does a
defibrillator work to restart a person's heart?". These problem
situations will help students to see the relevance of the topic to real-
world applications.

3. Real-World Context: The teacher will contextualize the importance

of capacitance by explaining its role in various everyday devices.
They will mention how capacitors are used in their smartphones, the
power supply of electronic appliances, and in larger devices like
defibrillators and electric cars. This will help students to understand
that the concept of capacitance is not just theoretical but has
practical applications that they encounter every day.

4. Introduction of the Topic: The teacher will introduce the topic of

capacitance by explaining that it is the ability of a system to store
an electric charge. They will also reveal that capacitance is used in
many electrical and electronic devices to store and release electrical
energy.

5. Engaging Facts: To capture the students' interest, the teacher will

share two interesting facts related to capacitance. The first fact
could be that the largest capacitor in the world is in the Electric
Power Research Institute in the USA, and it is the size of a small
house! The second fact could be that the first capacitors were
invented in the 18th century and were called Leyden jars, which
were glass jars filled with water and used to store electricity.

6. Attention Grabbing Introduction: The teacher will grab the

students' attention by telling them a short story about the
accidental discovery of the capacitor by a German scientist named
Ewald Georg von Kleist. The story will include how he was shocked
when he touched the jar he had invented, and how this led to the
invention of the first capacitor. The teacher will then show a picture
of the modern capacitor, highlighting the contrast between the past
and present technology. This introduction will serve to pique the
students' curiosity and make them eager to learn more about
capacitance.

Development (20 - 23 minutes)

Activity 1: Building a Simple Capacitor Model (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Materials: Each group will be provided with two metal plates

(aluminum foil pieces), a plastic sheet or paper (non-conductive
material), a low voltage power supply (battery), and two wires.
 2. Procedure:

 Step 1: The teacher will demonstrate how to build a simple

capacitor model using the provided materials. They will place
the plastic sheet or paper between the two metal plates and
connect one plate to the positive terminal of the power supply
and the other plate to the negative terminal.

 Step 2: The students will then be asked to follow the same

procedure to create their own simple capacitor model.

3. Discussion and Analysis:

 The teacher will explain that the plastic sheet or paper acts as
an insulator, preventing the flow of current directly between
the two metal plates. This separation of charge creates an
electric field, and the system of conductors and insulators
forms a capacitor.

 The teacher will further illustrate the concept using a diagram

on the board, labeling the different parts of the capacitor
model (metal plates, insulator, electric field, etc.) and
explaining how they relate to the concept of capacitance.

Activity 2: Measuring Capacitance (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Materials: The same materials used in Activity 1 will be used, but

with the addition of a voltmeter.

2. Procedure:

 Step 1: The teacher will demonstrate how to measure the

capacitance of the capacitors using a voltmeter. The voltage
across the capacitor will be measured when it is connected to
the power supply.

 Step 2: The students will then be asked to measure the

capacitance of their capacitors using the same method.

3. Discussion and Analysis:

 The teacher will explain that the capacitance is the amount of

charge a capacitor can store per unit of voltage. This can be
calculated using the formula C = Q/V, where C is the
capacitance, Q is the charge, and V is the voltage.

 The teacher will guide the students to calculate the

capacitance of their capacitors using the measured values of
charge and voltage.
Activity 3: Capacitance in Action (4 - 5 minutes)

1. Materials: A simple LED (Light Emitting Diode), a resistor, and a

capacitor from a previous activity.

2. Procedure:

 Step 1: The teacher will demonstrate how a capacitor can be

used to light up an LED. They will connect the LED, the
resistor, and the capacitor in series to the power supply.

 Step 2: The students will then be asked to connect the

components in the same way to see the LED light up.

3. Discussion and Analysis:

 The teacher will explain that the capacitor charges up when

connected to the power supply, and when it is fully charged, it
releases its energy, causing a current to flow through the LED
and lighting it up. The process then repeats, causing the LED
to blink.

 The teacher will discuss the importance of the resistor in the

circuit, which limits the current and prevents damage to the
LED and the capacitor.

These hands-on activities will allow the students to visualize and

understand the concept of capacitance in a fun and engaging way. The
teacher will ensure to provide clear instructions, walk around the
classroom to answer any questions, and provide assistance as needed.

Feedback (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion and Reflection (3 - 4 minutes):

 The teacher will facilitate a group discussion where each

group will share their experiences and findings from the
activities. Each group will have up to 3 minutes to present
their conclusions to the class.

 The teacher will ask guiding questions to encourage students

to reflect on what they have learned. Questions could include:
"What was the most challenging part of the activity?" and
"How did the activities help you understand the concept of
capacitance?".

 The teacher will emphasize that the goal of the activities was
not just to build and measure capacitors, but to understand
the concept of capacitance and how it is applied in real-world
situations.
 2. Connecting Theory and Practice (2 - 3 minutes):

 The teacher will lead a discussion on how the hands-on

activities relate to the theory of capacitance. They will explain
that the concept of capacitance was demonstrated in the first
activity when the students built their own capacitors.

 The teacher will also explain that the second activity, where
the students measured the voltage across the capacitors,
helped them understand the unit of capacitance - the farad.

 The teacher will further explain that the third activity, where
the students used a capacitor in a circuit to light up an LED,
demonstrated how capacitors are used in real-world devices to
store and release electrical energy.

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes):

 The teacher will ask the students to take a moment to reflect

on the lesson. They will be asked to think about the answers
to the following questions:

1. "What was the most important concept you learned

today?"

2. "Which questions do you still have about capacitance?"

 The teacher will explain that it's okay if they still have
questions, and that they can ask them in the next class or
during office hours.

4. Lesson Closure (1 minute):

 The teacher will conclude the lesson by summarizing the main

points and key takeaways about capacitance.

 The teacher will remind the students that understanding the

concept of capacitance is crucial in physics and electronics, as
it is a fundamental property of many devices they use daily,
such as smartphones and laptops.

The feedback stage is crucial for consolidating the students' learning and
promoting their understanding of the topic. It also provides an opportunity
for the teacher to assess the effectiveness of the lesson and make any
necessary adjustments for future lessons.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Recap of the Lesson (2 minutes):

  The teacher will summarize the main points covered in the
lesson, ensuring to reiterate the definition of capacitance as
the ability of a system to store an electric charge.

 The teacher will remind the students of the formula for

calculating capacitance (C = Q/V) and the unit of capacitance,
the farad (F).

 The teacher will also review the practical applications of

capacitance, such as its use in electronic devices like
smartphones and defibrillators.

2. Connection of Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2

minutes):

 The teacher will explain how the lesson connected theoretical

concepts, practical activities, and real-world applications. They
will remind the students that the hands-on activities were
designed to help them understand the abstract concept of
capacitance in a tangible way.

 The teacher will highlight how the first activity allowed

students to physically create a simple capacitor, helping them
visualize what a capacitor is and how it stores electric charge.

 The teacher will then explain how the second activity, where
students measured the voltage across the capacitors, helped
them to understand the unit of capacitance - the farad.

 Lastly, the teacher will reiterate how the third activity, where
students used a capacitor in a circuit to light up an LED,
demonstrated a practical application of capacitance.

3. Additional Materials (1 minute):

 To further deepen the students' understanding of capacitance,

the teacher will suggest additional resources. These could
include online articles, videos, and interactive simulations on
capacitance.

 The teacher will also recommend that students review their

physics textbooks for more detailed explanations of the
concept of capacitance and its applications.

4. Importance of Capacitance in Everyday Life (1 - 2 minutes):

 The teacher will conclude the lesson by emphasizing the

importance of understanding capacitance in everyday life.
They will remind the students that capacitors are used in a
 wide range of devices and technologies that they encounter
daily, from their smartphones and laptops to defibrillators and
electric cars.

 The teacher will explain that understanding capacitance is not

just about understanding a physics concept, but it is also
about understanding how many of the technologies that they
rely on work. This knowledge can be empowering and can
inspire them to explore more about the world of physics and
electronics.