Kinematics vs Dynamics

Kinematics Dynamics
1. The study of motion without reference/considering of force 1. The study of motion with reference/considering of force
Ex: Time, displacement, speed, velocity, accelelation Ex: Force, momentum, mass, acceleration etc

2. Equations of motion Equation Of motion


vf = vi + at ( first equation of motion)  F = ma

S = vit+1/2 at2 ( 2nd equation of motion)  P = mv

2aS = vf2 - vi2 ( 3rd equation of motion)
Important concepts

Kinematics describes how things move asks questions how fast (speed or velocity) /how
long ( time) /how far ( displacement or distance)
Dynamics describes ’Why’ things move ’What force is needed’

Distance Vs Displacement
Distance Displacement
1. The total length of path covered by body 1. The shortest distance between two
points OR The change in position in
particular direction
Displacement= 𝑟⃗ = 𝑟⃗2 - 𝑟⃗1 =
( x2-x1)i +(y2-y1)J+ ( z2-z1)k
2. It is scalar quantity 2.It is vector quantity
⃗⃗
If S = xi + yj ( 2D/ plane)
𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1( 𝑥 )
If ⃗S⃗ = xi + yj + zk ( 3D/ Space)
𝑥
𝛼 = cos−1 |𝑆|
𝑦
𝛽 = cos−1 |𝑆|
𝑧
𝛾 = cos−1( |𝑆| )
𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are called direction cosines/ angles along
positive x, y, z axes

3. Its unit is meter (m) 3.Its unit is meter(m)

4. It is always positive 4.It may be positive , negative, and zero
5. If initial and final point is same thPen 5.If initial and final points are same then displacement
distance is zero is zero
 Ex: If Kashif goes from home to school and return back Ex: If Kashif goes from home to school and return back
to home distance is not zero to home displacement is zero
Ex: If a body moves one revolution n circular path the Ex: If a body moves one revolution n circular path the
distance is 2πr displacement is zero
6. Distance ≥ Displacement Displacement ≤ Distance
7. Depends upon path taken 7.Depends upon initial and final point
Distance: ‘‘tells how much path is travelled‘
Displacement: ‘‘ tells how far out of place where you started‘‘

Scalars
“ The quantities which can be specified by a magnitude only”

Examples: Time, Distance, speed, work, energy, power etc.

Physical quantity is represented by numerical
value and unit and denoted by “Q”
Note: Scalars can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided by elementary
Q = nu (“n”= numerical value and “u” is unit)
algebra. 1
Where n ∝
𝑢
Example: Kashif goes from home due east 3km and due north &
N
4km. Find the distance covered n1u1 = n2u2
4Kg
Example: 5000g = 5Kg
Distance: 3km + 4km = 7Km (simply E
add up them) 3Km 1N = 105 dyne

Displacement: It is vector quantity,

which added up by using vector
algebra

(Displacement)2 = 32+42

=25 = √25 = 5Km

Vectors
“ The quantities which are completely specified by both magnitude and direction”

Vector = magnitude + direction

𝐴⃗ = |𝐴| 𝑎̂ ( is a unit vector ; represents direction)

Example : displacement, velocity, force, momentum, torque, etc.

Operation on vector : Vectors are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided by special algebra called
 vector algebra
Vector + vector = vector (of same dimension)
Representation of vectors
Vector – vector = vector (of same dimension)
1. Symbolical Representation
Scalar + vector = not allowed
2. Graphical Representation
3. Analytical Representaion Scalar * vector = vector
1. Symbolical Representation Vector * vector = Scalar/ vector

 “The vectors are represented by alphabet putting an arrow over it”

e.g. 𝐴⃗, 𝐹⃗ , 𝑎⃗, 𝜏⃗⃗⃗ and magnitude is written in modulus e.g. |𝐴⃗|, |𝑎⃗|, |𝐹⃗ |, |𝜏⃗|.

 Vectors are represented by bold faced letters e.g. A, F, a, 𝝉

And the magnitude is written in “italic” A, F, a, v e.g. |𝑨|, |𝑭| etc.
 The vectors are represented by putting bar above or below the letter
e.g 𝐴̅ or 𝐴

2. Graphical Representation

“The vectors are represented by an arrow headed line segment”

𝐶⃗

𝐴⃗
Note: The length of an arrow denotes magnitude and head of an arrow represents the direction

3. Analytical Representation

“The vectors are represented by represented in unit vectors or component form”

𝐴⃗ = Ax i + Ay j + Az k

Where Ax, Ay, and Az are magnitudes of components of vector ⃗A⃗ along x, y, and z axis

Where i, j, and k are uni vectors along x, y, and z axis

Direction Cosines

“ The angles, which makes vector ⃗A⃗ with +ve x, y, and z axis called direction cosines. They are denoted
by 𝛼 ( +ve x axis), 𝛽 ( +ve y axis), 𝛾 ( +ve z axis)

𝐴⃗ = Ax i + Ay j + Az k

|𝐴⃗| = √(Ax)2 + (Ay)2 + (Az)2

𝐴𝑥
𝛼 = cos−1 ( 𝐴
)
 𝐴𝑦
𝛽 = cos −1 ( )
𝐴
𝐴𝑧
𝛾 = cos−1 ( )
𝐴

Note Sum of squares of direction cosines is 1

l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

OR

Cos2𝛼 + cos2𝛽 + cos2𝛾 = 1

General points regarding vector

1. Vectors can be shifted without changing direction

2. Vectors can be slided without changing direction and magnitude

3. The angle between two vectors is the smallest angle between two vectors when they are joined
by tail to tail or head to head

Note: The angle between two vectors is 0 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 1800

Numericals:

1. Find the direction cosine which makes vector 𝐴⃗ = 2i + 3j + 6k with positive x, y, z-axis.
2.

Types of vector
1. Unit vector;
“The vector whose magnitude is “one” (unity).”

The unit vector is obtained by dividing vector by its magnitude

⃗⃗
A
⃗⃗ =
𝐴
|⃗A⃗|
 𝐴⃗ = Ax i + Ay j + Az k

Ax 𝐢 + Ay 𝐣 + Az 𝐤
⃗𝐴⃗ =
⃗⃗|
|A

⃗𝐴⃗ = Ax Ay Az
𝒊 + ⃗⃗⃗ j + ⃗⃗⃗ k
⃗⃗⃗|
|A |A| |A|

cos𝛼 cos𝛾
cos𝛽