ABSTRACTS: -

KEYWORDS: -
INTRODUCTION
In India, the realms of traditional medicine, cultural heritage, and the natural environment are
intricately intertwined. Tridax procumbens Linn, commonly referred to as "Ghamra" and
colloquially termed "coat buttons" in English due to its flower's resemblance to buttons,
serves as a prevalent folk remedy within the country. This Asteraceae family member was
introduced to China in the year 1940.[1] Ghamra is a traditional medicine used for various
ailments, including hypertension, cephalalgia, gastrointestinal discomfort, wound recovery,
diarrhea, dysentery, and alopecia. Its leaves and blossoms have antiseptic, insecticidal, and
parasiticidal properties. Tridax procumbens, a variant of Eclipta alba, shares similarities with
the white-flowered creeping herb, Sveta/ Pita/ Sveta-pita Bhringraja, with pale
yellow blossoms.[2] Pharmacopoeial standards, encompassing physical constants and leaf
constants, are derived from pharmacognostical investigations. The findings of the
phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of fumaric acid, various alkaloids, carotenoids,
flavonoids, β-sitosterol, saponins, and tannins. This substance is rich in oleanolic acid,
carotenoids, saponins, and minerals such as calcium, potassium, and sodium. From its
flowers, compounds such as luteolin, glucoluteolin, quercetin, and isoquercetin have been
isolated.[3] Tridax is a 12-year-old perennial herbaceous plant. The leaves range from 6 to 8
cm in length and can be exceptionally elongated, measuring approximately 24 cm. The
peduncles are slender and extend to a minimum length of one foot.[4] Due to its quick rise,
the benefit of extracts in green synthesis has gained attention. It offers a one-step method,
cost-effective procedure, and lacks pathogenicity and sustainable for the production of
nanoparticles.[5,6] Moreover, dunes, railroads, meadows, riverbanks, dikes, and wastelands
are all places where coat buttons can be found. Its extensive application and importance as a
Because of its dissemination branches and a substantial quantity of seed creation.[4] For the
purpose of monitoring the drug's quality, a thorough botanical evaluation that includes
macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical parameters like loss on drying extractive value,
ash value, and an investigation of the phytochemicals present in the extract at the preliminary
level was conducted.An overview of a pharmacological study on Tridax Procumbens Linn is
given in this article with the goal of comprehending its scientific foundation for clinical use
in Ayurvedic classes.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
T. procumbens is native to most of the world's tropical and subtropical regions, it can
currently be found growing annual crops anywhere from roadside meadows to dunes and
waste areas to railroads, fallow land, pastures, and dikes. As a decorative plant, it was first
brought to Nigeria and then spread to other tropical nations. Vermont, Florida, Alabama,
Minnesota, North and South California, and Florida all classify it as a noxious weed. T.
procumbens is an invasive plant that grows in both dry and humid soil in Guatemala.[7]

TAXONOMY

CATEGORY DETAILS

Kingdom Plantae

Subkingdom Tracheobionta

Division Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Subclass Asteridae

Order Asterales

Family Asteraceae
 Genus Tridax

T. procumbens is characterized as a semi-prostrate, annual herbaceous creeper, exhibiting

stem heights that ascend to 30-50 cm, with branching, sparse trichomes, and rooting
occurring at the nodes. The foliage is simple, arranged oppositely, exhibiting serrate or
dentate margins, acute apex, and possessing a fleshy, pubescent texture; it takes on a
lanceolate to ovate morphology, measuring 3-7 cm in length, with an irregularly toothed
margin and a wedge-shaped base, exhibiting short petiolation and a hairy surface on both
sides. The leaves exhibit dorsiventral symmetry; the epidermis consists of a single layer on
both surfaces, coated with a robust cuticle. The upper epidermis is characterized by a
single-layered, multicellular covering of trichomes, while the lower epidermis comprises a
single layer of elongated cells that are closely packed. The xylem vessels reveal the presence
of calcium oxalate crystals. The vascular bundles are arranged in a concentric configuration.
The meristematic region encompasses a singular, centrally located collateral vascular bundle,
encircled by various parenchymatous cells.[8]

FLOWER
The flowers exhibit a tubular morphology, characterized by a yellow pigmentation and the
presence of trichomes, forming a capitulum type of inflorescence. This structure comprises
two distinct floral types: ray florets and disc florets, exhibiting basal placentation.[8] fig:-1
FRUITS
The fruit is characterized as a robust achene enveloped in rigid trichomes, featuring a
plume-like white pappus at one extremity, which facilitates its dispersal via aerial
mechanisms.The inflorescences exhibit heterogeneity, possessing elongated peduncles that
may attain a height of up to 2 feet. The ray florets are exclusively female, possessing a
ligulate corolla that is trifid and consistently exhibits a pale-yellow hue.[9] fig:-1
SEEDS AND ROOTS
The stems exhibit a spherical morphology, are densely covered in hispid structures, and are
adorned with multicellular trichomes measuring in millimeters. The foundational root system
is characterized by a robust taproot configuration displaying tuberculation. The plant stem
ascends to an elevation ranging from 30 to 50 cm, demonstrates branching characteristics,
possesses minimal hair, and forms roots at its nodes. flavanoids, kaempferol,
(-)-epicatechin, isoquercetin, glucoluteoli are the major phytochemical present .[10-11]
fig:-1
 Fig:-1 T. procumbens Linn (Ghamra) A. Roots B. Leaves of plant C. Flowers and fruit of
plant.

PHYTOCONSTITUENTS
A variety of bioactive chemical constituents have been extracted and documented from the
plant Tridax procumbens. Among these constituents are alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids,
β-sitosterol, fumaric acid, luteolin, quercetin, oxoester, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic
acid, arachidic acid, linoleic acid, and tannins, among others.[12-13] The mineral constituents
of T. procumbens derived from its foliar structures include calcium, magnesium, potassium,
sodium, and selenium. It has been noted that T. procumbens possesses the capacity to
function as a significant source of phytoproteins and potassium supplementation, in addition
to being a potential reservoir of provitamin A (carotenoids) for the populace.[14-15].

STRUCTURE OF ISOLATED COMPOUND-

COMPOUNDS PROPERTIES

● Anti - inflammatory
● Anti - oxidant
● Anti - microbial

● HEPATOPROTECTI
VE
● Wound healing
● Anti oxidant
Tridax procumbens brims with diverse phytoconstituents, each bringing its own unique benefits and adding to
the plant's remarkable healing potential.

EVALUATION PARAMETERS OF GHAMRA

MATERIALS & METHODS :-

Assessment of plant material:-

The collection and confirmation of plant material took place in October
2024 at the Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh,Kanpur , India.
Fresh plant parts were utilized for microscopic examination. After
separating the leaves, they were dried, roughly ground, and stored in a
sealed container for future analysis.
The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were scrutinized as
outlined in the quality control protocol. Sections were cut using a
microtome, stained, prepared on slides, and viewed through binocular
and projection microscopes.
Plant Extraction: The leaves of Tridax Procumbens Linn were
gathered, cleansed, and dehydrated in a shaded environment.
● [Extraction of leaves using the cold maceration process] -

1.Physicochemical characteristics -
Jayant veda encompass moisture level, overall ash content, ash that is
not soluble in acid, ash that is soluble in water, extractives that are
soluble in water, and extractives that are soluble in alcohol for standard
use.[16]
2. Preparation of Extract
The entire plant was roughly ground and placed in a Soxhlet apparatus,
where it was continuously extracted using ethanol at temperatures
ranging from 60°-80°C until all components were separated. The efficacy
of the ethanol extraction was determined by the extent to which
chlorophyll was dissolved in the solvent. Once the tissue no longer
displayed a green hue after multiple extraction cycles, it indicated the
removal of all small molecular weight compounds. The extract was
characterized by its dark green color, with distinctive odor and taste.[17]
Plant extracts underwent phytochemical analysis to identify a range of
chemical components including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids,
essential oils, carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, and other bioactive
compounds. This led to the performance of chemical examinations on an
ethanolic extract of Tridex procumbens, revealing the presence of
multiple chemical elements [18].
3.Analytical methods
a) Spectroscopic Analysis -
Spectral examination was conducted utilizing a UV-Spectrophotometer
within the wavelength range of 200nm to 800nm for the unrefined extract
and its divisions.[19]
b) Chromatographic Analysis -
Thin layer chromatography -After conducting phytochemical screening
and UV spectroscopy analysis, it has been verified that the crude extract
and fraction (F4) contain flavonoid. Consequently, the crude extract and
fraction 4 were selected for further examination through TLC study. The
thin layer chromatographic analysis was conducted following
standardized procedures, utilizing Quercetin as the standard marker on
silica gel 60 F254 plates. The mobile phase utilized was a mixture of
Toluene, Ethyl acetate, and Formic acid in a ratio of 7:3:0.5, with
aluminum chloride reagent serving as the detecting agent.[20]
c) Infrared Spectroscopy -
The elevation of a molecule from a lower to a higher vibrational level is
triggered by the intake of infrared rays. Signals observed within the
3415-3426 cm-1 range in the infrared spectra of the pure substance
denote the existence of the OH unit. The absorption band at 2854 cm-1
is a result of symmetrical vibrations of the CH2 group, manifesting at a
frequency of 1703.46 cm-1. An identifiable band, originating from the
CH3 unit and positioned at 1108.23, is present in close proximity to
1378.99.[21]
d)Total Phenolic Content -
The overall phenolic content of the unrefined solution was assessed by
utilizing the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, following the method outlined by
Pourmorad et al, with some minor adjustments made. Gallic acid was
employed as a reference point to establish a calibration graph. A solution
of 10 mg Gallic acid was dissolved in 10 mL of methanol and then
diluted to a range of 2-10µg/mL. 2.5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu, along with
2.5 mL of distilled water, was combined with 0.5 mL of the standards and
samples. Subsequent to a 5-minute incubation interval, 2 mL of an
aqueous sodium carbonate solution (7.5% w/v) was introduced.
Following vigorous shaking of the resultant amalgamation, it was left to
incubate at room temperature for 15 minutes, shielded from light. The
absorbance of all standards and samples was gauged at 765 nm utilizing
the SICAN 2301 UV-spectrophotometer.
The total phenolic content was computed as the mean ± SD (n = 3) and
reported as grams of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry extract
and fraction.[22,23,24]

4 .In-vitro Antioxidant study

● DPPH Radical scavenging activity testing -
In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH radical
scavenging activity testing.[25] A DPPH solution (0.004% w/v) was
prepared in 95% ethanol for this purpose. The stock solution (5 mg/mL)
of Tridax procumbens extract was separately combined with ethanol.
Test tubes containing freshly prepared DPPH solution were mixed with
the extract, followed by serial dilutions (ranging from 1 g to 500 µg) to
reach a final volume of 3 mL. Absorbance was then measured at 450 nm
using a spectrophotometer after a 10-minute incubation period. Ascorbic
acid was used as a reference standard, diluted in distilled water to reach
thesame stock solution concentration (5 mg/mL). A control sample
containing extract and ascorbic acid in equal volumes was also
prepared. Blank samples were created using 95% ethanol.[26]
The percentage of DPPH free radical scavenging was determined using
the provided equation :-
% Scavenging Activity= {(Absorbance of the control-Absorbance
of the test sample)}

Absorbance of the control × 100

5 .In vitro antimicrobial activity

In vitro antimicrobial activity was assessed by using Agar Well Diffusion
method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which are
the types of gram positive and gram negative organisms respectively.
The crude extract, fractions (F1, F2, F3, F4) and the control (1000µg/ml
in DMSO) were placed into wells bored with a sterile borer. To allow for
prediffusion of the extracts into the agar, plates were kept in the
refrigerator for two hours. The plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24
hours. The antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the
diameter of zone of inhibition (IZD)[27,28,29].

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES :-
While Tridax has not yet been incorporated into conventional medicine
practices, its diverse range of secondary compounds indicate its potential in
pharmacology. These compounds have shown promising effects in combatting
cancer, preventing anemia, supporting liver health, enhancing immune function,
as well as possessing antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiplasmodial, and
antiviral properties.
The pharmacological potential of this species suggests a possible synergy
between traditional and modern medicine practices. Further research is needed
to better understand the active components and their effects during extraction
and isolation processes. Ali et al. (2001) discussed the extraction of flavonoids
from aerial parts, though the relationship between procumbenetin and antifungal
properties remains unclear. In some cases, 26 compounds have exhibited
potential antifungal effects.

WOUND HEALING INTERVENTION :- In folk medicine, T. procumbens is commonly

used topically and orally by tribal populations throughout several nations to treat burns,
wounds, and skin wounds.Tridax works well for treating burn injuries. [31-32]. In burn
instances, it increases the effectiveness of dexamethasone. Staphylococcus aureus and
Escherichia coli wound infections were significantly reduced by an aqueous extract of the T.
procumbens plant.[33-34]
The plant promotes fast collagen production by increasing the hydroxyproline concentration,
granulation, and hexosamine creation of the excision wound's granulation tissue.In a dead
space wound model, aqueous extract exhibits prohealing action by raising lysyl oxidase,
protein content, specific activity, and breaking strength, but to a lesser extent than whole
plant extract.[35-36]

In - Vivo studies of Tridax procumben

ANTI - BACTERIAL ACTIVITY
However, T. procumbens methanol extracts shown strong action against S. aureus that was coagulase positive
(8.0±0.707). On other chosen bacterial strains, however, the least amount of antibacterial activity was noted.
Streptococcus uberis and K. pneumonia were not significantly inhibited by the aqueous extracts of T.
procumbens.[37] T. procumbens, which had an inhibition zone of 8–14 mm and inhibited 16 out of 20 test
microorganisms.[38]
The antibacterial activity of the Tridax procumbens plant against a range of bacterial species in its different parts
has been documented in earlier studies. To treat cuts and wounds, the entire plant is manually compressed to
obtain juice, which is then administered twice a day for four to five days. The extract from the entire plant
exhibited antibacterial properties, namely against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, according to the disk diffusion
experiment.[39]
The four bacterial strains that were investigated included both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, such as
Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus It was discovered that
the ethanol extract shown notable effectiveness in treating nosocomial strains of pseudomonas that were
resistant to many drugs. This implies that the extract may be used as a formulation source and an
anti-pseudomonal agent for Pseudomonas aeruginosa-related nosocomial illnesses.[40]

CARDIO PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES:-

T. procumbens demonstrates hypotensive and bradycardiac effects on the cardiovascular system in both normal
and salt-loaded rats. When administered intravenously to adult male albinos Sprague-Dawley rats at varying
doses, a significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate was observed. This effect is believed
to be due to activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, as pretreatment with atropine sulfate inhibited the
extract's action. [41] In another study, the aqueous extract at different doses produced varying effects on blood
pressure in sub chronic salt-loaded rats. The higher dose immediately lowered blood pressure, while the lower
dose initially increased it before later decreasing.
The dosage of 200 mg/kg promptly reduced the rats' diastolic pressure, a effect that persisted until the 24th hour
(when it became significant) and lasted until the 72nd hour, at which point it increased before eventually
decreasing by the 192nd hour. The substance prevented the rise in pulse pressure induced by salt-loading,
suggesting that it may potentially regulate hypertension by modifying systolic and pulse pressures.[42]
HEPATO PROTECTIVE ACTION :-
T. procumbens exhibited a beneficial impact on the liver damage caused by paracetamol in Wister rats. It
assisted in restoring the normal levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, cholesterol, and blood urea.[43-44]
Additionally, it reversed the decrease in enzymic antioxidants like SOD, CAT, GPX, GST, as well as
non-enzymic antioxidants such as reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E. These changes in biochemistry
were rectified after pre-treatment with the chloroform insoluble fraction of the ethanolic extract of TP extract
(300 mg/kg body weight orally for 10 days). [45]
In contrast, rats exposed solely to d-GalN/LPS experienced liver cell damage, evidenced by a significant rise in
serum AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, GT, and bilirubin levels.There was a notable increase in the levels of cholesterol,
triglycerides, and free fatty acids in both the serum and tissue of rats. The chloroform-insoluble fraction from
the ethanolic extract of T. procumbens effectively lowered elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty
acids. [46]
T. procumbens demonstrates antioxidant properties, reducing lipid peroxide production in chloroquine-induced
hepatic damage. The ethanolic extract of T. procumbens, administered orally at varying doses (100, 200, 300,
and 400mg/kg body weight), gradually reversed acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in male albino rats.
The extract showed a significant decrease in Hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increased activities of
Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), as well as glutathione and glycogen content in the liver.
Histopathological examination of liver sections further supported the efficacy of the ethanolic extract.[47]

HAIR GROWTH ACTIVITY :-

It was shown that the petroleum fraction of ethanolic extract of T. procumbens when administered orally as well
as topically to the albino rats produced an effective hair growth.[48]

ANTI OBESITY RESEARCH :-

In a rat model of obesity caused by an atherogenic diet, therapy with Tridax procumbens markedly decreased
total protein, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol while raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
[49. These results suggest that Tridax procumbens have anti-obesity properties.

Vector Depressivation for Malarial

In mosquito cages, essential oils derived from Tridax procumbens leaves shown topical repellent qualities
against the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Tridax procumbens essential oils showed comparatively strong
repellency properties, which suggests that they could be used to combat malarial vectors [50].

Immunomodulatory activity:-
The ethanolic extracts from the leaves of Tridax have been found to have an immune-modulating effect on
albino rats that were exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extracts also have the ability to suppress the
growth of this bacterium. Significant enhancements in the phagocytic index, leukocyte count, and splenic
antibody-secreting cells have been documented with the ethanol-insoluble fraction of the aqueous extract from
Tridax. The stimulation of the humoral immune response, in addition to an increase in the haemagglutination
antibody titer, was observed. Furthermore, the study indicates that Tridax has an impact on both the humoral and
cell-mediated immune systems.[51,52]

Life Style Diseases and T. procumbens

The antidiabetic effects of T. procumbens have been observed in various animal studies. When given to diabetic
rats induced with alloxan, the methanolic extract of the entire plant led to a significant decrease in fasting blood
sugar levels, with minimal impact on body weight and toxicity.[53,54] Additionally, the antidiabetic properties
of T. procumbens were evident in tests using aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the plant leaves. In experiments
with streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced Wistar rats, the ethanolic extract of T. procumbens (whole plant) at
doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg resulted in notable reductions in blood sugar levels, serum cholesterol,
triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol when compared to the standard antidiabetic medication glibenclamide at 0.25
mg/kg.[55,56]
According to Ali et al, standardized extracts of T. procumbens, either alone or combined with other herbal
extracts, show promising pharmacological effects in treating MetS. The use of a polyherbal formulation may
result in additional or synergistic benefits against MetS. Oleanoic acid and its derivatives have been identified as
α-glucosidase inhibitors, with an IC50 as low as 7.97 ± 0.214 µM.[57] Inhibiting α-glucosidase can help
regulate carbohydrate breakdown, improve utilization, lower insulin levels, and maintain glucose levels. Both
ether, methanol, and chloroform extracts of T. procumbens have demonstrated significant reductions in
α-glucosidase activity, potentially attributed to oleanoic acid derivatives. A clinical study found that
administering aqueous whole plant T. procumbens extract for 4 weeks alongside prescribed medication yielded
positive results.[58,59]

Traditional Uses:-
Tridax procumbens is a flowering plant known as a widespread weed with various medicinal properties. In
India, it has traditionally been used for its antimicrobial, wound healing, insect repellent, immunomodulating,
and anticoagulant properties.[60]
This versatile plant can effectively treat
● blisters,
● boils,
● ulcers,
● gastritis,
● heartburn
● , cuts,
● bruises
● , wounds,
● high blood pressure,
● high blood glucose levels
● , dysentery,
● severe diarrhea,
● respiratory issues
● , and jaundice.[61,62,63,64]
Additionally, it can be used as a hair tonic to prevent hair loss and promote hair growth. The leaves of Tridax
procumbens are commonly used in ethnomedicines to treat infectious skin diseases, while its decoction is
known for its hepatoprotective properties in addressing liver disorders. Furthermore, the ethanol decoction of
the plant has been traditionally used for treating kidney stone diseases.[65-68]

Analgesic Activity & Anti - Pyretic activity

The analgesic efficacy is assessed through two pain models in male mice and male Sprague-Dawley rats. In the
Formalin-induced persistent pain model, the extract displayed notable suppression of the late phase, likely
stemming from changes in spinal cord function and structure, indicating the presence of active pain-relieving
components that act centrally. In the Acetic acid-induced writhing test, the T. procumbens extract
dose-dependently and significantly decreased abdominal writhing. Moreover, in the Complete Freund's
adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia model in rats, the extract notably lessened mechanical hyperalgesia.[70]
The analgesic and antipyretic effects may come from flavonoids and polyphenols inhibiting prostaglandin
synthesis. These compounds specifically target prostaglandins involved in late-stage inflammation, fever, and
pain perception. Flavonoids also help reduce lipid peroxidation, protecting cells from necrosis and increasing
blood flow. The anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts are attributed to the inhibition of COX-1 and
COX-2 enzymes, as well as their free radical-scavenging abilities, likely due to flavonoids and polyphenols
present. Bergenin showed the highest inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2, followed by centaureidin, with
centaurein having weaker effects on these enzymes. Centaureidin is noted for its anti-inflammatory properties,
as well as its ability to inhibit COX, lipoxygenase, and nitric oxide synthase.[71-73]

Bioadsorbent
It serves as a bioadsorbent for chromium (VI), a toxic ion commonly released into the environment by leather
processing and chrome plating industries. This plant, a low-growing herb, is highly regarded for its medicinal
properties.[74,75]

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