KDK emblem

1. Estimating and costing Cost accounting: various methods, classification of cost, direct and indirect charges,
BECVE 702 T Evaluation Scheme 80/20 distribution of overheads, MAS account, issue rates, and store account
L(3)+T(1) =4 hrs/week total credits: 4 Exam duration: 4hrs
UnitV
Course outcomes: Rate analysis: Introduction, purpose aand principles of cSR, Factors affecting
1. Prepare the preliminary estimate for administrative approval & technical sanction for analysis of rates, labour guidelines form national building organization, market rates
civil engineering project of materials and labour, Rate analysis of major items of work
2. Write the specification of the works to be undertaken, prepare the tender documents, fill
the contracts and make use of knowledge of different contract submission & opening in Unit VI
awarding the work to the contractor.
Valuation: purpose of valuation, Factors affecting property price and cost. Types of
3. Use concepts of SD, HMD, MAS, Running bill, final bill during the entire project
4. Schedule the project for its timely completion
value, real estate, tenure of land, free hod and lease hold, sinking fund, depreciation,
5. Use the technique of rate analysis in estimating the exact cost of material & manpower and its methods, Capitalised value, method of valuation, net and gross income, rent
and hence the entire project fixation.
6. Estimate the bill of quantities using different techniques of preliminary and detailed
estimation of buildings and roads Reference books:
7. Arrive the exact value of the asset (movable & immovable) using different valuation 1. Estimating and Costing BN Dutta (S Dutta & Co)
techniques 2. Estimating, Costing and .. : M Chakraborti (By author)
(Teacher: Peruse various government documents, know Market rates, terms used in 3. Contracts and Estimates: BS Patil (Universities press)
local practice, constructional aspects ..... ] 4. Engineer's Duties and accounts: S K Hussain (Satya prakashan)
Syllabus: 5. Professional Practice: Roshan Namavati (Lakahni book depot)
Unit I
Introduction: Importance and purpose of the subject, units of measurements as per IS Practical:
1 200. Items of work and description of items of work, administrative approval, BECVE 702 P Evaluation scheme 50 + 50
technical sanction, preliminary estimates, objectives, and its methods P-2 hrs/ week Total credits: 2
"
Unit II , Minimum of 8 practical assignments based on
Detailed estimates: objectives, importance, accuracy, methods of detailed estimates. 1. Preliminary estimate using plinth area method
Detailed estimate of load bearing and framed structures, calculating reinforcing steel 2. Detailed estimate of load bearing structure
with Bar bending schedule. 3. Detailed estimate of framed structure
4. Calculation of steel with BBS
Unit III 5. Detailed estimate of earthwork of road for approximate 1 km length
Tenders and contracts: Method of carrying out works, tender notice, acceptance of 6. Draft detailed specifications of 8 major works
tender, essentials of contract, types of contracts, contract documents, , land 7. Analysis of unit rate of 8 major items of work
acquisition act, legal aspects of various contract provisions, arbitration. 8. Draft a short tender notice for proposed work
9. Calculation of annual, total depreciation and book value of the end of each ear
10. Fixation of standard rent of the property
Unit IV 11. Market survey for material and labour rates for various items
Specifications: IS 1200 introduction, purpose and principles of specification writing, 12. Detailed planning and estimate of plumbing work
types of specifications, writing and developing detailed specifications and important 13. Detailed estimate of building using estimate software.
items of building and road work (Proper bound submission]
1|Page Estimating & Costing VII BE (Civil) Prof. R.V.R.K.Prasad KDKCE, Nagpur
 IS:1200(Part x):_ Methods of measurement of Building and Civil Engineering Approximate building estimates
Works The common methods used to estimate the costs of buildings approximately are
Part Year Title Pa
ges 1. Plinth area (or square meter) method
1 IS:1200 ( Part I ) 1992 Earth work 4 2. Cubic contents (cubic rate or cubic meter) method
2 IS: 1200 (Part II) 1974 Concrete Works 11 3. Service unit method
->
IS: 1200 (Part III) 1976 Brick work 9 4. Bay method
4 IS:1200 (Part IV) 1976 Stone Masonry 9 5. Cost comparison method
5 IS: 1200 (PartV) 1982 Form work 6 6. Approximate quantities and bill method
6 IS:1200 (Part VI) 1974 Refractory work 4 7. Cost from materials method
7 IS:1200 (Part VII) 1972 Hard ware 4
8 IS: 1200 (Part VIII) 1993 Steel work and Iron work 4 1. Plinth area (or square meter) method
9 IS: 1200 (Part IX) 1973 Roof covering 7 In this method the plinth area of the building is multiplied by the rate per square
10 15:1200 (Part X) -i meter of the plinth area. To arrive at a suitable rate per square meter of plinth area,
1973 Ceiling and lining
cost of similar constructions in that locality at that time should be known. The plinth
11 IS:1200 (Part XI) 1977 Paving, floor, dado skirting 7
area rate depends on the location, type of building, quality of materials, shape of
12 IS: 1200 (Part XII) 1976 Plastering and pointing 7
building, arrangement of internal rooms etc.
13 IS:1200 (Part XIII) 1994 White wash, distemper 2
14 1S:1200 (Part XIV) 1984 Glazing 3 2. Cubic contents (cubic rate or cubic meter) method
15 IS: 1200 (Part XV) 1987 Paint varnish 4 As the cost of construction depends upon the volume of materials required for it, it is,
16 IS:1200 (Part XVI) 1979 Water and sewer lines 5 more reliable to estimate the approximate cost based on the volume of a building.
17 IS:1200 (Part XVII) 1985 Road and pavements 7 In this method the approximate cost is arrived by multiplying the volume of the
18 IS: 1200 (Part XVIII) 1974 Demolition and dismantling 7 proposed building by its rate. The per cubic meter of construction can be known from
19 IS:1200 (Part XIX) 1981 Water supply, plumbing 6 that locality from similar construction at that date. The height of the building may be
20 IS: 1200 (Part XX) 1981 Gas pipe line 4 measured from the mid way between the GL and foundation level. In case of pitched
21 IS: 1200 (Part XXI) 1973 Wood work 7 roofs it should be upto midway between the ridge and point of intersection of roof
22 IS: 1200 (Part XXII) 1982 Materials 5 with outer walls. In case of buildings with parapet walls it should be up to the mid-
23 IS: 1200 (Part XXIII) 1986 Piling 5 height.
24 IS:1200 (Part XXIV) 1983 Well foundations 4
25 IS:1200 (Part XXV) 1971 Tunneling 5 These are better suitable for estimating the cost of ware houses, etc where height is a
26 IS: 1200 (Part XXVI) 1987 Acid resistant lining 4 predominant factor.
27 IS: 1200 (Part XXVI 1) 1992 Earthwork by mechanical appliances 2
28 IS: 1200 (PartXXVIIl) 1992 Sound insulation work 1 3. Service unit method
In this cost per unit service quantity is to be known. Suitable units for roads and
bridges is length, schools and colleges is student, water tank is liter, hospitals is bed
etc. In this method first the estimated cost per service unit is prepared first and later
this is multiplied by corresponding units.

21 P a g e Estimating & Costing VII BE ( C i v i l ) Prof. R.V.R.K.Prasad KDKCE, Nagpur

4. Bay method
This method is suitable for long structures like go-downs, schools, railway platforms 1) Plinth area required for the total building:
etc. The total cost is arrived by multiplying the cost per bay and number of bays.
Let the Plinth area, 'a' required per student:
5. Cost comparison method Carpet area : = 1.125 sqm
In this method the estimated cost of a building structure is found.from a similar Corridors etc = 0.225 sq.m (0.2 x 1.125 - 0.225)
construction in that locality at that time or similar previous construction with suitable Wall area =0.1 a
factors that justify the current market rates. Total plinth
a = 1.35+0.1a; /. a=1.35/(l-0.1) = 1.5 sq.m
Total plinth area required for the college, 'A' = 1.5 x 3100 = 4650 sqm
6. Approximate quantities and bill method
ii) Total cost of building, *C*:
In this method the total cost is estimated by its length of walls. The rate of
construction per meter length of wall is to be known. It is better to estimate the costs Cost of construction: 4650x8100 =3,76,65,0007-
separately like: 1) cost of wall including foundation 2) cost of wall excluding Cost of water supply (5%) = 18,83,2507-
foundation, 3 )cost of flooring 4) cost of roofing 5) cost of wood work 6) cost of Cost of sanitation (7%) = 26,36,5507-
amenities like water supply, sanitary, electrification etc. Cost of Electrification (6%) = 22,59,9007-
Cost of boundary and roads (3%) = 11,29,9507-
7, Cost from materials method Contingencies - 0.05 C
Work charged establishment - 0.02 C
Some organizations like CBRI, Roorkee developed some empirical formulae to fine Total cost _C
approximate materials and labour required. The cost of building can be quickly C = 4,55,74,650 +0.07C or C = 4,55,74,6507(1-0.07) = 4,90,05,0007-
estimated with those approximate quantities and their appropriate rates
Ex2: Prepare a preliminary estimate for a three storyed building having a carpet area
Exl: Determine the approximate/preliminary estimate of a college building for 3100 of 360 sq. m. on each floor. Assume area occupied by corridors etc is 15 % of built
students using the following data: up area and walls occupy 10 % of the built up area.
1. Carpet are required per student =1.125 sqm The construction cost in ground floor (excl foundations) =8,0007-sqm of built up area
2. Corridors, lavatories and other ammonites =20% of carpet area First floor = 9,0007-sqm of built up area
3. Walls occupy 10% of the plinth area Second floor =9,8007- sqm of built up area
4. Cost of construction = Rs.8,100/- per square meter of plinth. Cost of foundation is 20 % of the cost of superstructure
5. Cost of water supply = 5% of the construction cost Additional costs of 2%, 4%, 6%, & 8% on the construction cost of building are
6. Cost of sanitation = 7% of the construction cost required for architectural treatment, water supply, sanitary and electrification.
7. Cost of electrification = 6% of the construction cost Contingencies and work charged establishment are 4% and 6% of the overall cost.
8. Cost of boundary walls and internal roads = 3% of the construction cost
9. Contingencies = 5% of the total building cost
10. Work charged establishment = 2% of the total building cost.
Solution:

3 |P a g e Estimating & Costing VII BE (Civil*) Prof. R.V.R.K.Prasad. KDKCE, Nagpur

V> '
Ex.3 Prepare an approximate estimate for a hospital with 100 beds for the following
data:
1. Carpet are required per bed =30 sqm
2. Corridors, lavatories and other ammonites =20% of carpet area
3. Walls occupy 10% of the carpet area
4. Cost of construction - Rs.9,300/- per square meter of plinth.,
5. Cost of water supply = 7% of the construction cost
6. Cost of sanitation = 8% of the construction cost
7. Cost of electrification = 12% of the construction cost
8. Cost of boundary walls and internal roads = 3% of the construction cost
9. Contingencies = 3 % of the total building cost
10. Work charged establishment = 4% of the total building cost.
Solution:

4 | P a ge Estimating & Costing VII BE ( C i v i l ) Prof. R.V.R.K.Prasad KDKCE, Nagpur

,
 Estimating and costing 26 Classification of works as per nature of work
Various stages of Construction: Qrigina^Works Repairs and maintenance works
The execution of a project/work has two stages, viz. the 'Pre-construction stage' and (i) all new constructions, These cover operations undertaken to maintain the
the 'Construction stage'. The following activities are involved in these stages: (ii) all types of additions, assets in a proper condition and include maintenance
alterations and/or special and operation of all services. The "Repairs" are
1. Pre-construction stage: repairs to newly acquired further classified into two categories as follows:
i) Requisition from the client. assets, abandoned or damaged (i) Annual repairs: the routine as well as yearly
ii) Preparation of site/soil data, and assessment of feasibility of services such as water assets that are required to operation and maintenance works. - colour washing,
supply, electricity, drainage and sewerage etc. make them workable . distempering,..
iii) Discussions with the client to assess and appreciate their requirements, (iii) major replacements or (ii) Special repairs: major repair or replacement or
incorporation of the same and preparation of preliminary plans. remodeling of a portion of an remodeling of a portion of an existing structure or
iv) Approval of the preliminary plans by the client. existing structure or installation or other works due to major breakdowns,
v) Preparation of preliminary estimate. installation or other works, or deterioration, or periodic renewal, which do not
vi) Approval of the preliminary estimate by the client. which results in a genuine result in a genuine increase in the value of the
(vii) Preparation of architectural drawings and review with client and modification of increase in the life and value property.-plastering, replacement of doors and
drawings, if required. of the property. windows, flooring etc.,
viii) Preparation and submission of the plans to the Local Bodies for their approval.
ix) Approval of plans by the Local Bodies. Petty Works
x) Preparation of preliminary structural sizes.
xi) Preparation of services drawings. The expenditure on minor additions and alterations to residential and nonresidential
xii) Preparation of detailed working drawings. buildings up to the limits prescribed in DFPR may be classified at the discretion of"
xiii) Preparation of detailed estimates for buildings and all services (civil, electrical the SE as petty works expenditure and debited to "Repairs" provided that separate
and mechanical). estimates are sanctioned in respect of such additions and alterations and if such
xiv) Preparation of NIT and call of pre-qualification applications, wherever works relate to residences, the cost is taken into account in determining the capital
applicable. cost.
xv) Preparation of structural drawings.
xvi) Selection of contractors from the pre-qualification applications wherever Classification as per funding of works
applicable.
xvii) Call of tenders and pre-bid conference wherever applicable. 1) Budgeted works: These are works that are undertaken under an outlay that is
xviii) Receipt/Opening of tenders. provided wholly from the financial estimates and accounts of the Government.
xix) Decision on tender and award of work.-Work order
2) Deposit works: These works are undertaken at the discretion of the department.
2. Construction stage: Outlay for these works is either provided from Government grants to autonomous or
i) Execution of work and contract management. semi-autonomous bodies or institutions through their Administrative Ministries, or is
ii) Completion of work. financed from non-Government sources wholly or in part from: i) funds of a public
iii) Testing and commissioning. nature, but not included in the financial estimates and accounts of the Government,
iv) Completion certificate from Local Body including fire clearance.. ii) contributions from the public.
v) Handing over to client.
vi) Settlement of accounts.
|Page Estimating & Costing VII BE ( C i v i l ) Prof. R.V.R.K.Prasad KDKCE, Nagpur
STAGES FOR EXECUTION OF WORKS: Pre-requisites for execution of works The urgent works need not to be treated as par with the works to be taken up under
There are four main stages as follows in the execution of a work: emergency situations. Urgent works may be defined as those kinds of works which
(i) Administrative approval requires fast start/completion within compressed schedule and are to be taken up on
(ii) Expenditure sanction top most priority at the instructions of competent authority. Under such situation
(iii) Technical sanction availability of funds needs to be ensured before taking up execution of works.
(iv) Availability of funds.
Urgent works can be taken up at specific request of user department with prior in
No work should normally be commenced or any liability thereon incurred until an principle approval of CPWD officers competent to approve the work order to be
administrative approval has been obtained, a properly prepared detailed estimate has issued to take up such works if work is to be executed through work order. CE shall
been technically sanctioned and where necessary expenditure sanction has been be final authority to approve the execution of urgent works.
accorded and allotment of funds made.
The financial powers under emergency and urgent situation should be exercised with
Works of inescapable nature : Various works of inescapable nature can be classified great caution after watching the financial Interest of Government.
under two categories as under:
General Rules: the initiation, authorization and execution of works
1) Emergency Works:
1) No works shall be commenced or liability incurred in connection with it until,-
Emergency works are those kinds of works which arise all of sudden and are (i) administrative approval has been obtained from the appropriate authority ;
inescapable requiring immediate action that cannot brook any delay. [Earth quakes, (ii) sanction to incur expenditure has been obtained from the competent authority;
Floods, Fire, War, Sudden collapse, Terrorist attack, Ceremonial functions at the time (iii) a properly detailed design has been sanctioned;
of death of President/Ex President, Vice President/Ex Vice President and Prime (iv) estimates containing the detailed specifications and quantities of various items
Minister/Ex Prime Minister. ] have been prepared on the basis ofthe Schedule of Rates and sanctioned;
In case of emergency, the work may be executed in absence of any or all of the above (v) funds to cover the charge during the year have been provided by competent
mentioned prerequisites. On such aforesaid situations or on receipt of such written authority;
order ofthe CE in case any work declared emergent by him, the EE/AE shall proceed (vi) tenders invited and processed in accordance with rules;
to carry out the necessary work, and shall immediately intimate the Accounts Officer (vii) a Work Order issued.
concerned that he is incurring such a liability, stating therein the approximate amount
of liability that he is likely to incur. The EE/AE should obtain the administrative 2) On grounds of urgency or otherwise, if it becomes necessary to carry out a work or
approval and expenditure sanction and accord of technical sanction ofthe competent incur a liability under circumstances when the provisions set out under 1 above
authority to regularise the liability as early as possible. cannot be complied with, the concerned executive officer may do so on his own
judgment and responsibility. Simultaneously, he should initiate action to obtain
2) Urgent Works: approval from the competent authority and also to intimate the concerned Accounts
Officer.
For 'urgent works' the authority to commence them in anticipation of administrative
approval and expenditure sanction shall vest in the Ministry of Urban Development 3) Any development of a project considered necessary while a work is in progress,
(in case of CPWD) and in anticipation of technical sanction to the estimate with the which is not contingent on the execution of work as first sanctioned, shall have to be
CEs. covered by a supplementary estimate.

Page Estimating & Costing V I I B E ( Ci vi'l ) Prof. R.V.R.K.Prasad KDKCE, Nagpur

4) Any anticipated or actual savings from a sanctioned estimate for a definite project, Material deviations that significantly alter the scope of work from the original
shall not, without special authority, be applied to carry out additional work not sanction should not be made without the approval of the authority that accorded
contemplated in the original project. administrative approval to the work, even though the cost of the same may be
covered by savings on other items.
5) Review of Projects: After a project costing Rupees ten crores or above is
approved, the Administrative Ministry or Department will set up a Review Excess over administrative approval:
Committee to review the progress of the work. The Review Committee shall have the Excess up to 10% of the amount of the administrative approval may be authorised by
powers to accept variation within 10% of the approved estimates. For works costing Officers of the PWD, up to their respective powers of technical sanction. In case it
less that Rupees ten crores, it will be at the discretion of the Administrative Ministry / exceeds this limit, a revised administrative approval must be obtained from the
Department to set up a Review Committee on the above lines. authority competent to approve the cost so enhanced. No revised administrative
approval is, however, necessary if the excess is covered by the requisite expenditure
sanction.

Administrative approval: It is the communication of formal acceptance of the Expenditure sanction

proposals by the competent authority of the Administrative Ministry/Department
requiring the work. i) Expenditure sanction is to be accorded by the Administrative Ministry/Department
to indicate that funds for the project/work have been provided, and liability can be
Accord of administrative approval incurred.
i) The concurrence of the competent authority of the Administrative ii) An order of appropriation or re-appropriation of funds shall operate as sanction to
Ministry/Department requisitioning the work should be obtained to the Preliminary incur expenditure on minor works, and it shall not be necessary to issue any formal
Estimate for the work. (However, no such concurrence is required for normal repairs order conveying sanction to incur expenditure in such cases.
and maintenance works.)
ii) One copy of the Preliminary Estimate with the administrative approval shall be Powers for accord of expenditure sanction
endorsed to the concerned A_ccoujits_O_fficer. Ministries/Departments may issue expenditure sanction in respect of major works
costing up to a specified limit without consulting the Ministry of Finance.
Powers for accord of administrative approval
i) Various Ministries/Authorities who get their works executed through the CPWD/ Excess over expenditure sanction
PWD, have been delegated specific powers to accord administrative approval to the Expenditure sanction can be exceeded up to 10%. beyond which revised Expenditure
works. The amount of administrative approval accorded, in all cases, shall include Sanction shall be necessary. This should be applied for as soon as such excess is
departmental charges, wherever it is leviable. foreseen.
ii) In case of estimates for residential accommodation, it does not exceed the one
approved by the Ministry of Finance. For schemes costing more than Rs.2 crores prior concurrence of the Ministry of
iii) If the estimated cost of a work exceeds the powers of any officer, the Finance would be required.
administrative approval of the Government in the Administrative Ministry must be
obtained. Technical sanction : It amounts to a guarantee that the proposals are technically
sound, and that the estimates are accurately prepared and are based on adequate data.
Material deviations over original Sanctioned Scheme:
[Page Estimating & Costing VII BE (Civil) Prof. R.V.R.K.Prasad. KDKCE, Nagpur
Accord of technical sanction authorised in anticipation of the allotment of funds or in excess of the funds allotted
i) After receipt of AA and ES, detailed estimates are required to be prepared for TS. for the purpose, the authorisation must be followed by a formal allotment of funds to
The technical sanction should be accorded by the competent authority before a work the extent required.
is taken in hand. In case of revised estimates, it is not necessary to wait for the
revised administrative approval or the revised expenditure sanction to accord revised Allotment of funds is intended to cover all the charges including the liabilities of past
technical sanction. years to be paid during the year or to be adjusted in the accounts of it. It is operative
ii) The authority shall ensure that the design and specification etc., adopted in the until the close of the financial year. Any unspent balance lapses and is not available
detailed estimate are adequate enough for the building to last till its desired life, for utilisation in the following year, but Government will ordinarily endeavour to
iii) For Technical sanction, detailed estimate shall be prepared based on applicable include any anticipated lapse in the demand for the following year. After the close of
schedule of rates. Market rates shall be followed for the items not covered under the financial year, all cash and stock transactions are treated as pertaining to the
schedule of rates. Effect of prevailing cost index over the hypothetical cost Index of following year. An appropriation or re-appropriation can be authorised at any time
schedule of rate should be taken on the amount of Detailed Estimate for items for before, but not after the expiry of financial year. Powers to appropriate and re-
which rates are based on Schedule of rate. Estimate should be technically sanctioned appropriate funds to meet the expenditure on public works are vested with the D G
for the amount inclusive of effect of Cost Index. (W)/CE.
iv) Packages for accord of technical sanction: The authority who decides the
package will also decide the manner in which technical sanction/s (one or many Various Terms / Nomenclatures:
under each package) is/are to be accorded.
Report:
Before an estimate is technically sanctioned, the following shall be desirable: Estimate is usually accompanied with a report which gives the information in brief,
(i) Detailed architectural drawings and specifications. of the whole work or project. A report generally consisting of the following:
(ii) Preliminary structural drawings for foundations 1. Brief history of the project, with reference to the proposal
(iii) Preliminary structural drawings of superstructure at least up to slab at level 2 2. Object, necessity, utility, and feasibility of the project with reasons
(iv) Preliminary drawings for internal and external services. 3. Selection of site or selection of alignment, and reconnaissance survey
4. Brief specifications, nature of soil, topography of land, orientation etc
Deviation in Technical Sanction 5. Basis of design and its merits, design authority
1) The technical sanction can be exceeded up to 10% beyond which revised 6. Manner of execution, the contractor, etc
'technical sanction' shall be necessary. 7. General arrangements like Water supply, sanitary, electrical arrangements,
2) Similarly, if subsequent to the accord of technical sanction, material structural 8.. Amenities for labour, temporary accommodation for staff etc
alterations are contemplated, the orders of the authority which sanctioned the 9. Total cost of the project, financing authority, revenue from the project
estimate technically should be obtained, even though no additional expenditure may
be involved due to such alterations. Contingencies:

Appropriations and re-appropriations The term 'contingencies' indicate the incidental expenses of miscellaneous character
which cannot be classified under any distinct item or sub-head, yet pertain to the
Appropriation means assignment to meet specified expenditure of funds included in a work as a whole.
primary unit of appropriation. Re-appropriation means the transfer of funds from one
unit of appropriation to another under such unit. It is a fundamental principle that no In an estimate a certain amount in the form of contingencies, of 3 to 5 percent of
outlay on a work shall be incurred without funds having been allotted for it by estimated cost, is provided to allow for the expenses for miscellaneous petty items
appropriation or re-appropriation. In exceptional cases, where expenditure is which do not fall under any sub-head of item of work. Miscellaneous incidental
|Page Estimating & Costing V I I B E ( C i v 1) P r o f . R . V . R . K . P r a s ad , KDKCE, Nagpur
expenses cannot be classified under any sub-head or item, are met from the amount preliminary works like soil testing, site survey/contour etc., are to be done before
provided under contingencies. hand, a small estimate may be sent to the client and deposits received.

If there is any saving against the amount provided under contingencies, this amount Realization of deposits
may be utilized with the sanction of the competent authority, to meet the expenses of
extra items of work, if any unforeseen expenditure, expenses to minor changes in Whenever a deposit work is to be undertaken, the deposit should be realised before
design etc. any liability is incurred on the work. 1% of the anticipated project cost should be
realised before preparation of preliminary estimates. In addition to the outlay on the
Work-charged establishment: work in the preliminary estimate, departmental charges shall also be realized in
advance. No interest will be allowed on sums deposited from any source, including
Work-charged establishment is the establishment which is charged to the works private contributions.
directly. During the construction of a building or a project, a certain number of
work-supervisors, chaukidars, mates munshis etc. are required to be employed, and
their salaries are paid from the amount of work-charged establishment provided in Centage charges (Departmental charges/ Supervison charges):
the estimate. When an engineering department takes up the work of other department a percentage
For work-charged establishment a percentage of 1 Vi to 2 % of the estimated cost is amount of 10 to 15 % of the estimated cost is charged to meet the expenses of
included in the estimate. The work-charged employees are temporary staff and their establishment, designing, planning, supervision etc. and the this percentage charge is
appointment shall have to be sanctioned by the competent authority for a specific known as centage charge. The centage charge is also made on contributory and
period. The services are terminated at the expiry of the sanction period, if their deposit works of local bodies, private persons and others. The centage charge is
services are required a fresh sanction shall have to be taken. The services can, provided in the estimate of the work. State PWD charges 10 to 15% when the work
however, be terminated any time but a prior (usually one month) notice is given. of Central Government is under taken for execution. These charges are also known as
supervision charges.
DEPOSIT WORKS
Traditional brick size = 9" x 4 !/2 " x3" (Varied traditional sizes in our country)
The term 'Deposit Works' is applied to works of construction or repairs and
maintenance, the cost of which is met out of Government grants to autonomous or Deductions for plastering and pointing: (IS 1200)
semi-autonomous bodies or institutions through their Administrative Ministries, or is Deductions for openings are made as follows:
financed from non-Government sources wholly or partly from: i) Funds of public Area of opening Deductions
nature, but not included in the financial estimates and accounts of the Union of India, < 0.5 m2 No deduction for opening is made and no addition for
ii) Contributions from the public. (small openings jamb, soffits, sills is allowed.
The funds may either be deposited in cash or otherwise placed at the disposal of the 0.5 m2-3m2 Deduction is made for one face only, the other face is allowed
Divisional Officer. Where a work is to be carried out partly from funds provided in for jamb, soffits, sills
the financial estimates of the Department and partly from funds of the foregoing >3m2 Deductions are made for both faces of the opening, area for
nature, the contribution should be considered as a lump sum in addition to the (large openings) jamb, soffits, sills is added separately
Government grant.
Measurement for Painting of Doors and windows: (follow IS 1200)
Before acceptance of any deposit by the EE, it is essential that an estimate should be The measurements for painting or varnishing of doors and windows should be as per
sent to the client Department after fully ascertaining all necessary site details, their outer dimensions.
technical feasibility, topographical details, ownership of land etc. In case any*
|Page Estimating & Costing VII BE (Civi I) Prof. R.V.R.K.Prasad. KDKCE, Nagpur
Type of Door/Window Area for both the faces* tender with or P
Paneled, framed, ledged, 2'/2 times that of one surface area without negotiations
battened and braced 4 Acceptance of single 0.75 4.5 62.5 125 500 800 1000 FP
Fully glazed 1 times that of one surface area tender with or
Partly paneled and partly 2 times that of one surface area without negotiations
glazed 5 Award of work 0.60 4 6 12 30 150 300 FP
Flush door 2 times that of one surface area without call of
Venetian 3 times that of one surface area tenders
Iron bars, grills 1 times of one opening area(between chowkats) 6 Splitting up projects/ 30 125 250 1000 1300 1600 FP
works/ sub-heads
Unit conversion ( FPS - MKS(SI) ) {Where sanctioned
cost of Work/Distinct
Sub Head to be split
1 Inch = 25.4mm 1 mile = 8x220 yds =1.609 km up is)
1 foot - ; 04.8 mm 1 acre = 1 Ox222 yd2 =4046.8 m2 7 Accord of sanction to 10% 15% 15% 30% FP
1 m2 =1 0.764 ft2 deviation in quantities con con con con
1 m3 - 3; .315ft 3 of agreement items 50% (TS)
Unit wei; 2/162.196 kg -^where ty in mm
Measurernent Box (Furma) size = 12"xl2"14.7r-»0.305 x 0.305 x 0.374 8 Accord of sanction to 30% 30% 30% 30% FP
extra /substituted con con con con
P-1440 items 30% (TS) 100%(TS)
Format Abstract of estimate form For 7 & 8 Deviations up to + 10% of agreement quant ty will not '
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. -a
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Extent of power in Rs. (lacs)
150 Departmental charges -> centage charges Work-charged establishment
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Page Estimating & Costing VI! BE ( C i v i l ) Prof. R .V . R . K . P r a s a d . KDKCE, Nagpur

Awd I
 Earth-work calculations Solution:
The usual cross section of a road or canal is trapezoidal. Chainage 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
RLofFL 100 100.3 100.6 100. .9 101.2 101.5 101.8
RLofGL 98.2 98.1 98 97.7 98.8 99.4 100.2
h, emban 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.2 2.4 2.1 1.6
Area 28.08 36.08 44.72 58.88 40.32 34.02 24.32

-B-
Road in Embankment Road in cutting
The side slopes are 1 in s and the level of formation above GL is 'h' Volume by Average area method / Trapezoidal rule:
Area of trapezium, A = h(b+sh) 30
— [28.08 + 24.32 + 2(36.08 + 44.72 + 58.88 + 40.32 + 34.02)] = 7206.6m3
Z*
The quantity /volume of earthwork is determined by: Volume by prismoidal rule / Simpson's rule:
1. Average area method (trapezoidal rule) 30
2. Mid ordinate method — [28.08 + 24.32 + 4(36.08 + 58.88 + 34.02) + 2(44.72 + 40.32)] = 7384m3
3. Simpson's rule (Prismoidal formula) Volume b
ch 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
1 . Trapezoidal rule:V = c +c +- +c +c h 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.2 2.4 2.1 1.6
mid 2.0 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.25 1.85
— — (Ao + 2Ai + 2A2 + 2An_! + A n ) A 32 40.32^ 51.62 49.28, 37.125 29.045
v -in*/T>-i-,in v>jxi zij-AQ o»j-n IO^J-OQ n/i<a--7iei -r m3
.2. Simpson's rule: It is applicable for even number of segments:- 02)
^ ./ Calculate the quantity
_i it of earthwork for a hill road with the following
- g data
_ c ^ _ j c ^ _ j _ c ^ _

= 3 [Ao + An -I- 2(A 2 + A4 + A n _ 2 ) + 4(Ai + A 3 + - + A^)]

3. Mid ordinate method: Area for a segment is found from the average of ordinates
from the two sections . Later for finding out volume any of the method may be used.

Q1) Determine quantity of earthwork in a road project for which levels taken along
the longitudinal section are as below. Width of formation is 12m. and the side
slopes are 1 in 2. All the values are in meters. Use i)Average area method ii)
prismoidal formula and iii) average ordinate rule. Chainage 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
RLofFL 100 100.5 101.0 101.5 102.0 102.5 103.0
Chainage 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 RLofGL 102 101.9 101.8 101.8 101.4 101 100.6
RLofFL 100 h, emban -2 -1.4 -0.8 -0.3 0.6 1.5 2.4
Gradient + 1 in 100
GL 98.2 98.1 98 97.7 98.8 99.4 100.2 0.3
; x = 10m-» Chainge at GL eFl, is 270+10 = 280m
30 0.3+0.6

I Page Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

 Sign: Volume in embankment +Ve
Chainage h Area Volume SVol Mass haul curve
cutting embank cutting embank cutting embank
1100
180 2 24 0
1274.4
210 1.4 18.48 -1274.4 '
900 4A_ 240 270 300
240 0.8 11.52 -2174.4
484.2
270 0.3 4.62 -2658.6
46.2
280 0 0 0 0 -2704.8
206.4
300 0.6 10.32 -2498.4
1164.6 Canal works
330 1.5 28.5 -1333.8 Q1, Calculate the quantity of earthwork of an irrigation channel with the following
2352.6 data:
360 2.4 49.92 1018.8 i) bed width = 6m
Or ii) side slopes lin 1.5 in cutting and 1 in 2 in banking
Chainage h A V £Vol iii) width of bank on either side = 1.5m
180 (-)2 -24 0 iv) full supply depth is 0.8 m
210 {-)1.4 -18.48 -1274.4 -1274.4 v) free board is 0.3m
240 (-)0.8 -11.52 -900 -2174.4 vi) bed slope 1 in 2000
270 (-)0-3 -4.62 L-484.2 -2658.6 chainage 0 30 60 90 120 150
280 0 0 -46.2 -2704.8 Existing GL 101.6 100.9 101.4 101.4 101 101.5
300 0.6 10,32 206.4 -2498.4 Proposed Bed level 100
330 1.5 28.5 1164.6 -1333.8
360 2.4 49.92 2352.6 1018.8 Solution
Note : ***don't substitute negative value of 'h' while calculating Cross sectional chainage BL GL FSL+FB-1.1
areas 0 101.6 100 1.6 0.5
30 100.9 99.985 0.915 -0.185
60 101.4 99.97 1.43 0.33
90 101.4 99.955 1.445 0.345
120 101 99.94 1.06 -0.04
150 101.5 99.925 1.575 0.475

Width at l.l=b+2sh = 6+2x1.5x1.1=9.3m-»9.3+l.5+1.5=12.3

Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
 Q = 1.1(6 + 1.5 X 1.1) + 0.5(12.3 + 1.5 x 0.5) = 8.415 + 6.525 = 14.94 chainage h A V CumV
30 = 21.9m 0.5 0 1.6 14.9 0
0.5 0.5+0.185'
21.9 1.1 8.415 255.3 255.3
30 0.915 6.054 58.6 313.9
OratO->1.6
30-0.915
40.8 1.1 8.415
-- 0+(30/0.685)0.5
60 1.43 12.637
90 1.445 12.837
^21.9 = 1-1(6 + 1.5 X 1.1) = 8.415
116.9 1.1 8.415
A30 = 0.915 (6 + 1.5 x 0.915) - 2 xO.185 (1.5 + 2 x 0.185) = 6.054 120 1.06 7.915
122.3 1.1 8.415
30 150 1.575 14.596
0.185 0.185+0.33
;x = 10.8m chainage —>40.8m -033
0.185" Area under cutting and are under banking can be shown separately-*-1.1
440.8 = 1.1(6+1.5 x 1.1) = 8.415 Q2. Calculate the quantity of earthwork of an irrigation channel with the following
data:
^60 = 8.415 + 0.33(12.3 + 1.5 X 0.33) = 8.415 + 4.222 = 12.637 i) bed width = 8m
= 8.415 + 0.345(12.3 + 1.5 x 0.345) = 8.415 + 4.422 = 12.837 ii) side slopes 1 in 2 in cutting and 1 in 3 in banking
30 Y = 7fiq™ 0.345 iii) width of bank on either side = 2m
0.345
Chainage, 116.9 iv) full supply depth is 3.5 m
^116.9 = 1-1(6 + 1-5 x 1.1) = 8.415 v) free board isO. 5m
A12o = 1-06 (6 + 1.5 x 1.06) - 2 *0.04 (1.5 + 2 X 0.04) = 7.915 yi) bed slope: 1 in 300
Ch. 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240__ 270 300
30
;x = 2.3 chainage .m GL 103 103.7 104 102.2 100.6 99.0 100 101.3 100.3 97.9 97.2
0.04 0.04+0.475
0.04 -0475 BL 100
^122.3 = 1-1(6 + 1.5 X 1.1) = 8.415
AiSO = 8.415 + 0.475(12.3 + 1.5 X 0.475) = 14.596
Q3. Calculate the quantity of earthwork of an irrigation channel with the following
data:
i) bed width = 4m
ii) side slopes 1 in 1 in cutting and 1 in 1.5 in banking
iii) width of bank on either side = 2m
iv) full supply depth is 0.75 m
Partial- A30, A120
v) free board is 0.35m
vi) bed slope 1 in 5000
Cutting AO,A60,A90,A150
chainage 0 30 60 90 120 150
Existing GL 241.6 240.9 241.4 241.4 241 241.5
EmBanionent ~-No Uross-section Proposed Bed level 240

\3|Page Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

 4-
Area = Al + A 3 + A2=|-i
_ , /l 1\ _ , / rs \ fej ( --- b. = /iia I —
hii+hiz _ I 1 \s rJ ^ \r~sJ
From A 1;—r 7

FromA2,
T-
—- , -r."
_ A 1. "Z — i.llii — ± - •
1

A= 3+A2=i m ( h + f ^)2 + hh + 1 (i.) (h - f

2 Vr-s/ \/ 2 Vr+s^ V 2r /

r2_s2 ir2 - s'

Partial cutting and partial filling

A-126 KDKCE, N agpur

Section: C . RVRK Prasad
V4 I P a g e
Il
 - (*+£)**•-(*-£) Ql) Determine quantity of earthwork in a road project for which levels taken along
the longitudinal section are as below. Width of formation is 12m. and the side
slopes arej in 2. m filling and 1 in 1.5 in cutting. All the values are in meters.
Chainage 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
RLofFL 100
Gradient + 1 in 100
GL 98.0 100.0 100.1 100.7 101.4 101.9 102.9
rs Trnsverse Iin25 Iin25 Iin25 Iinl5 lin 15 lin 15 lin 25
Solution:
If r2 .. __ Chainage 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
RLofFL 100 100.3 100.6 100.9 101.2 101.5 101.8
2\r-s)\
GL 98.0 100.0 100.1 100.7 101.4 101.9 102.9
position of h u = ( k + —]& ^21 = -I ft- ^-1 depends on 'h' h embank,2 2 0.3 0.5 0.2
hfllling,l-5 0.2 0.4 1.1
If h is in embankment, /ial = (h + — J is in embankment &h21 is in cutting Trnsverse lin 25 lin 25 lin 25 lin 15 lin 15 lin 15 lin 25
If h is in cutting, /iu = (h + —J in cutting & h21 is in embankment b/2r 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.24
Height at both GLand Formation level are equal is at x= 15m; chainage =115m
•* 1 P I >• b
1 / rs \ b\ 1 / rs \. b\
o2 V - s - 2r) 2r
.'. for complete filling or cutting ; < h && h > —
r s \. b b2\ / rs \ b\ A = -(—) (2.24) 2 + -(— -)(1.76)2 = 24 + 5.454 + 2.868 -32.322
^ \£'3/ L* \L* I /

2V-5 5?J + f c / l + 2l7T7n/l"57J

Or A = = 32.322
^2
(bh + sh2} + A 30 = 12x0.3 + - (—) (. 54)2 + - (—) (0.06)2 = 3.6 + 0.317 + 0.0033 = 3.92
-r2 - s2

For partial cutting / Filling — depending upon 'h' A&0 = 12*0.5 + - (—) (. 74)2 + - (— ] (0.26)2 = 6 + 0.595 + 0.0626 = 6.658
L \ C) r & \£i I /

-b/2i
2 \r-
l/15xl.5\ 1/15x1.5
.lso = 12^.4 + -(^-r)(0.8^+-(^r = 4.8 + 0.533 + 0 = 5.33
i,\
Or WHY?

= 13.2 + 1.433 + 0.523 = 15.156

For A90 h < b/2r and +ve quantity; .'. embankment is more
Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
 I / r 2 \/ b\ If 15' .
area in banking.A = -1 Q2) formation width is 12m, side slopes are 1 in 1.5 in cutting and 1 in 2 in
H^K"^)
2V = l(lj)C°- 6 > 2 =3-115
banking. The longitudinal slope : rising slope of 1 in 60 upto 120 m chainage and
I f r2 later-1 in 100
area under cutting, A = — I ^ =-( 1(0.2) 2 = 0.333
2 \~ 2 \13.5 Chainage GL Formation level Transverse slope
0 99.4 100 1 in 20 i
ForAlOS h=0 30 100 1 in 24
I / r: 60 100.7 1 in 20 + 1 ir 60
area in banking.A = -I — .!Y = !£5 (0.4)2 = 1.385 90 . . 101.2 1 in 15
120 101.8 1 in 24 •
/ ' b\ 1/152 j
area under cutting, A = -1 — 150 101.9 1 in 24
" = 2\13~5 (°'4) = 1<333
180 101.6 1 in 20
210 101.5 1 in 15 -1 in 00
For A120 h < -b/2r and -ve quantity; .'. cutting is more
240 101.2 1 in 24
I / r 2 \ / . fa 2 270 101.3 1 in 20
(0.2)2 = 0.346
\ \ 300 101.1 1 in 15
area under cutting = \) (h + A) = \ (0.6)2 = 3

Summary:
chainage A V Cum volume
0 32.222 0 rs \ 1 rs b_2
— 1 + bh + -(
30 3.92 542.13 542.13 2 Vr - 2r/ 2 \r ^r1
60 6.658 158.67 700.8
90 2.782 141.6 842.4 Or
105 0.052 21.255 863.655
120 2.654 (-)19.515 844.14 (6/1 + sh 2 ) +
-2 _ Lr2 - s2- (l-s 2 /r 2 )
150 5.33 (-)l 19.76 724.38
180 15.156 (-)307.29 417.09 For partial cutting / Filling -- depending upon 'h
f O V

2\r-s
Or
A=- h- —
2\r-s

6|Page Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

vA L*