2022_Barma and Modibbo_JCCE
2022_Barma and Modibbo_JCCE
Multiobjective Mathematical
Optimization Model for Municipal
Solid Waste Management with
Economic Analysis of Reuse/Recycling
Recovered Waste Materials
Modu Barma1 and Umar Muhammad Modibbo1,*
1
Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Modibbo Adama University, Nigeria
Abstract: Municipal solid waste management in developing countries like Nigeria did not consider benefits from reuse/recycling recovered
waste materials during solid waste evacuation and disposal. The benefits from recovered waste materials mostly go to informal waste vendors
and scavengers. This study developed a multiobjective mathematical programming model for waste evacuation and disposal, considering the
benefits of reuse/recycling recovered waste materials. Data were collected from the Abuja environmental protection board (AEPB), personal
interviews, and other stakeholders. The formulated model was solved using spreadsheet solver version 14.0. The study uses various daily
budgetary provisions for solid waste evacuation and disposal at a 15% recovery level of solid waste materials to observe the responses of the
model. The solution shows that at 71.5% recovery of reuse/recycling recovered waste material; no budgetary provision is required to evacuate
and dispose of the waste at the collection centers. Benefits realized from recovered waste materials are sufficient to evacuate and dispose of the
wastes. After a 71.5% level of recovery, the net benefit of $1,108.17 from recovered waste materials starts to accrue until the percentage
recovery level reaches 100%. The volume of waste shifted to the disposal sites was reduced to 74.5 tons (i.e., unrecoverable waste
material) which is 16.82% of the total waste generated per day, and 368.33 tons (83.18%) of waste materials were recovered. The study
will give the policymakers viable information to aid proper planning while budgeting and controlling solid-waste-associated problems in
the Abuja municipal area in particular and the country as large.
Keywords: multiobjective mathematical optimization model, goal programming model, economic benefit, reuse/recycling recovered waste
materials, budgetry provision, Abuja, Nigeria
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by BON VIEW PUBLISHING PTE. LTD. This is an open access article under the CC BY License (https://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0/).
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Journal of Computational and Cognitive Engineering Vol. 1 Iss. 3 2022
Due to limited resources, proper management and control of these facilities before the waste disposal process. Several researchers
wastes have become a dilemma. Most of the agencies face a limited applied the optimization models, particularly goal programming and
budgetary provision for solid waste management. In developing its variants, in studying socio-economic problems related to
countries, the situation is acute due to rapid urbanization, environmental sustainability (Ahmadini et al., 2021; Modibbo et al.,
uncontrolled population growth rate, and little financial commitment 2021; AlArjani et al., 2021; Khan et al., 2021).
(Sarika, 2007; Sunil, 2005). Various studies reveal that about 90% Multiobjective mathematical programming has been adopted in
of MSW is disposed of unscientifically in open dumps, open improving policy performances on sustainable MSW management
burning, and landfills in developing countries, creating problems to strategies in Italy (Cucchiella et al., 2014). The study quantifies and
public health and the environment (Sharholy et al., 2008). evaluates the effects of the new waste diversion policy from landfills and
Municipal solid waste contains not only “valuable” but also uses economic indicators to define Italy’s waste facilities profitability.
recycling and reusable material such as metal, glass, paper, plastics, Asefi and Lim (2017) considered the economic, environmental, and
etc., which in many cases are unrecovered during the waste social factors in developing reliable and sustainable indicators for
management process. In most cases, the recovery of recoverable integrated MSW management using multicriteria decision-making
waste material is not formal, mostly carried out by scavengers and (MCDM) techniques. The study incorporates the ε-constraint method
informal waste vendors (Barma et al. 2014). A complex network to maximize the system suitability and minimize the transportation
approach has been adopted to manage municipal waste in Italy and fixed costs of the MSW system in Tehran. Waste generation has
(Cerqueti et al., 2021). The study analyzed the wastes separation been modeled recently using technology-specific bases due to the
percentages at the level of municipality, and studied the municipal growing demand for waste disposal capacity and recycling for future
distance role from plants in the waste management network. consumption (Chen et al., 2021).
Researchers used several mathematical approaches to various Recently, the MSW network and its potential destinations have
model activities of the solid waste management system in areas such been optimized using the MILP approach considering landfilling
as solid waste generation prediction, minimization of volume of waste and waste reduction process (Garibay-Rodriguez et al., 2018). Also,
generated, optimization of waste facilities operation, facility site an MILP model has been developed considering CO2 emissions and
selection, optimal routing of waste transport vehicle in the waste water consumption in a study on sustainable agricultural supply
management system, etc. (Nganda, 2007; Prawiradinata, 2004). chain networks using the concept of hybrid meta-heuristics
According to Yousefloo and Babazadeh (2020), the high rate of algorithms (Goodarzian et al., 2023). Awasthi et al. (2018) have
people influx into capital cities gave birth to the increase of waste modeled the correlation between e-waste and gross domestic
production and hence the need for policymakers to manage such products. Puchongkawarin and Mattaraj (2020) use superstructural
wastes for proper town planning of the scarce resources. They optimization to develop a decision-making tool for the optimal
proposed a bilevel multiobjective mixed-integer linear programming design of MSW facilities in Thailand. They formulated the problem
(MILP) model for designing and planning of MSW network as an MILP to maximize the profit under uncertainty. Similarly, Tsai
considering outsourcing via auctions. A sustainable MSW network et al. (2020) conducted a comparative study for the MSW management
has been designed and studied under uncertainty (Mamashli & attributes in different cities of Vietnam under uncertain environments.
Javadian, 2021). The study analyzed associated location risk based on The study identified 14 features and used the DEMATEL technique to
the case study population. Similarly, MSW disposal rates have been evaluate the causal relationships from different towns. Gu et al. (2021)
modelled during the COVID-19 pandemic using the waste fraction considered various MSW separation and compositions sources that
separation model (Vu et al., 2021). Ghosh et al. (2021) viewed the impact energy recovery potentials from incineration in Beijing. They
MSW problem from socio-ecological and techno-managerial used a differential equation model to predict the volume of MSW
perspectives and applied an artificial neural network to assess the generation in 2025 to reach 11,505,400 tons with a 2.255% “mean
situation in two different municipalities. absolute percentage error”.
Most studies on solid waste management did not consider the Among the several methods of MSW management, this study
economic benefits of recycling/reuse recovered waste materials considered reuse/recycling methods as one of the most effective,
during solid waste management. Several deterministic mathematical affordable, and sustainable strategies for solid waste management in
programming models have been used for planning and controlling Nigeria. Therefore, the study developed a multiobjective mathematical
solid waste management systems. Peirce et al. (1982) applied linear programming model to minimize generated volume of solid waste at
programming techniques to identify a cost-effective configuration of waste collection centers and disposal sites. The study considered the eco-
transportation routes, transfer stations, processing facilities, and nomic benefit from the reuse/recycling of recovered waste material. The
long-term storage impoundments for hazardous waste management. relative importance of the collection centers during waste evacuation and
The model gives optimal routes for the given structures of hazardous disposal, which is the standard practice, was also considered. Abuja
waste management facilities. Rakas et al. (2004) have developed a (Nigeria) municipal area was considered as the study area.
multiobjective model for determining locations of undesirable The paper is arranged as follows: Section I presents the introduction
facilities with conflicting criteria. The designed model helped and discusses related work in MSW management and the techniques
address critical questions, such as how many facilities locations are used. In Section II, the methodology of this study is presented. The
needed, how large each facility should be and so on. Alidi (1996) MSW management conceptual framework was designed, model
proposes a multiobjective optimization model using a goal assumptions, nomenclature defined, and finally, the mathematical
programming approach to manage hazardous waste generated by the model of the problem formulated. Section III discusses the method of
petrochemical industry properly. Chang et al. (2012) studied MSW data collection for the study. In Section IV, model implementation and
management integrating cost–benefit criteria and global warming the study area are discussed with the map showing locations of the
potentials for optimal planning of the SWM system in Pennsylvania. various wastes management facilities. Section V discusses the model
The study estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and optimizes results, analysis, findings, and managerial implications. The article
the net benefits, prioritizing the options for materials recovery concludes in Section VII with future scope for possible exploration.
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Figure 1
Conceptual framework of the solid waste management system
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particular transfer station t to a particular processing/diversion facility bijp = Cost of transportation per unit waste of type i from
ρ and disposal facility d is represented by gtp i i
and ktd , respectively. The collection center j to processing facility p
flow of volumes of residues from processing/diversion facility ρ to cijd = Cost of transportation per unit waste of type i from
disposal facility d, when the processing/diversion facility processes collection center j p to disposal facility d.
i
waste type i, is represented by vpd . The flow of fractional amount
nitp = Cost of transportation per unit waste of type i from
of recovered material r to the market from the collection center j is
transfer station t to processing facility
represented by ϕrj. The flow of fractional amount of material r to
the market from transfer station t is represented by λrt. The flow of qitd = Cost of transportation of unit waste of type i from transfer
fractional volumes of recovered material m (reuse/recycling waste station t to disposal facility d.
materials, compost material, refuse-derived fuel, etc.) to the market uipd = Cost of transportation of residue from processing facility
from the processing/diversion facility p is represented by ρmp. p to disposal facility d when waste type i is processed.
Waste collection center—the generated wastes are collected at γij = Cost of handling per unit waste of type i at collection
point sources representing neighborhoods referred to as waste center j.
collection centers, depots, or refuse dumpsites. This enables
generated wastes from a different household cluster to gather their Ait = Cost of handling per unit waste of type i at transfer station
waste in one place for accessible collection by smaller trucks to facility t.
various waste management facilities. Transfer stations—These are θr = Percentage of material r in the waste.
centralized facilities where waste from a cluster of collection ϕrt = Percentage of reused/recycled material r can be recovered
centers is unloaded from smaller collection trucks (containers) and at collection center j.
reloaded into larger vehicles for transportation to other facilities in
λrt = Percentage of reused/recycled material r can be recovered
the waste management system (Environmental Impact Assessment,
at transfer station t.
2010). Waste processing and diversion facilities—the waste
processing activities deal with the recovery of waste material and pmp = Percentage of recovered material m at processing/
recycling activities. diversion facility p.
Meanwhile, waste diversion deals with the transformation of Ψr = Per unit revenue (or benefit) of recycle/reused material r.
solid waste through combustion or incineration, treatment, and ψmp = Per unit revenue (or benefit) of recovered material m at
composting. The waste processing/diversion facilities tend to reduce processing/diversion facility p.
the volume of waste flows to disposal facilities. Sorted/separated
α = Percentage of waste from collection centers moved to
waste may come from waste collection centers, transfer stations, or
transfer stations.
waste processing/diversion facilities. At these facilities, recovered/
recycled waste materials are sent to the market, unrecovered but π = Percentage of waste from collection centers moved to
transformed waste (residue) are then sent to the disposal facilities. processing facilities.
Disposal facilities—The last option in the SWM system is the final ηtp = Percentage of waste moved from transfer station t to
disposal of the waste; this is the final destination of the wastes processing facility p.
that are not recovered. A standard method of final disposal of B = Budgetary allocation for waste management operation for a
solid waste, mostly in use, is sanitary landfilling (Kreith, 1994; defined period.
Zerbock, 2003).
TNetCost = Total net cost of solid waste management.
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s
2 = The amount of money remained after waste management
T; p ¼ 1; 2; :::; P; d ¼ 1; 2; :::; D
operation for the defined period. (17)
j
2.6. Model formulation s1 ; s
2 0; j ¼ 1; 2; ::: ; J
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Table 2
Amount of waste in tons per month, per day in the collection centers
S/No. (j) Waste collection centers Amount of waste/Month Amount of waste/day μj
1 Garki I 872.36 29.80
2 Garki II 1,546.28 51.55
3 Wuse I 1,799.00 60.00
4 Wuse II 1,952.50 65.09
5 Central Area 924.77 30.83
6 Gwarinpa 864.87 28.83
7 Maitama 1,097.00 36.57
8 Asokoro 1,583.72 52.79
9 Jabi/Utako/Mboci 1,235.52 41.19
10 Durumi/Gudo/Apo 584.07 19.47
11 Lugbe 284.55 9.46
12 Kado 309.26 10.31
13 Wuye 208.08 6.94
Total 13,261.98 442.83
Source: Average Monthly collection of a waste report by contractors, AEPB, 2010.
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in the respective area. The waste is not categorized or classified at evacuation and disposal, was considered. Incremental budgetary
the collection centers or transfer stations. However, some types of provisions of 1,215.01 USD at the interval were then used to see
wastes were piked by wastes pikers, wastes scavengers, and other the responses of the model. AEPB daily budgetary provision
individuals. The waste collection is carried out daily for most of (12,097.16 USD) for solid wastes evacuation and disposal in
the collection areas using compacting trucks, side loaders, open Abuja municipal area was then considered to solve the problem.
tippers, payloaders, roll-on roll-off trucks, etc. There is one The model was then solved for the various budgetary provisions at
recycling facility at Mpape and two transfer stations at Kubwa a 15% level of recovery of reuse/recycle recovered waste materials.
and Gudu. Abuja municipality has two waste disposal sites Table 3 summarizes the waste evacuation achieved in the diverse
located at Gosa and Ajata, a few kilometers from the city. collection centers for the budgetary provisions. In contrast, Table 4
summarizes amounts of wastes at disposal sites, amounts of reuse/
4.2. Waste transfer stations recycling recovered waste materials, and the values of the objective
function (z) of the model for the various budgetary provisions. For
There are two wastes transfer stations, at Kubwa and Gudu. example, a fiscal provision of 625.97 USD (row 1 of Table 3) shows
Kubwa transfer station is located along Kubwa expressway, and that all the wastes in collection centers 1 and 2 were evacuated, and
Gudu transfer station is situated in the center of the city, close to 17.97 tons out of 58.83 tons of wastes were removed from
Garki II. Wastes move to these transfer stations from collection collection center 4. The zero entries in the collection centers (2, 5, 6,
centers that are very close to them. Wastes from these transfer 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13) show that no waste is removed in those
stations are later moved to recycle facility at mapped and disposal collection centers as indicated by the values of underachievement
j
facilities at Goza and Ajata for the final disposal of the wastes. deviation variables s1 ; for j ¼ 2; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13 (see
Table 5- excel solver solution).
4.3. Waste processing facility With 2,430.02 USD budgetary provisions, all the wastes at
collection centers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 11 were evacuated entirely (see
The waste processing facility present during this study is the Table 3, row 3). Similarly, out of 27.78 and 47.71 tons of wastes at
Mpape recycling plant. Wastes come into this plant from the collection centers, 5 and 8, 5.40 and 39.44 tons were evacuated.
collection centers and transfer stations at Kubwa and Gudu. The The values of the decision variables x31, x41, x21, x11, x41, x51, x81, and
primary activities in this plant are sorting recycled/reused w11,1 indicated the information (see Table 6—excel solver solution).
materials. Some of the recycled/reused materials recovered in Row 3, column 3 of Table 4 shows the total amount of wastes
these facilities include plastic waste, glass, bottles, electronic evacuated in the collection centers as 239.97 tons. Row 11 of
waste, polythene bags, metals, woods, and textiles waste. The Tables 3 and 4 shows the solution obtained from the agency (AEPB)
recycled materials are then taken to some bigger plants in daily budgetary provision (12,097.16 USD). It indicates that all the
Kaduna, Kano, and Lagos for further processing. Waste vendors wastes at the collection centers were evacuated, as shown by the
informally do these. j
value of underachievement deviational variables s1 ¼ 0:00; for j ¼
1; 2; . . . ; 13 and objective function value z = 0.00 (Table 7—excel
4.4. Waste disposal site solver solution). The total amount of 6,496.71 USD was left unused.
It is about 54% of the total daily budgetary provision by the agency
Abuja municipality has two waste disposal sites located at
for waste evacuation and disposal.
Gosa and Ajata, a few kilometers from the city. All the
unrecovered wastes from the collection areas, transfer stations,
and recycling facility are taken to one of these disposal sites
5.1. Percentage levels of recovery and amount of
daily. Three methods of waste disposal in practice at the disposal
sites are uncontrolled open dumping, uncontrolled open burning, waste moved to disposal sites with benefits from
and not engineered landfilling. Worldwide scientific research has recovered waste materials
conclusively demonstrated that the burning of waste produces air
toxins. The amount of these toxins depends on the composition The model was considered and solved for various percentage
of the waste (Saskatch Ministry of Environment, 2010). levels of recoveries of reused/ recycled recovered waste materials
Uncontrolled open dumping and not engineered landfill give rise in the waste management facilities for the daily budgetary
to the emission of gases and produce leaching effect. provision of AEPB ($12,097.16). Table 8 summarizes the
solutions from the solver. It includes amounts of waste evacuated
4.5. The map of the study area and disposed at the collection centers, amounts required to
evacuate the waste left unused after waste evacuation, amounts of
Figure 2 shows the study area map (Abuja municipal area waste moved to the disposal sites, and amounts of recycled/reused
council). Figure 3 is a map of the study area showing where the waste materials recovered.
wastes evacuation and disposal activities take place with the For example, row 1 of Table 8 shows that when the percentage
location of the various wastes management facilities. level of recovery of recovered waste materials in the various wastes
management facilities is zero (0.00%), it can be seen that all the wastes
5. Results Analysis and Discussion were evacuated and disposed of at the collection centers (442.83 tons).
The amount required to evacuate the wastes is 9,169.41 USD, amount
Multiobjective mathematical programming specifically the of money left unused was 2,301.77 USD. The volume of wastes
WGP models for waste evacuation and disposal with benefits moved to the disposal sites was 442.83 tons. Therefore, no
from reuse/recycling recovered waste materials, with comparable recoveries of waste materials were made (0.00 ton).
importance of collection centers, was developed during waste When the percentage recovery level was increased to 10%
collection. A model spreadsheet was constructed, and Microsoft (raw 2, Table 8), it can be seen that the volume of wastes
Excel Solver version 14.0 was used to solve the problem. Initial evacuated at the collection centers was 415.91 tons. The money
budgetary provision of 625.97 USD, and the fixed cost of waste required to vacate the wastes was reduced to 7,784.67 USD (some
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Journal of Computational and Cognitive Engineering Vol. 1 Iss. 3 2022
Figure 2
Abuja municipal area (Federal Capital City of Nigeria)
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waste materials recovered). The money left unused increased to Figure 4 shows the relationship between percentage levels of
4,574.21 USD (due to benefits from recovered waste materials). recovery of recycled/reused recovered waste materials at waste
The volume of wastes moved to the disposal sites was reduced to management facilities and the amount of money required to
378.95 tons (due to recovery of some waste materials made). The evacuate and dispose of the waste. The amount of money required
amount of recovered recycled/reused waste material was 63.88 to evacuate and dispose of the waste had its maximum value
tons. Similarly, the solutions to the other percentage levels of when the percentage level of recovery is zero (0.00%). This is
waste recovery with the same daily budgetary amount of obvious since all the wastes generated were disposed off with no
12,097.16 USD from AEPB are shown in Table 8. waste materials recovered. At this point, waste management costs
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Journal of Computational and Cognitive Engineering Vol. 1 Iss. 3 2022
Figure 3
Location of the various wastes management facilities in abuja municipal area
To
B
Kubwa
kj 1 wa
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! Dutsen Alhaji
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Legend
continue to decrease as the percentage levels of recovery of waste After this point, the net benefit from recovered waste materials
materials increase. It was observed that the cost of waste started to accrue gradually and reached its maximum at 100%
management was at its minimum when the percentage recovery of recovery level. From the above analysis, it is clear that the
the waste materials was at 73% (73%); at this point, the cost of percentage level of recovery of recovered wastes materials in the
waste evacuation and disposal was entirely offset by the benefits various waste management facilities reduces the volume of wastes
from recycled/reused waste materials recovered from the wastes. moved to various waste management facilities and disposal sites
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Journal of Computational and Cognitive Engineering Vol. 1 Iss. 3 2022
Figure 4
Percentage of recovery level and amount of money required for waste evacuation and disposal
Table 3
Waste evacuation achieved in the collection centres with various budgeted provision
Amount
involve in
Budgetary wastes
provision Fixed cost evacuation
S/No. ($) involve ($) ($) Wastes evacuation in the waste collection centers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1 625.97 625.97 0.00 26.93 0.00 54.23 17.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 1215.01 625.97 589.04 26.93 0.00 54.23 58.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.76 0.00 0.00
3 2430.02 625.97 1804.04 26.93 46.59 54.23 58.83 5.40 0.00 0.00 39.44 0.00 0.00 8.55 0.00 0.00
4 3645.02 625.97 3019.05 26.93 46.59 54.23 58.83 27.86 25.51 33.05 47.71 0.00 0.00 8.55 0.00 0.00
5 4860.03 625.97 4234.06 26.93 46.59 54.23 58.83 27.86 26.06 33.05 47.71 37.23 17.60 8.55 9.32 6.27
6 6075.04 625.97 5449.07 26.93 46.59 54.23 58.83 27.86 26.06 33.05 47.71 37.23 17.60 8.55 9.32 6.27
7 7290.05 625.97 6664.07 26.93 46.59 54.23 58.83 27.86 26.06 33.05 47.71 37.23 17.60 8.55 9.32 6.27
8 8505.05 625.97 7879.08 26.93 46.59 54.23 58.83 27.86 26.06 33.05 47.71 37.23 17.60 8.55 9.32 6.27
9 9720.06 625.97 9094.09 26.93 46.59 54.23 58.83 27.86 26.06 33.05 47.71 37.23 17.60 8.55 9.32 6.27
10 10935.07 625.97 10309.10 26.93 46.59 54.23 58.83 27.86 26.06 33.05 47.71 37.23 17.60 8.55 9.32 6.27
11 12097.16 625.97 11471.18 26.93 46.59 54.23 58.83 27.86 26.06 33.05 47.71 37.23 17.60 8.55 9.32 6.27
12 12150.08 625.97 11524.11 26.93 46.59 54.23 58.83 27.86 26.06 33.05 47.71 37.23 17.60 8.55 9.32 6.27
13 13365.09 625.97 12739.11 26.93 46.59 54.23 58.83 27.86 26.06 33.05 47.71 37.23 17.60 8.55 9.32 6.27
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Table 4
Amount of waste at disposal sites, amount of waste materials recovered and value of z
Amount of Amount of
Total amount Amount of waste moved recycled/reused Amount Value of
Budgetary of waste waste not to disposal waste material used to Amount objective function- Z
provision removed removed sites recovered evacuate the left (weighted sum of
S/No. ($) (in tons) (in tons) (in tons) (in tons) waste ($) unused ($) deviation)
1 625.97 99.13 301.10 88.63 53.11 1409.66 0.00 22.67
2 1215.01 142.75 257.48 127.63 57.73 1998.70 0.00 17.85
3 2430.02 239.97 160.26 214.98 67.60 3213.71 0.00 10.23
4 3645.02 329.26 70.97 294.73 77.14 4428.72 0.00 3.94
5 4860.03 400.22 0.00 359.64 83.19 5643.72 0.00 0.00
6 6075.04 400.22 0.00 359.64 83.19 5791.21 1067.52 0.00
7 7290.05 400.22 0.00 359.64 83.19 5791.21 2282.53 0.00
8 8505.05 400.22 0.00 359.64 83.19 5791.21 3497.54 0.00
9 9720.06 400.22 0.00 359.64 83.19 5791.21 4712.54 0.00
10 10935.07 400.22 0.00 359.64 83.19 5791.21 5927.55 0.00
11 12097.16 400.22 0.00 359.64 83.19 5791.21 6496.71 0.00
12 12150.08 400.22 0.00 359.64 83.19 5791.21 7142.56 0.00
13 13365.09 400.22 0.00 359.64 83.19 5791.21 8357.57 0.00
Table 5
Model solution with fixed cost (625.97 USD) for waste evacuation and disposal
Original Final Original Final Original Final
S/No. Variable Value Value S/No. Variable Value Value S/No. Variable Value Value
1 x11 0.00 0.00 31 y51 0.00 0.00 61 w92 0.00 0.00
2 x21 0.00 0.00 32 y61 0.00 0.00 62 w10,2 0.00 0.00
3 x31 0.00 49.57 33 y71 0.00 0.00 63 w11,2 0.00 0.00
4 x41 0.00 0.00 34 y81 0.00 0.00 64 w12,2 0.00 0.00
5 x51 0.00 0.00 35 y91 0.00 0.00 65 w13,2 0.00 0.00
6 x61 0.00 0.00 36 y10,1 0.00 0.00 66 w11 0.00 31.78
7 x71 0.00 0.00 37 y11,1 0.00 0.00 67 w21 0.00 0.00
8 x81 0.00 0.00 38 y12,1 0.00 0.00 68 k11 0.00 0.00
9 x91 0.00 0.00 39 y13,1 0.00 0.00 69 k21 0.00 0.00
10 x10,1 0.00 0.00 40 w11 0.00 0.00 70 k12 0.00 13.62
11 x11,1 0.00 0.00 41 w21 0.00 0.00 71 k22 0.00 0.00
12 x12,1 0.00 0.00 42 w31 0.00 4.66 72 v11 0.00 55.19
13 x13,1 0.00 0.00 43 w41 0.00 15.17 73 v12 0.00 0.00
14 x12 0.00 0.00 44 w51 0.00 0.00 74 s1
1 0.00 0.00
15 x22 0.00 0.00 45 w61 0.00 0.00 75 s2
1 0.00 46.59
16 x32 0.00 0.00 46 w71 0.00 0.00 76 s3
1 0.00 0.00
17 x42 0.00 0.00 47 w81 0.00 0.00 77 s4
1 0.00 40.85
18 x52 0.00 0.00 48 w91 0.00 0.00 78 s5
1 0.00 27.86
19 x62 0.00 0.00 49 w10,1 0.00 0.00 79 s6
1 0.00 26.06
20 x72 0.00 0.00 50 w11,1 0.00 0.00 80 s7
1 0.00 33.05
21 x82 0.00 0.00 51 w12,1 0.00 0.00 81 s8
1 0.00 47.71
22 x92 0.00 0.00 52 w13,1 0.00 0.00 82 s9
1 0.00 37.23
23 x10,2 0.00 0.00 53 w12 0.00 0.00 83 s10
1 0.00 17.60
24 x11,2 0.00 0.00 54 w22 0.00 0.00 84 s11
1 0.00 8.55
25 x12,2 0.00 0.00 55 w32 0.00 0.00 85 s12
1 0.00 9.32
26 x13,2 0.00 0.00 56 w42 0.00 0.00 86 s13
1 0.00 6.27
27 y11 0.00 26.93 57 w52 0.00 0.00
28 y21 0.00 0.00 58 w62 0.00 0.00
29 y31 0.00 0.00 59 w72 0.00 0.00
30 y41 0.00 2.81 60 w82 0.00 0.00
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Table 6
Model solution with budgetary provision (2,430.02USD) for solid waste evacuation and disposal
Original Final Original Final Original Final
S/No. Variable Value Value S/No. Variable Value Value S/No. Variable Value Value
1 x11 0.00 0.00 31 y51 0.00 5.40 61 w92 0.00 0.00
2 x21 0.00 0.00 32 y61 0.00 0.00 62 w10,2 0.00 0.00
3 x31 0.00 54.23 33 y71 0.00 0.00 63 w11,2 0.00 0.00
4 x41 0.00 19.17 34 y81 0.00 0.00 64 w12,2 0.00 0.00
5 x51 0.00 0.00 35 y91 0.00 0.00 65 w13,2 0.00 0.00
6 x61 0.00 0.00 36 y10,1 0.00 0.00 66 g11 0.00 47.06
7 x71 0.00 0.00 37 y11,1 0.00 0.00 67 g21 0.00 30.19
8 x81 0.00 0.00 38 y12,1 0.00 0.00 68 k11 0.00 0.00
9 x91 0.00 0.00 39 y13,1 0.00 0.00 69 k21 0.00 12.94
10 x10,1 0.00 0.00 40 w11 0.00 0.00 70 k12 0.00 20.17
11 x11,1 0.00 0.00 41 w21 0.00 0.00 71 k22 0.00 0.00
12 x12,1 0.00 0.00 42 w31 0.00 0.00 72 v11 0.00 133.88
13 x13,1 0.00 0.00 43 w41 0.00 0.00 73 v12 0.00 0.00
14 x12 0.00 0.00 44 w51 0.00 0.00 74 s1
1 0.00 0.00
15 x22 0.00 46.59 45 w61 0.00 0.00 75 s2
1 0.00 0.00
16 x32 0.00 0.00 46 w71 0.00 0.00 76 s3
1 0.00 0.00
17 x42 0.00 0.00 47 w81 0.00 39.44 77 s4
1 0.00 0.00
18 x52 0.00 0.00 48 w91 0.00 0.00 78 s5
1 0.00 22.46
19 x62 0.00 0.00 49 w10,1 0.00 0.00 79 s6
1 0.00 26.06
20 x72 0.00 0.00 50 w11,1 0.00 8.55 80 s7
1 0.00 33.05
21 x82 0.00 0.00 51 w12,1 0.00 0.00 81 s8
1 0.00 8.27
22 x92 0.00 0.00 52 w13,1 0.00 0.00 82 s9
1 0.00 37.23
23 x10,2 0.00 0.00 53 w12 0.00 0.00 83 s10
1 0.00 17.60
24 x11,2 0.00 0.00 54 w22 0.00 0.00 84 s11
1 0.00 0.00
25 x12,2 0.00 0.00 55 w32 0.00 0.00 85 s12
1 0.00 9.32
26 x13,2 0.00 0.00 56 w42 0.00 0.00 86 s13
1 0.00 6.27
27 y11 0.00 26.93 57 w52 0.00 0.00
28 y21 0.00 0.00 58 w62 0.00 0.00
29 y31 0.00 0.00 59 w72 0.00 0.00
30 y41 0.00 39.66 60 w82 0.00 0.00
Table 7
Model solution with a 12097.16 USD AEPB daily budget for waste evacuation and disposal
Original Final S/ Original Final Original Final
S/No. Variable Value Value No. Variable Value Value S/No. Variable Value Value
1 x11 0.00 0.00 31 y51 0.00 21.92 61 w92 0.00 0.00
2 x21 0.00 0.00 32 y61 0.00 0.00 62 w10,2 0.00 0.00
3 x31 0.00 0.00 33 y71 0.00 33.05 63 w11,2 0.00 0.00
4 x41 0.00 0.00 34 y81 0.00 0.00 64 w12,2 0.00 0.00
5 x51 0.00 0.00 35 y91 0.00 0.00 65 w13,2 0.00 0.00
6 x61 0.00 0.00 36 y10,1 0.00 0.00 66 g11 0.00 0.00
7 x71 0.00 0.00 37 y11,1 0.00 0.00 67 g21 0.00 129.67
8 x81 0.00 0.00 38 y12,1 0.00 0.00 68 k11 0.00 0.00
9 x91 0.00 0.00 39 y13,1 0.00 6.27 69 k21 0.00 0.00
10 x10,1 0.00 0.00 40 w11 0.00 0.00 70 k12 0.00 0.00
11 x11,1 0.00 0.00 41 w21 0.00 0.00 71 k22 0.00 55.57
12 x12,1 0.00 0.00 42 w31 0.00 54.23 72 v11 0.00 224.02
13 x13,1 0.00 0.00 43 w41 0.00 0.00 73 v12 0.00 0.00
14 x12 0.00 26.93 44 w51 0.00 0.00 74 s1
1 0.00 0.00
15 x22 0.00 20.77 45 w61 0.00 0.00 75 s2
1 0.00 0.00
16 x32 0.00 0.00 46 w71 0.00 0.00 76 s3
1 0.00 0.00
17 x42 0.00 0.00 47 w81 0.00 0.00 77 s4
1 0.00 0.00
18 x52 0.00 5.95 48 w91 0.00 0.00 78 s5
1 0.00 0.00
(Continued)
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Table 7
(Continued )
Original Final S/ Original Final Original Final
S/No. Variable Value Value No. Variable Value Value S/No. Variable Value Value
19 x62 0.00 26.06 49 w10,1 0.00 0.00 79 s6
1 0.00 0.00
20 x72 0.00 0.00 50 w11,1 0.00 0.00 80 s7
1 0.00 0.00
21 x82 0.00 47.71 51 w12,1 0.00 0.00 81 s8
1 0.00 0.00
22 x92 0.00 37.23 52 w13,1 0.00 0.00 82 s9
1 0.00 0.00
23 x10,2 0.00 17.60 53 w12 0.00 0.00 83 s10
1 0.00 0.00
24 x11,2 0.00 8.55 54 w22 0.00 25.82 84 s11
1 0.00 0.00
25 x12,2 0.00 9.32 55 w32 0.00 0.00 85 s12
1 0.00 0.00
26 x13,2 0.00 0.00 56 w42 0.00 0.00 86 s13
1 0.00 0.00
27 y11 0.00 0.00 57 w52 0.00 0.00
28 y21 0.00 0.00 58 w62 0.00 0.00
29 y31 0.00 0.00 59 w72 0.00 0.00
30 y41 0.00 58.83 60 w82 0.00 0.00
Table 8
Sensitivity analysis to various percentage recovery levels of recovered waste materials
Amount
Daily of
Average per- budgetary Amount of Amount of waste Amount Amount Amount of recycle/
centage level of allocation wastes in the evacuated in the required to left waste moved Reuse Objective
recovery of by AEPB collection cen- collection centers evacute the unused to disposal recovered function
S/No. waste materials ($) ters (in tons) (in tons) wastes ($) ($) sites (in tons) (in tons) value-z
1 0.00 12097.16 442.83 442.83 9169.41 2301.77 442.83 0.00 0.00
3 10.00 12097.16 442.83 415.91 7784.67 4574.21 378.95 63.88 0.00
2 20.00 12097.16 442.83 386.59 5664.73 7581.85 321.27 121.56 0.00
4 30.00 12097.16 442.83 362.01 3990.73 10143.53 290.27 152.56 0.00
5 40.00 12097.16 442.83 335.09 2652.70 12369.26 248.27 194.56 0.00
6 50.00 12097.16 442.83 308.12 1649.23 14260.43 210.34 232.49 0.00
7 60.00 12097.16 442.83 281.20 780.82 16016.52 176.29 266.54 0.00
8 70.00 12097.16 442.83 254.27 100.40 17584.64 145.89 296.94 0.00
9 80.00 12097.16 442.83 227.35 –485.05 19050.50 118.95 323.88 0.00
10 90.00 12097.16 442.83 200.38 –853.64 20314.07 95.25 347.58 0.00
11 100.00 12097.16 442.83 173.46 –1108.17 21456.29 74.50 368.33 0.00
12 110.00 12097.16 442.83 173.46 –1108.17 21456.29 74.50 368.33 0.00
13 120.00 12097.16 442.83 173.46 –1108.17 21456.29 74.50 368.33 0.00
in the waste management system. This would reduce possible • minimize the volume of wastes in waste collection centers,
associated problems during waste management in the various • determine associated minimum cost of waste evacuation and
facilities, as less volume of wastes were moved to various waste disposal,
management facilities and disposal sites. • reduce the volume of wastes that can be moved to waste disposal
sites, and
5.2. Managerial insights and practical implications • economic benefits from reuse/recycling recovered waste materials
were also taken into account based on the percentage level of
A multiobjective mathematical programming model (WGP) for recovery of reuse/recycle recovered waste material considered.
solid waste management with comparable importance of collection
centers with economic benefits from recovered waste materials was The model formulated was solved using spreadsheet solver
developed. Solid waste management practice, particularly in urban 14.0. The model was solved for various solid waste budgetary
centers of developing countries such as Nigeria, does not consider provisions. Then AEPB daily budgetary provision of 12,097.16
economic benefits from reuse/recycling recovered waste materials USD for solid wastes evacuation and disposal in Abuja municipal
as part of the waste management system. The objectives of the area is at a 15% recovery level of reuse/recycle recovered waste
developed models are to: materials. The model was first solved for the daily fixed cost of
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the solid waste evacuation (625.97 USD) and then for the total daily were recovered. All wastes at the collection centers were
budgetary amount of 12,15.01 USD to see the models’ responses. For evacuated and disposed of at the disposal sites at 9,169.41 USD.
the daily fixed cost of the solid waste evacuation (625.97 USD), the As the percentage recovery level increases, the volume of waste
solutions show that all the wastes in collection centers 1 and 2 were evacuated and disposed of decreases, the amount of money required
evacuated, and 17.97 out of 58.83 tons of wastes were removed from to evacuate and dispose of the waste decreases. Also, the amount of
collection center 4. However, no waste was removed in collection money left unused increases. At 71.5% recovery of reuse/recycling
centers 2,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13. The level of evacuation recorded recovered waste material, no budgetary provision (0.00 USD) is
here was as a result of benefits from recovered waste materials. required to evacuate and dispose of the waste. Benefits realized
Considering the AEPB daily budgetary provision for solid waste from recovered waste materials are sufficient to evacuate and
evacuation and disposal, the solution shows that all the wastes at dispose of the wastes. After a 71.5% recovery level, the net
the collection centers were evacuated. The total amount of benefit from recovered waste materials starts to accrue until the
6,496.71 USD was left unused, which is about 54% of the total percentage level of recovery is 100%. At this point, the net
daily budgetary provision for solid waste evacuation of the agency. benefit is 1,108.17 USD. The volume of waste shifted to the
The average daily solid wastes generation in Abuja municipal is disposal sites was reduced to 74.5 tons (unrecoverable waste
442.83 tons. With the daily budgetary provision of (12,097.16 USD), material), which is 16.82% of total waste generated per day, and
and at a 15% average recovery level of reuse/recycling recovered 368.33 tons (83.18%) of waste materials were recovered.
waste materials, the solution shows that 359.64 tons (81.21%) of The study is practical, beneficial financially and can help the
the total wastes were evacuated and disposed of at a sum of Nigerian government tackle solid waste management problems. By
5,791.21 USD, which is about 48% of the total amount. The extension, it will minimize environmental issues such as GHG
waste management facilities include the collection centers, transfer emissions, which directly or indirectly harms citizens near to the
stations, and recycled plants. Recovery of 83.19 tons of reuse/ waste management facilities. Moreover, the recycling of recovered
recycle waste materials was made, about 18.79% of the total waste materials benefits the governement’s revenue generation. This
waste generated. The contribution of about 6% (705.50 USD) of study can be replicable in other developing countries with minor
the total amount for the daily waste evacuation and disposal came modifications in the model assumptions. In the future, the study has
from recovered waste material at a 15% recovery level. extension potentials to consider the model under different uncertainty
The various percentage recovery levels for the reuse/recycling scenarios and use robust optimization techniques to solve the problem.
recovered waste materials at the waste management facilities were
then considered for the same daily budgetary provision to see the Funding Support
responses of the model. At a 0% recovery level, no waste materials
were recovered, all the wastes were moved to the disposal sites at This research received no grant from any organization or agency.
the cost of 9,169.41 USD. As the percentage recovery level
increases, the amount of money required to evacuate and disposed Conflicts of Interest
of the wastes decreases. The minimum amount (0.00 USD)
required to evacuate the waste reached at a 71.5% recovery level. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this
At this point, the cost of waste evacuation and disposal was offset work.
by the benefits from waste material recovered (no amount of
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