Scribd
Upload
11 views21 pages

Types-of-Turbine-and-Sample-problems

The document provides an overview of various types of turbines used in hydroelectric power plants, including Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, Turgo, and Cross-Flow turbines, detailing their construction, working principles, and applications. Each turbine type is suited for specific head conditions and flow rates, with Pelton turbines ideal for high-head scenarios, while Kaplan turbines are best for low-head conditions. Additionally, the document includes sample problems related to turbine performance and efficiency.

Uploaded by

pccruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views21 pages

Types-of-Turbine-and-Sample-problems

The document provides an overview of various types of turbines used in hydroelectric power plants, including Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, Turgo, and Cross-Flow turbines, detailing their construction, working principles, and applications. Each turbine type is suited for specific head conditions and flow rates, with Pelton turbines ideal for high-head scenarios, while Kaplan turbines are best for low-head conditions. Additionally, the document includes sample problems related to turbine performance and efficiency.

Uploaded by

pccruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

TURBINES

FLUID MACHINERIES
Types of Turbines Used in Hydroelectric Power
Plants, their Construction, and their applications.

 Hydroelectric power plants use water turbines to convert


the kinetic and potential energy of flowing or falling
water into mechanical energy, which is then converted
to electrical energy by a generator. The major types of
turbines used in hydroelectric plants are classified based
on how they extract energy from water—Impulse
Turbines and Reaction Turbines.
1. Pelton Wheel (Impulse Turbine)
• Construction:
• Runner (Rotor): Circular wheel with spoon-shaped buckets around its rim.
• Nozzles: Direct high-velocity jets of water onto the buckets.
• Casing: Encloses the turbine and prevents splashing.
• Shaft: Connects the runner to the generator for energy transfer.
• Speeder (Deflector Plate): Controls water jet flow for regulation.
• Working Principle:
Water is directed at high speed from one or more nozzles onto the buckets,
causing the runner to rotate. The kinetic energy of the water is converted to
mechanical energy.
• Application:
• Suitable for high-head, low-flow conditions (heads above 300 m).
• Used in mountainous regions where water falls from significant heights.
2. Francis Turbine (Reaction
Turbine)
• Construction:
• Runner: Has curved blades between two discs, where water flows radially inward and
exits axially.
• Casing (Spiral or Scroll): Guides water evenly to the runner.
• Guide Vanes (Stay Rings): Control the flow direction and adjust water pressure.
• Draft Tube: Expels water at reduced velocity and recovers pressure energy.
• Shaft: Transmits mechanical power to the generator.
• Working Principle:
Water enters the turbine radially, causing the runner to rotate. Both kinetic and pressure
energy are converted into mechanical energy.
• Application:
• Suitable for medium-head conditions (20 m to 300 m).
• Used in large-scale hydroelectric projects where water flow is substantial.
3. Kaplan Turbine (Reaction
Turbine)
Construction:
•Runner: Propeller-like structure with adjustable blades for efficiency.
•Casing: Directs water flow and protects the turbine.
•Guide Vanes: Adjust the angle of water entry to match flow conditions.
•Draft Tube: Reduces exit velocity and enhances efficiency.
•Shaft: Connects the runner to the generator.

Working Principle:
Water flows axially through the runner. Both pressure and kinetic energy of the water are
•converted to mechanical energy. The adjustable blades optimize performance across
•varying flow rates.

Application:
•Ideal for low-head conditions (below 20 m).
•Used in river-based hydroelectric plants and tidal power stations.
Comparison of Pelton, Francis & Kaplan
Turbine
Click the link below for the video
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0BLOKEZ3KU&t=1s
4. Turgo Turbine (Impulse Turbine)
• Construction:
• Runner: Similar to Pelton but with shallower and smaller buckets.
• Nozzle: Directs water at an oblique angle to the runner.
• Casing: Encloses the system and prevents water loss.
• Shaft: Transfers rotational energy to the generator.
• Working Principle:
Water enters the runner at an angle (about 20°) and exits in the opposite
direction, converting kinetic energy to mechanical rotation.
• Application:
• Suitable for medium-head, high-flow conditions (50 m to 250 m).
• Used in small-to-medium hydroelectric projects.
5. Cross-Flow (Banki-Mitchell)
Turbine (Impulse Turbine)
Construction:
•Runner: Cylindrical drum with multiple curved blades.
•Nozzle: Directs water as a flat jet across the runner.
•Casing: Protects the runner and directs water flow.
•Shaft: Connects the runner to the generator.

Working Principle:
Water flows through the turbine twice—first across the upper section and again through
the lower section—improving energy extraction.

Application:
•Suitable for low-to-medium-head conditions (2 m to 200 m).
•Used in small-scale and micro-hydropower plants.
Cross-Flow Turbine

Click the link below for the video


 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cwRasaKpcw&t=5s
Comparison of Hydroelectric
Turbines
Turbine Type Head Range Efficiency Application
High (300 m and 85%–90% High-altitude
Pelton
above) hydro plants
Francis Medium (20 m to 90%–95% Large-scale
300 m) hydropower
stations
Kaplan Low (below 20 m) 85%–90% River-based and
(adjustable) tidal power plants
Turgo Medium (50 m to 85%–90% Small-to-medium
250 m) hydro projects
Cross-Flow Low-to-Medium (2 75%–85% Micro-hydro and
m–200 m) rural applications
Sample Problems

Problem 1
 A hydraulic turbine receives water from a reservoir at an elevation
100 meter above it. What is the minimum waterflow in kg/s to
produce a steady turbine output of 50 MW.
A. 50,247 kg/s B. 50,968 kg/s
C. 50,572 kg/s D. 59,465 kg/s
Sample Problems

Problem 2
 A reaction turbine develops 500 BHP. Flow through the turbine is 50
cfs. Water enters at 20 fps with a 100 ft pressure head. The elevation
of the turbine above the tailwater level is 10 ft. Find the effective
head.
A. 130.2 ft B. 120.2 ft
C. 110.2 ft D. 116.2 ft
Sample Problems

Problem 3
 A hydro-electric plant discharges water at the rate of 6.75 m3/s and
enters the turbine at 0.35 mps with a pressure of 275 kPa. Runner
inside diameter is 550 mm, speed is 520 rpm and the turbine
efficiency is 88%. Find the turbine speed ratio.
A. 0.638 B. 0.386
C. 0.836 D. 0.387
Sample Problems

Problem 4
 A hydro-electric plant having 50 sq. km reservoir area and 100 m
head is used to generate power. The energy utilized by the
consumer whose load is connected to the power plant during a five
hours period is 13.5 x 106 kw-hr. The over-all generation efficiency is
75%. Find the fall in the height of water in the reservoir after the 5 hr
period.
A. 2.13 m B. 1.32 m
C. 3.21 m D. 0.53 m
Answers

 1. B. 50,968 kg/s
 2. D. 116.2 ft
 3. A. 0.638
 4. B. 1.32 m
The
End

You might also like