A practical activity report submitted for

Engineering-Design-Project-II (UTA-024)
By:

Group Number (6)

MAHI (102316103)
ANUSHKA (102316110)
KARAN SINGH (1023161150)
ROUSHNI (102316119)
MANVENDRA (102316121)
AMAN (102316125)

D1 (2P13)
Submitted to:
Dr. Abhisek Pal

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, DERABASSI

THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, (A
DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), PATIALA, PUNJAB
INDIA

Session Year :- Jan-June (2025)

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Sr. No. Experiment no. Objective

1 1 (a) To draw a schematic diagram of pulse width modulation (PWM) based
transmitter for generating specified pulse width waveforms for gantries
placed at different locations on the path using CAD tool (Eagle).

2 1 (b) To design a printed circuit board layout of pulse width modulation

(PWM) based transmitter circuit using CAD tool (Eagle).

3 2 (a) To draw a schematic diagram of receiver to receive specified pulse width

IR signals from gantries using CAD tool (Eagle).

4 2(b) To design a printed circuit board layout of receiver circuit using CAD
tool (Eagle).

5 3 (a) To draw a schematic diagram of IR sensor module circuit (required to

move Buggy module on a predefined the path) using CAD tool (Eagle).

6 3 (b) To design a printed circuit board layout of IR sensor module circuit using
CAD tool (Eagle).

7 4 To solder and test a pulse width modulation (PWM) based transmitter

circuit (for gantries placed at different locations on the path to be
followed by Buggy robot) on a printed circuit board (PCB).

8 5 To solder and test pulse width modulation (PWM) based receiver circuit
(to receive IR signals from gantries connected to transmitter circuit) on a
printed circuit board (PCB).

9 6 To solder and test an IR sensor module circuit (which helps Buggy robot
to move on a predefined path) on a printed circuit board (PCB).
 Experiment: 4
Objective:
To solder and test pulse width modulation (PWM) based receiver circuit (to receive IR
signals from gantries connected to transmitter circuit) on a printed circuit board (PCB).

Hardware Used: Soldering Station, Connecting wire, Soldering wire, DSO, DSO Probes,
Soldering Stand, Desoldering Pump, Wire Cutter, Arduino UNO.

Component Used:
Sr. No Name of Components Value Specifications Quantity
1. Resistor 120k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
2. Resistor 100k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
3. Resistor 22k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
4. Capacitor 10pF 1
5. Resistor 1k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 1
Tolerance
6. PIN photodiode BPW41N 1
7. Male Header 3-pin PCB Header 1
8. Operational Amplifier LM311N IC 1
(Voltage Comparator)

Theory :

1. Resistor: Resistors are essential electronic components designed to regulate or restrict the flow of
electric current within a circuit. Made from materials like carbon or metal oxide that naturally resist
current, their effectiveness is measured in ohms (Ω). They serve multiple purposes—adjusting
voltage, dividing current, and safeguarding other components from high current. To identify their
resistance value, resistors often feature a standardized color code.

Fig. 4.1 various types of resistors [1]

2. Capacitor: A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in the form of an
electric charge. It consists of two conductive plates separated by a gap, which is filled with either
a vacuum or an insulating material known as a dielectric. The ability of a capacitor to store charge
is called its capacitance.

3.

Fig. 4.2 various types of capacitors [2]

3. Led3mm: A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that produces light when an
electric current passes through it. Operating on the principle of electroluminescence, it releases
energy as photons. Known for their high efficiency, LEDs convert most of the energy into light
with very little heat generation. Their low power usage, long lifespan, and compact design make
them ideal for a wide range of applications—from simple indicator lights to large display
systems. LEDs are available in multiple colors to suit various needs.

Fig. 4.3 Various types of sub miniature standard LED [3]

4. Male Header: A male header is a type of electrical connector with protruding pins that are used to
make connections with female connectors or sockets. These headers are commonly used in
electronic circuits to create reliable and removable connections, such as in microcontroller boards,
circuit boards, and other electronic devices.

Fig. 4.4 Male PCB Header [4]

5. IC(LM311N): The LM311N voltage comparator stands out due to its exceptionally low input
current, nearly a thousand times lower than that of other ICs in its category. It operates over a
wide supply voltage range, from a single 5V (common in digital logic circuits) up to the typical
±15V used in op-amp systems. Its output is compatible with MOS, RTL, DTL, and TTL logic
families, making it highly versatile. Additionally, the LM311N can switch voltages up to 50V
with output currents reaching 50 mA, enabling it to directly drive loads or interface with other
power components.

Fig. 4.5 LM311N [5]

6. Zero PCB: Zero PCB (also called perfboard or dot PCB) is a bare prototyping board with a grid
of pre-drilled holes and copper pads at a 2.54 mm pitch, letting you solder components into custom
layouts . Made from FR-series substrates in single- or double-sided versions, it delivers more
durable, higher-current connections than breadboards—perfect for hobbyist projects and
small-batch prototypes.

Fig. 4.6 ZERO PCB [6]

7. Soldering Station: A soldering station is a tool used primarily in electronics for joining
components together using solder. It provides more control, precision, and safety compared to a
basic soldering iron.

Fig. 4.7 Soldering Station [7]

8. Soldering Wire: Soldering wire is a metal alloy used to fuse two metal surfaces during the
soldering process. It is commonly composed of tin (Sn) and lead (Pb), although lead-free
alternatives are widely used today for safer and more environmentally friendly applications.

Fig. 4.8 Soldering Wire [8]

9.Connecting wire: A connecting wire is a tinned single-core copper wire commonly used in
electronics and electrical applications, where the tin coating prevents corrosion and enhances
solderability, while the solid core provides stable, low-resistance connections for fixed wiring
installations.

Fig. 4.9 Connecting Wire [9]

10.Wire Cutter: Wire cutter is a tool used for cutting electrical wires and cables, typically made with
sharp, hardened steel blades and insulated handles to ensure safety while working with electrical
components.

. Fig. 4.10 Wire Cutter [10]

11.Desoldering Pump: Desoldering pump is a tool used for removing solder from a circuit board by
creating a vacuum that sucks up the molten solder, typically during repair or component replacement in
electronic circuits.

Fig. 4.11 Desoldering Pump [11]

12.PCB Holder: PCB holder is an equipment used to securely hold a printed circuit board (PCB) in place
during soldering, desoldering, or assembly work, allowing for hands-free operation and improved
precision.

Fig. 4.12 Desoldering Pump [12]

13.DSO: DSO (Digital Storage Oscilloscope) is used to measure, capture, and display electrical signals
over time, allowing users to analyze waveforms, voltage levels, frequency, and detect faults in electronic
circuits.

Fig. 4.13 DSO [13]

14.DSO Probes: DSO probes are accessories used with a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) to connect
the oscilloscope to the test circuit, allowing accurate measurement and transmission of electrical signals
from the circuit to the oscilloscope for analysis.

Fig. 4.14 DSO Probes [14]

Circuit Layout:

Fig. 4.15 Front side of receiver circuit

Fig. 4.16 Back side of Receiver circuit

Testing of Receiver circuit & output waveform:

Fig. 4.17 Setup for testing of Receiver circuit

Fig. 4.18 Output PWM waveform from receiver circuit

Working: The PWM-based IR receiver circuit is designed to capture and decode infrared (IR)
signals transmitted from gantries using pulse width modulation. Mounted on a printed circuit board
(PCB), the receiver comprises an IR sensor that detects the modulated IR signals and forwards them
to a signal conditioning stage, typically consisting of an amplifier and filter, for noise reduction and
waveform shaping.

Results: The receiver circuit was successfully assembled and soldered onto the PCB, with all
components correctly placed and free of visible defects. Upon powering the circuit, the IR sensor
effectively detected the modulated IR signals from the gantry transmitters, generating clear digital
waveforms. Oscilloscope analysis confirmed that the decoded PWM signals closely aligned with the
transmitted values, indicating accurate signal decoding. The amplifier and filter stages successfully
minimized noise, delivering clean and stable outputs. These outcomes confirm the design's reliability
and effective performance in IR signal reception and processing.

Discussion: The circuit's successful operation demonstrates its capability to accurately capture and
decode PWM-based IR signals from gantry transmitters. The performance of the signal conditioning
stages reflects a well-optimized design. To further improve resilience under different environmental
conditions, future enhancements could include adaptive filtering or electromagnetic shielding to
reduce interference. Additionally, integrating error-checking mechanisms could enhance data
reliability during transmission.

Reference:

[1] https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_res
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[10] https://rukminim2.flixcart.com/image/850/1000/xif0q/power-hand-tool-kit/p/c/w/wire-cutter-6-inch-
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Signature of Faculty member