UNIT -IL

ExPECTED SuESTIONS
Equation ox cuxxent whtn AC voltaq V=
appied Vsin
V: Vn wt i s
Sinuts
ac0sspure inductan.ces Also draophasor
diagram.

V= Ymsin ot

Consider a punt nductoz connected in Senies with valtage

SOurce
At An tmf is induced_due totlu linkaqe whith_dpposes
Supply voltaqe
5tH
induced tmf e-N do
dt

for inductor,
y= Ldi
dt

itVgsin ot L di/dt
di Vm sin otdt

Tntegatin g9
- Cos (ot L

- WL
Yn Sin (-wt Lcos_ot Sin r1l2-wt)

Vm_sin ot -nl2)
LOL

T t ) TSinlot-nla) where Tn LVn

 Phasor diagzam

Pqo

Connected
acsoSS 220 50 Hz
Y, 50
220V, Hz
of5- is
Resiotance acoss sesistan.ce is 50b
Vottage
4-phase AC Supply YOlfagi4crOSSinducth
il) Lmptdanct
Calculate Current
i ) Powe tactoa

Given: R= 5
Y= 50y
f=50Hz

Cuntnt T: Y_: 50 = 10 A
5

i Taptdance z_ R A
5

ilYoltage acoss inductor a5 Currtnt S

Constant

iv)
i) Pounex tactox Cos d K 1
s.3 INhatis seaies
esonan ce Obtain expressiOn fos
XeSOnancetzequtncy Also drow phase diaqiam
In_an Ac Circuit twhen the ektects_of two
eactances X and ohich are apposife nnd equal
Cancel tachather autthen itis knawn as series
esonance.l

Eapression tor Yesonan.ce trequtncy

La series eSanance inductivexeactancp Capacitive
&eactanceareequal id uno

2nfL =
2r1fC w w

2r1L 2rtC

Abu 2 LC

Ha n
An2LC 2/r1 LC 3

Phasor Diagram

,10 VR

Vc
 each k 68 ehm
Thzee ideatical imptdanees

4 Dtinitionsi
i)Active Pawex Cixcui
The which is onsumeaDy
Fowe&LTue
tis
Po.
Rnown
Kn0wn_ag Active Powex Ox Keal
P= VIcos watts

il Reactive Powex
The pouwer which is used foproduce magnthic
fiuxes and notconsumed is known0s Keactive_Pa
VI sin o YAR arkvAR

ii Appaxtat Pouer-
The Sum a active and reactive pawexS Rnown
as Apparent fower'
S= YT VA

i ) Powex Factox
The cosine phase angle bttween the applied
valtaqe3 Cuxrent drawn from Supply voltaqe
qires the power factor
Power Eactar Cos

Power Tiangle for R-LGreuit

VTsin

Pa VIcos
5 Detint Ac Paxallel Cixcuit
InlhenCurrent_qtts divided in ciruitit is
Rnownas Paxallel Crcuit'

Ln paaallelcixcuitoneOX twoimped.ances axe

Connected inparallel acoss the Supply yoltage

V Vo ItsS

T T:ItT,+Ts

impedance
wherp z : lotal
 Detint-Tmpedanct Power

+ Tmpe dance
dpposition
affered.f0on lectric Cudkr
electeic
T T isan Ciacuit consistsof Ln
:C
Lmpedance occuas nhen
alangwith aeSistox R
OX bath measuhedin_ahms
LE is denotedby Z and
z Rt jX
Fox pure
ox &esistire Circuit Z=RA
-Fox pure inductive circuit, z= 0tjKL_LX490'n
For pure Capacitive circuit 2 =0-jXLX 1-40°n
1SERes R-L Cixcuit Derivations
L
AMy

V =Ym Sin wt

Tnseies R-L circuit resistar is Connectead in

Strieswith inductar voltage applied to cizcuit
is = m sinwt
Current lags voltaqL by angle d in _series R-L_cn.cuit
When Currtnt tlows through resistoryoltaqedrap is

Whin Culrent tlous thaugh inductor voltage_drop_is

V TX
Total votagi 4pplied y-gt
( T ) t (Tr)

y Tz z Rtjk

PhasorDiaq2am--
VV+

90
V
 UNIT - E
ExPECrED GUESTIONS

Obtaio zelafian between phasevalue and line yalue

Of Y&T_tox

phase sequtnceRYB Dxa

balanced d!ta

phasox
Connectior

aiagaam
Assume
D
RY
Nef
ph

ph
Vys

Line Valtaqt y=YEYg

Line Curtnt-T
Lint T 8
PhastvatagtY Yy YgVg
Linase cument-TP Tyay B
Phasox Diagzam

30 ATey

TyB -TeR B

Tn Balanced Delta Connictian lintvaltagt and

phase votHag s Sam
Y ph
 trom abave diaqxam
2BOA 30 Oc= 6 C& =LL/2

hom AGAC
Cos 30 OC LR/2
OA
IRY
2
T12
Tph
Tph
T a Tph T 3

elationbetn_ph value i n e yalue y&T

Obtain
tor balanced 9tax ConneCtion AsSum phase equtnc
Rxe Draw phaso& diag1am

Ve Zph
Vy
y o
Vy
TBN

e Zph Zph
B
 Y =Yery B
-Lint_laHages
8
Line CurenfsT T
ay
Lipe
P h a s e voHagesY , 8
Phase_cuzrtntsTp 1R y B

int CuYktts_&phase
t o x s a x connected
load
Cuxrents arp equal

LEPh

To deive elation btween Vph

havtVzy Y y

Phasoxdiaqramis
VVph VRxM
VB

VR Vph
26

Vy
Th 4.0A8 OA=AB phase votaqts.
Hence, o bisects angl betwten Y -VK
LBOA =30

OC=CBCB V
 thom AOtB
Cos 30 OC
OA
Veyl2
Ve
2 VRY V
82
VR Vph

V a Vph

Dxauo Connecfiondiaqram 3 explain procedu.e tor

tindingvotage equlation& ekticitncy by_diiect _loading
loading
mthod tox fadnstormir having rating 1kVA, 230/115 V
Singlt phast, 50 HzWrite proper ranq otmiters

www
ww

Lanp

Variac Transformer

Tn dire ct loading fest, loads dizectly applied

applied to
fo

thanstomer

Procedurt
Check Qutotransta1mer at zero posifion3 load is oEE
Now 5uwitch ON Supplyand adhus pimay_voltaq to
qtt 254ted yoltage On Y
it Secondan Yoltaqeis induced and indicafed
Naw,
Nduw
 ON load
on V then slowly _Suitch
Take xeadinqo T
No incxease load 3 again take 5ame keading
Take more readings by in.cxeasinq
load
NowuSuitch OFE all loads qraduallymake
QutotransStamer zera3SwitchOF supply
ValHagp Requlation E- X 1O0
E2

Eiciency (p) = W2 x 100

 UNIT-
ExPECTED SUESTIONS
S. Define ideal panctical voltage SOurces Draw V-T
Chaxacteaistics

Practicaloltaqe Source
Tn thisYoftaqSOurc has ds 0wn intenal resistance
in Series with i
Fisdinctedby bs Kse
Dut toàesistance, voltaqe is hald in Sourct
V
TKse
Y-T characteaisticoPracical voltage Source
V

Practhcal

Idtal valtagSOurce
In this valtag Source doesn' harp its Own
internalYesstanceinseieswihi1 Rs0

LT charackeilstic o Tdeal Voltaqe sourco

V
Deaive equationto
convext diHa
Connected
3Bistive
load to Star circurt

laconverf DeltaConnected resishiveload

esisfveload to
Star circuit

K12

LompareXesistances between termingls 1&2

Rz Rin parallel w#hkKzg
Baka kaa)
Kat kaa t ks

Similary
Kag ( Rn tka)
R2 t ka3 tK31

RtR Kar kas)

K2t kagt Ka

Subtaacinq thom )
R1k-k-Kg a. Ki2 tatke3 -Res.K2 -a
Ki2t ka2t Ka
 KCL KVL
K C L33 KVL
explain
6 5tate and

K i r c h o f ' s Current Law

allCurents metting
algtb raic sum af
The
The
jun.ctionpoint
is qlways zero
at_a
0
i ET atjunction point=

CUrtent = Outgaing Cubrent

Tncoming
Lncoming

Kirchol's oltag Law

The algebraic Sun of all th branch vataqes
atound qny_closed path or closed loop is aluways
zero
i. Ey around clased l0op = 0

Canrent nterinq t ye& Curent ltaving -Y

A A 8
www

Whn Current tlows trom-v fo tve voltage

is pasitive Raow as patential nsp
wlhen it flowstiom tye fo-v yotage s
negativeRnown as pattntil drop
 Page

DtHne
.

i) Acfive 3
passivenetwork
hlhen circuit
Consists o at leastone
enerqy
energythtn it i s called asActive One Source
When cir cuit consists
sauiceoofE
Source network
Sourcenetwork
His o no enerqy Source
Source thtn
calledFassiveSourcenetwoik
Lineax&Non- linearnetwork
nlhen Compontnts like
aesistarinductor, capacitor_ete
doesntChange its nature and glways nmain conStant
.Yftimt in a nttwozk then i islinear Netwark

yhtn Comp.onents _fke resistorinductor, etc changes

i s natu and changes value wt tine jn
a network thenitis Non- Linea Nertwork

in) Bilatexal &UnilateralNetwork

When behaviourof Circuit elemints isdeptndentan
ditechon of Current through yaious elements
htn itis called Unilater.al Nttwork
Eq. Diode

lhtn behaviour o cintut Llemint emains Same

ltdrespective af directhon of
Curreatthrough vaious
l s 8ilateral Network
eltment thtn
Eq Kesistor
 coOveat
SSTTHAKR onnectedloac
Denvetomsla to
i n t o e q u i r a l e n t D E L T A C i x c u i t

AAAA
Ka3

Ri2 KsL -
Kyar K29t Ka
BIa R2a
KztkasiRa
-
katkzst k3
Mutiplung egn z

kat ka t k1)

Similaly
(Kra 1 Rs t kau)

kk(Rau)2 ka.kas
(Rra+ kaat ka

Adding eq 6 G

(k2 t k2g 1 k3,)_

 adlR,tgt k)
CRa t k23-t lgr)
Ki2.Rz3 kal
K2t. ka3 t Kai
But Ri2. Res
tromcqn O
S12t Ka3t ka

Similarly

Ra
 G Superposition Theoxem

I
Ln ans multisaurce
n any Comple netwoakConsistina
ak linea bilateral elements the roltage ackos
0X Curent though any ofnetuork
qiven element Of netwoxk
i s equal to algebxaic Sum af voltaqes
individual voltages
OX Cuaxent paoduced indeptndently acxoss Ox in
indtptndtntlu.
that element by each Source_aCting indtptndtnElu
Lwhen all sourcés ate xeplaced b theia espectie
theiaespechire
internalesistan ces

G Thevenin's Theorem -

+ Thtvenin's theorem Statesthat Ans linear bilateal

Circuit ContainingSeretal valtaqes and resistance0
Can be tplaced bs just ant Single voltaqe (Vpt
in Sexies with d Single esistance (Reg
Connected Qcaass the load

Sttps to tind Cuzunt

Stp4- Remove branch resistance though which Cult
is to be found
Stp 2- Calculateyoltage acoS optn_circuik bu_Using
an SimpliHication fechniques This is Vrt
 Date
Page

Stp 31Calculatt Kto-Rtmove branch

through ahich
ahicn
Curent is to bp calculated Replace allindtp tnatnt
Saur.cesbs intenal esistance shart circust valtaqe
SOurce optn cizcuit Culrent source
Sttp 4 DrawThtrenin's equiralent
Rry
VTH

Sttp 5 RLconnect branchresistanc tind I

VTH

Limitations
iNot qppllcable to non-linear elementsunilatexal
ngtworkS
Coupling between load
i)Should nat be maqnefic
to be replaced by Thevenin's thm
circuit to
ii) Onload side there should not be controlled
Sources Contaolle.d trom Some ather part of
Circuit
 UNLT EXPECTED QUESTIONS

eLect_o
Deinesesistance ts unit uhat is
temptratuze on esistance
of imetallic canducto
in alloys iti ins ulatox

trtsof electric Circuit Opposingthe

Tht _prop ausing
Currentandat 5amt time
tlow of in heat en
electaricalenerqu to be covexted enexqy
is cqlled Resistance
Uhit af axesistanceis Ohm(-0

The esistan.ce ofmttallic Conducto&s ike Coppex

Ike
ixan,etc incxeases lineqxls
with tempeaature

23Y. 10 TOC
For Copper R l00- at a'ci then linearly increases

upto 1oo°C At-23.CR =0

The xesistanc Otalloys increases uth

Incs@ase)
incaeSL
intemperature but gaté ak change is not
Siqnihcant
Some alloys likemanganin (alloy al u,n&Ni
Euxeka Calloy of Cu Ni) show n changt in
zesistance tor_changp in ttmperature
 Inesesistanct Of insulatoas decxeases with increase
in temperature
Examplt,eSistan ces ak ubber,_paptr 3 all elect1alytes
decxeqses qs temperature incxeases

Explain electzical to mechanicaland mechanical to

electaical eneaqy conve&sion.

Electrical to Mechanical Enerqy conversion:

to mechanical
-A device aonvextinqelectaicalenengy
enerouis called as" ElecticMotor
Lt dives a pump which is used to It th
watey

1712Chani a
Tnput
Elechical Motor PumpPumP Kasing wa fe thiaug5
p
Eneray hligh+
hoitmOto Pump
eHhici tnce ehaitncy

Enequ conrersion
Mechanical toElectic fo electrical
me hanicalenergy
Converting
- A device Generator
called
enenqy. is enegyproduced.is used
electical
The output domesfhc
0perationdomeshic

Operate
electrical loads ike
ces,lightning loads tte
dpplian
olP Liahtning Laod
Generatort Ele chica
Me chanical en fa 9
eneiqy
 InWh_neat labeled diaqramezplain Lead Acid Batt
woskinq andstateifsapplication
CPbo)

Anode
Cathool

HaSoy- Containe
solution

henCurrent is _passed tor tirst fimethrouah

electralyte H,0 in electiostl is,
H - 2H t 0
Tht hudiogen ion_'as pasitivelu
tDwards oneat electaadeswhich charqed qtt attaacted
acts as a Cathod
Cnegatire )
The oXygen on
asnegatively charqed qtt attracted
towards the ather lead_plate whichacts as a
anadi (pasitire)
S0 there eaists a potential
positireanode difference betwetn
negatire cathode which can_drirethe
the exteznal circuit.

Applications
Emerqenc hghtninqSusttm auttomobiles fan Starha
Unintezrupted poer Supply System
Kailuay Siqnalling electiical
Staftons t c . Substatians power
4 Eaplain
Seiesand paaallel
Connection of battey
Seaiescopnection ofbattey

nbattTes Seuat
AAAAt
Lt E= .m.f af eachbatteries
Y = inteanal
resistanceo each batteies
Y latal valta9available =0.E Yots

krEtotal Circuit elumtnts

LoadtBatteries
R t nx r

T Total kolka9e. V NE A
RT KLt nAY
Total Risistanct

Parall COnnection af battey-

all battey ul
battuy uill
paiallel,yoltaqt
Acioss all
In Cunrtnt is
diflenent
diFkeren
emainSame

I1T,t
+T
T
R e s i s t a n c e Tempeatu1e

CoefLlcient CR.TC)
Coeflicient(R.T.C)

40Cis atia ofchanqe in

The R.TC at celsius to &esÍStance
esistance pe degree
a t t°c
celsius (/c)
degree
s unit is pex be expresserd
De expessed
tmptratureCan
Resistanc a t ans
t)
as Rt =_Ro l1t

RTC depends_an-
initia timperature
Yalue ofxesistanceat
aYalue
bRise in tempeature-
resistance (a)
Timptrature coetticient_of

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