Artificial Intelligence

Short questions:-
1. What is AI ? who proposed the concept of AI?
A.) The term AI was introduced by Prof. John McCarthy at a conference at Dartmouth College
in 1956. McCarthy defines AI as the “science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs”.

2. What are the three eras of computing? Provide definitions?

A.) The three eras of computing are.
1. Tabulating era (1890s – 1940s) :- The first era of computing consisted of single-purpose
electromechanical systems that used punched cards to input and store data that
instructed the machine what to do. These tabulation machines were essentially
calculators that counted and summarized information.
2. This era started with the shift from mechanical tabulators to electronic systems. It began
during World War II and was driven by military and scientific needs. Following the war,
digital “computers” evolved rapidly and moved into businesses and governments. The
programmable computing era began.
3. AI systems are a natural evolution of programmable computing. AI systems exhibit
characteristics of human intelligence. They can understand and reason and learn and
improve their performance overtime.

3. How many types of AI are there explain with examples?

A.) Most smart software programs can be considered as AI systems because they perform tasks
that can be considered intelligent human tasks. Researchers and developers are adopting
one of two approaches of thinking while building AI systems:
 Strong AI
 Weak AI

(Strong AI)e.g.,:- DeepMind, the Human Brain Project (an academic project that is based
in Lausanne, Switzerland), and OpenAI.
(Weak AI) e.g.,:- Chatbot

4. How artificial intelligence is evolved and name it types?

A.) Most smart software programs can be considered as AI systems because they perform tasks
that can be considered intelligent human tasks. These concept is proposed by Prof. John
McCarthy in the year 1956 from that AI is evolved from automation programs to chat bots
and today’s advanced natural language generation (NLG). So these days AI is classified into
three types.
 Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)
 Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
 Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

5. Describe Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)?

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A.) ANI, which belongs to the weak AI school, refers to applying AI techniques to narrow
problems. It focuses on a specific task. The strength of ANI is that it focuses on doing
something extremely well, sometimes exceeding a human’s capabilities. ANI is a good fit for
automating simple and repetitive tasks. Examples of ANI are bots and virtual assistants, such
as Siri, Microsoft Cortana, Amazon book recommendations that are customized for each
user, restaurant recommendations, weather updates, Watson DeepQA, and customer
services chatbots for answering simple and repetitive customer inquiries. These AI
implementations excel in their defined areas, but if you try to start a conversation with a
virtual assistant, you clearly see how “narrow” its intelligence is.

6. Describe Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)?

A.) AGI belongs to the strong AI school. It refers to computer systems that exhibit capabilities of
the human brain. AGI refers to systems or machines that can generally perform any
intellectual task that a human can do.

7. Describe Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)?

A.) ASI refers to machines that surpass humans in general intelligence. Nick Bostrom, a leading
AI thinker, in the paper How Long Before Superintelligence?, defines ASI as “an intellect that
is much smarter than the best human brains in practically every field, including scientific
creativity, general wisdom and social skills.”
Regarding ASI, many prominent scientists and technologists have ethical concerns about the
future of humanity and intelligent life. The unique capabilities of the human brain are the
reason why humans have a dominant position over other species. Super-intelligent machines
might surpass the human brain in general intelligence.

8. Define types of prediction systems in AI?

A.) Many AI systems focus on prediction. To predict an outcome, AI systems use data mining or
machine learning algorithms. There are different techniques that are used for prediction,
such as regression analysis, which is a set of statistical processes for estimating the
relationship among variables. AI systems build rules that can be used to predict the events of
interest before they take place.
According to the type of predicted outcome, AI systems can be categorized into the following
two categories:
 Deterministic systems
 Probabilistic systems

9. Difference between the Deterministic and probabilistic systems?

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A.)

10. What are the Influencers of AI?

A.) The most influential factors of AI are.
 Big Data with the cloud storage and raw data processing.
 Advancements in computer processing speed, new chip architectures, and big data
file systems.
 Cloud computing and application programming interfaces

11. Name some of the computer architecture processors developed for AI?

A.) In recent years, big data and the ability to process a large amount of data at high speeds have
enabled researchers and developers to access and work with massive sets of data. Processing
speeds and new computer chip architectures contribute to the rapid evolution of AI applications.
Large manufacturers of computer chips such as IBM and Intel are prototyping “brain-like” chips
whose architecture is configured to mimic the biological brain’s network of neurons and the
connections between the called synapses.

 IBM AI Research
 Intel’s New Self-Learning Chip Promises to Accelerate Artificial Intelligence
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12. Name some of the cloud computing platforms using for AI research purposes?
A.) All the significant companies in the AI services market deliver their services and tools on the
internet through APIs over cloud platforms, for example:
 IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.
 Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services (AWS).
 Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud.
 Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform.
 These services benefit from cloud platform capabilities, such as availability, scalability,
accessibility, rapid deployment, flexible billing options, simpler operations, and
management.

13. What are the applications of AI?

A.) Applications of AI research and practice share common technologies, but they also vary
considerably in different sectors of the economy and society. These sectors are called
domains.
 Transportation
 Home services and robots
 Healthcare
 Education
 Public safety and security
 Employment and workplace
 Entertainment

14. What are the different types of research areas in AI?

A.) Artificial intelligence fundamental research areas
At a high level, the AI field is related to the following subfields of research:
 Machine learning
 Natural language processing (NLP)
 Computer vision (CV)
 Business analytics
 Autonomous vehicles
 Robotics field
 Medical field

15. Describe the usage of AI in Business analytics?

A.) Analytics is a process that requires collaboration across a team of data scientists, data
engineers, business analysts, and business leaders. The power of analytics is in collaboration
that focuses on defining and solving business problems.
AI analytics empowers companies to automate repetitive tasks and process complex data
more efficiently. Thus, making scaling easy and frictionless. These tools can process
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thousands of API calls in minutes, giving you critical information about your brand, customer
care and competitive analysis in a matter of minutes.

16. Define Descriptive analytics?

A.) Descriptive analytics is the analytical models that uses data mining and business intelligence
to provide trending information about the historical events that can help the business
analysts understand the context of the current business and evaluate the current state. In
summary, it provides insights into the past and answers the question of “What has
happened?”

17. Define Predictive analytics?

A.) Predictive analytics applies advanced statistical analysis and data mining to validate
assumptions and test hypothesis. This approach provides a solid, data-based foundation that
can raise the business owners’ confidence regarding conclusions.
Good examples of predictive analytics include predicting which customers are likely to
terminate their contract with their current business provider (churn analysis), which
customers are likely to buy a new product or service from their current service provider
(cross-sell analysis), or predicting the future prices of assets such as real estate or
commodities.

18. Define Prescriptive analytics?

A.) Prescriptive analytics is mainly about providing advice regarding the possible outcomes to
solve complex optimization problems involving tradeoffs between business goals and
constraints.
Good examples of prescriptive analytics include optimizing the maintenance of production
line equipment to reduce the costs of downtime and planning effective marketing campaigns
by distributing resources across multiple channels to target as many customers as possible to
maximize the revenue.

19. Explain the differences between Descriptive, Predictive, Prescriptive analytics?

A.)
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20. What is Big Data Analytics Explain with it a diagram?

A.) Big data analytics
This example demonstrates big data analytics. Big data analytics support large unstructured
implementations and high demand and can be fast. Figure shows the architecture for this
example.

In this example, the data is pulled from Twitter, Facebook, messaging applications, and
websites, and then the data is pulled into a Hadoop cluster. Hadoop can ingest large volumes
of unstructured data. A subset of the data (after cleaning) which now might be structured, is
pulled into a data warehouse that is like the one that is described in Example 1. The
reporting data that is stored in the data warehouse is accessed by the reporting tools to
visualize the data through dashboards and graphs.
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Long Questions:-

1. Explain Traditional Analytics and Big data Analytics with diagram?

A.) There are different types of analytics that provide different types of insights. Thus, it is
important for business analysts and data scientists to understand what each analytics type
delivers and to match analytics functions to the organization’s operational capabilities.

Traditional Analytics
This example is for large structured implementations that support a large demand, as shown
in following Figure.

This architecture is rigid, so getting responses quickly can be difficult. The data should be
guaranteed to have quality and be secure. There should be some sort of control and
governance in place to make sure that the data is seen only by the people that are
authorized to access the data.

In this architecture, data is pulled from transactional systems, such as a supply chain, points
of sale, or finance systems. The data is extracted, transformed, and loaded (by using ETL
tools) into a data warehouse, where the reporting data is stored. Then, reporting and
analytics tools point to the reporting data to visualize the data through dashboards and
graphs.

Example 2: Big data analytics

This example demonstrates big data analytics. Big data analytics support large unstructured
implementations and high demand and can be fast. Figure shows the architecture for this
example.
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In this example, the data is pulled from Twitter, Facebook, messaging applications, and
websites, and then the data is pulled into a Hadoop cluster. Hadoop can ingest large volumes
of unstructured data. A subset of the data (after cleaning) which now might be structured, is
pulled into a data warehouse that is like the one that is described in Example 1. The
reporting data that is stored in the data warehouse is accessed by the reporting tools to
visualize the data through dashboards and graphs.

2. What is IBM Watson? Explain the Use cases of IBM Watson AI in detail?
A.) IBM Watson is a cognitive system that enables a new partnership between people and
computers. It is the AI offering from IBM. Watson combines five core capabilities:

Interacts with people more naturally, based on the person’s preference.

Quickly ingests key industry materials, partnering with experts to scale and elevate expertise.
Enables new products and services to sense, reason and learn about their users and the
world around them.
Uses data to improve business processes and forecasting, increasing operational
effectiveness.
Enhances exploration and discovery, uncovering unique patterns, opportunities and
actionable hypotheses.
IBM Watson is at the forefront of a new era of computing: the AI era. In summary, Watson
can understand all forms of data, interact naturally with people, and learn and reason, at
scale. Data, information, and expertise create the foundation for working with Watson.

Use cases:-
1. OmniEarth : OmniEarth Inc. builds scalable solutions for processing, clarifying, and fusing
large amounts of satellite and aerial imagery with other data sets.

Implementation:-
OmniEarth uses IBM Watson to identify topographical features in satellite images, giving
water districts insight into dynamic patterns of water consumption and weather. OmniEarth
is using the solution to develop water conservation strategies for drought-stricken areas.
OmniEarth is helping water utilities within the State of California to analyze aerial images to
monitor water consumption on each parcel of land across the state.
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2. Woodside Energy: Woodside Energy is Australia’s largest publicly traded oil and gas
exploration and production company and one of the nation’s most successful explorers,
developers, and producers of oil and gas.
Implemenation : Working with Watson, Woodside Energy built a customized tool that
allowed its employees to find detailed answers to highly specific questions, even on remote
oil and gas facilities (Figure 4). Watson ingested the equivalent of 38,000 Woodside
documents, which would take a human over five years to read.
• Over 38,000 Woodside documents were loaded
into Watson on IBM Cloud, the equivalent of 30
years of practical engineering experience.
• With this data, Watson considers historical
context and procedural information on
operations, equipment, weather, tidal currents
and more.

3. Explain about DeepQA project in detail?

A.) In 2007, IBM Research took on the grand challenge of building a computer system that could
compete with champions at the game of Jeopardy!, an American nationally televised quiz
show. In 2011, the open-domain question-answering system, named Watson, beat the two
highest ranked players in a two-game Jeopardy! match. DeepQA is the name given to the
question-answering (QA) system architecture, which was developed for Watson to play the
Jeopardy! game. In the tradition of IBM’s grand challenges such as Deep Blue with chess and
Blue Gene with the human genome, Watson was presented as the next scientific
breakthrough with natural language processing on Jeopardy!
The Watson services available today evolved from the original DeepQA architecture that
defeated the Jeopardy! quiz show champions to a set of RESTful APIs delivered on the IBM
Cloud which is the platform as a service (PaaS) offering from IBM.

This section discusses key capabilities that had to be developed to make question-answering
systems practical in real-world applications (and why the DeepQA architecture had to
evolve).

At a high level, DeepQA generates and scores many hypotheses by using an extensible
collection of natural language processing, machine learning, and reasoning algorithms, which
gather and weigh evidence over both unstructured and structured content to determine the
answer with the best confidence.

The primary computational principle supported by DeepQA was to assume and pursue
multiple interpretations of the question, to generate many plausible answers or hypotheses,
and to collect and evaluate many competing evidence paths that might support or refute
those hypotheses (see Figure 5).
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4. Evolution of Watson services on IBM Cloud?

A.) Overtime, the steps in the DeepQA pipeline described in DeepQA architecture became
microservices that greatly enhanced the ability to customize the system for a particular
domain and to integrate individual services to build a complete solution.
The Watson Conversation service was developed to enable a developer to automate
branching conversations between a user and the application. The Conversation service,
renamed Watson Assistant in 2018, enables applications to use natural language to
automatically respond to user questions, cross-sell and up-sell, guide users through
processes or applications, or even “hand-hold” users through difficult tasks. The Watson
Assistant service can track and store user profile information to learn more about that user,
guide that user through processes based on the user’s unique situation, or pass the user
information to a back-end system to help the user take action and get the help needed.
The Watson Assistant service allows you to quickly build, test, and deploy a bot or virtual
agent across mobile devices, messaging platforms such as Slack, or even on a physical robot.
Watson Assistant has a visual dialog builder to help you create natural conversations
between your apps and users, without requiring any coding experience.
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5. Explain in detail about three eras of computing?
 The Three Eras of computing:

To understand the future of AI, placing it in the historical context is important. To date, two
distinct eras of computing have occurred: the tabulating era and the programming era. We are
entering the third and most transformational era in computing’s evolution, the AI computing era
(also known as the cognitive era).

 Tabulating era (1890s – 1940s)

The first era of computing consisted of single-purpose electromechanical systems that used
punched cards to input and store data that instructed the machine what to do. These
tabulation machines were essentially calculators that counted and summarized information.
They did this task well, but only this task.
These machines supported the scaling of business and society and were used in government
applications, such as processing population census data, and business applications, such as
accounting and inventory control. Tabulating machines evolved to a class of machines that
were known as unit record equipment, which were instrumental in starting the data
processing industry.
 Programming era (1950s – present)
This era started with the shift from mechanical tabulators to electronic systems. It began
during World War II and was driven by military and scientific needs. Following the war, digital
“computers” evolved rapidly and moved into businesses and governments. The
programmable computing era began.
The significant change of this era is the introduction of general-purpose computing systems
that are programmable: They can be reprogrammed to perform different tasks and solve
multiple problems in business and society. However, they must be programmed and are still
constrained in their interaction with human beings. Everything we now know as a computing
device, such as the mainframe, personal computer, smartphone, and the tablet, is a
programmable computer. Some experts believe that this era of computing will continue to
exist indefinitely.
 AI and cognitive era (2011 – future)
AI systems are a natural evolution of programmable computing. AI systems exhibit
characteristics of human intelligence. They can understand and reason and learn and
improve their performance overtime.
Dr. Kelly in the white paper Computing, cognition and the future of knowing defines
cognitive computing as follows:
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“Cognitive computing refers to systems that learn at scale, reason with purpose and interact
with humans naturally. Rather than being explicitly programmed, they learn and reason from
their interactions with us and from their experiences with their environment.”

6. Explain how Mapping human thinking to artificial intelligence components to Improve AI?
A.) Mapping human thinking to artificial intelligence components:
Because AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it is possible to map the human
thinking stages to the layers or components of AI systems.

In the first stage, humans acquire information from their surrounding environments through
human senses, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, through human organs, such
as eyes, ears, and other sensing organs, for example, the hands.

In AI models, this stage is represented by the sensing layer, which perceives information from
the surrounding environment. This information is specific to the AI application. For example,
there are sensing agents such as voice recognition for sensing voice and visual imaging
recognition for sensing images. Thus, these agents or sensors take the role of the hearing
and sight senses in humans.

The second stage is related to interpreting and evaluating the input data. In AI, this stage is
represented by the interpretation layer, that is, reasoning and thinking about the gathered
input that is acquired by the sensing layer.

The third stage is related to taking action or making decisions. After evaluating the input
data, the interacting layer performs the necessary tasks. Robotic movement control and
speech generation are examples of functions that are implemented in the interacting layer.

7. What are the Integral components of artificial intelligence systems?

A.) Integral components of artificial intelligence systems:
Consumer-oriented AI systems such as Google Assistant, Siri, and Microsoft Cortana are
adopting the three AI components or layers that are described in the previous section:
Sensing, interpretation, and interacting.

These systems, and any AI system in general, are not built on a single component. They are
composed of multiple components and approaches for thinking and reasoning, and
simulating human thinking. These combinations represent the identity of the AI system and
distinguish one AI system from others.

Humans are constantly observing what is happening around them, what it means, and what
will happen next. For any intelligent system, including human beings, the ability to assess
and understand what is happening right now, make inferences about it, and predict what is
going to happen next is essential for assessing current situations and predicting the
convenient or appropriate action or decision.

For AI systems to be able to assess data, there must be enough data with which to work.
Using a large volume of data can support the learning process of even a weak AI algorithm to
identify the relevant data and discard the “noise” or irrelevant data. Availability, variety, and
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volume of data are factors that contribute to enhancing the learning process and produce
more accurate results.

Many AI systems focus on prediction. To predict an outcome, AI systems use data mining or
machine learning algorithms. There are different techniques that are used for prediction,
such as regression analysis, which is a set of statistical processes for estimating the
relationship among variables. AI systems build rules that can be used to predict the events of
interest before they take place.

According to the type of predicted outcome, AI systems can be categorized into the following
two categories:

 Deterministic systems
 Probabilistic systems

8. Explain Cloud computing and application programming interfaces?

A.) Cloud computing and application programming interfaces:

Cloud computing is a general term that describes delivery of on-demand services, usually
through the internet, on a pay-per-use basis. Companies worldwide offer their services to
customers over cloud platforms. These services might be data analysis, social media, video
storage, e-commerce, and AI capabilities that are available through the internet and supported
by cloud computing.

In general, application programming interfaces (APIs) expose capabilities and services. APIs
enable software components to communicate with each other easily. The use of APIs as a
method for integration injects a level of flexibility into the application lifecycle by making the task
easier to connect and interface with other applications or services. APIs abstract the underlying
workings of a service, application, or tool, and expose only what a developer needs, so
programming becomes easier and faster.

AI APIs are usually delivered on an open cloud-based platform on which developers can infuse AI
capabilities into digital applications, products, and operations by using one or more of the
available APIs.

All the significant companies in the AI services market deliver their services and tools on the
internet through APIs over cloud platforms, for example:

IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.

Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services (AWS).

Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud.

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Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform.
These services benefit from cloud platform capabilities, such as availability, scalability,
accessibility, rapid deployment, flexible billing options, simpler operations, and management.