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Week 10-11 Delivering the report/speech / talk

Preparing a Speech or Oral Report - use of both verbal and non-verbal code.
Consider the following: 1. Paralinguistic cues
 Audience - Facial expression (eye and eye-to-eye
- Know the profile of your listeners contact), posture, gesture and
- Consider their age, gender, educational movement.
background, religion, economic status, - “The eyes are the window to the soul.”
interests, and how much the audience Means that establishing eye contact or
knows about the topic. through gazing, one can detect the
emotional state of a person.
 Logistics
- essential for every speaker to know who 2. Prosodic features
is organizing the event. - Aim to deliver your message clearly
- Know who will be introducing you and through intelligible and comprehensible
who will be speaking before and after pronunciation.
you. - Articulate the sounds clearly by paying
o Venue – Locate the lights and if you attention to how you move your lips,
have movable aids, know where to tongue, and teeth.
position them. Overcoming anxiety or stage fright
o Facilities – Ask beforehand about  Eugene White and Claire Henderlinder
the pieces of equipment available for (1956) stated that: “We do not actually fear
you. These facilities should match the process of speaking as such but a
the presentation aids that you will negative response from the listeners.”
use. What avenues can you sell your ideas?
 Discovering a new strategy
 Content of report/ speech/ lecture  Invented a new product
o To inform (convention, conference,  Created a new device
or a training-seminar)- you must  Stumbled upon a new knowledge
contribute new information. The Art of Selling Your Ideas and Convincing
o To entertain - speech should be your Audience
light hearted, amusing, and lively.  Use rhetorical appeals (professionals –
o To persuade - presentation should logos)
sound convincing enough.  Preparation is key in selling your ideas and
convincing your audience.
How to prepare for the big event  Sincerity and honesty go a long way.
1. Read a lot. Research on the topic  Highlight the positive aspects and
assigned to you. acknowledge the drawbacks so that people
2. Prepare your oral presentation with would know what to expect.
an introduction, body, and a  As Isadore Sharp, the founder of the Four
conclusion. Seasons hotel chain emphasizes (2009):
3. Rehearse by practicing aloud and “Communication is vital to outstanding
getting the feedback of those who service. And in order to communicate, you’ll
will act as your audience during the first have to win trust”.
rehearsal stage.
4. Use technology. In this day and age,
most speakers use technology.

Types of Rhetorical Appeals

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 Logos (logical appeal) - Used to demonstrate knowledge or

- Good reasoning or sound logic is expertise and explain something in a
supported by facts, data, statistics, and neutral way.
expert knowledge from credible sources. - Talks about factual information
- makes use of examples, consequences,  Argumentative Essay
and comparisons and contrasts. - Convince reader to take a certain side
- uses academic, formal language. - Relies on facts rather than emotion
 Ethos (ethical appeal) - Avoid opinionated statements (avoid I
- finds strength in the authority and and you)
credibility of the source of information - Use Phrases like “Research
and knowledge. suggests…”
 Pathos (emotional appeal) Research-based Argumentative Essay
- sharing specific narratives that can From Research to Argument:
move them.
- Emotions allow readers and listeners to
identify with real people who have gone
through similar stories of conflict and
triumph.
ESSAY
- comes from the Latin word “essais”-an
attempt to write.
- short formal piece of writing dealing with
a single subject
- typically written to persuade the reader
using selected research evidence  Explanation essay
- Michel de Montaigne was the father of - written piece if work that addresses
essay. “why” questions.
Three parts of essay - explains a particular topic to its readers.
 Introduction – gives idea on what they are - Should present convincing and
about to learn and presents an argument in adequate support for the explanations.
the form of thesis statement  Personal Reflective Essay
 Body – provides evidence to prove and - presents your insights on a particular
persuade the reader aspect of life as you have observed and
 Conclusion – summarizes the contect and experienced it.
is where CTA (Call to Action) is found. - include a vivid description of what you
Common Types of Essay have witnessed and gone through.
 Narrative Essay Two types of Citation
- Most personal type of essay  In-text citation
- Narrates a story and allows creativity a. Parenthetical Citation - (Head &
and imagination Eisenberg, 2000)
 Descriptive Essay b. Narrative Citation – Head and
- Provides detailed description of your Eisenberg (2010)
subject matter  Reference citation
- Allows a more creative approach
- Consider including vivid imager and
incorporate “show, don’t tell” technique
 Expository Essay
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BLOG - Significantly shorter

- online journals 3. Direct quotations.
- individual accounts of a writer’s - Copy the note verbatim or exactly as it
experiences and emotions. is presented in the source.
- viewpoint is usually personal and - Used because we believe that it is very
subjective. important
- different from the traditional journal or - Must include page number
diary entry in the sense that blogs are o Rule 1 (under 40 words) – double
uploaded to online platforms that make quotation marks
it easier for bloggers (those who write o Rule 2 (40 words/above) – block
blogs) to include visual features, as well quote (indent, justified on both
as links to other sites on the net. sides)
VLOG - use of video Introductory Line:
Essentials of Documenting Sources Whole quoted speech
Done through citations which serve the following (Bronte, 1847, 268)
purposes: o Rule 3 – Cite author, yea, and page
1. To avoid plagiarism number with an in text citation
o Plagiarism According to a recent paper
- serious offense “quote”(Singh et al., 2019, p. 25).
- taking and using the ideas, o Rule 4 (single quotation marks) –
information, concepts, quote within a quote
arguments, or information of Week 12-13
someone else, intentionally or Importance of Communication in the Workplace
unintentionally, without properly 1. Provides job satisfaction
citing them. 2. Lessen Conflicts
2. To make your paper more scholarly 3. Increases Productivity
o Scholarly writing 4. Establish healthy working relationships and
- means that you are able to environment
exhaustively use related and 5. Maximize resources
current ideas, information, Business-Written Communication
concepts, arguments, or 1. Texts/Chats – informal
information. 2. Emails
3. To help your target audience identify o Subject – same way as you write
your original source the title (words are capitalized
Target audience or readers want to either except the conjunctions)
verify the information or learn more about o Cc (Carbon Copies, now Courtesy
the information from the original. Copies) – you can see the other
Three types of notes recipients of the email. Used for
1. Paraphrases (Paraphrasing) letters/memos.
- Using own words in taking down notes o Bcc (Blind Carbon Copies) –
or mentioning other people’s ideas. recipients can’t see the other people
- Usually shorter who received the email nor will they
- Must maintain the thought and source is know that you sent the others an
cited email.
2. Summarises (Summary)
- Making a bigger text shorter
- Putting main ideas into your own words
and including the main points only
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3. Memos - use conventional closing,

- audience oriented followed by a comma (Sincerely,)
- format depends on the institution (the g. Signature
only constant is the order of “Date, To, - 3-4 lines after closing
From, Subject. - Name should be in bold and
- Letter head includes logo, name, signature should be in black or
address, contact details. blue ink
4. Letters h. Enclosures
- Thank you line assumes another - If you have eclosed documents
paragraph (ex. Resume), you can indicate
a. Return Address by typing “Enclosures” one line
- sender’s address where below listing
someone could send a reply - May include the name of each
- No return address if you have a document
letter head with the same - If two attachments: Enclosure
information (2), then enlist the attachments
b. Date - Important because sometimes
- Top right or left attachments goes missing.
- Two blanks after the return i. Courtesy Copies or CC
address - Indicates relevant copes that will
- Do not abbreviate (spell out also receive the copy of the
month, include the day and year) document
c. Inside Address/ Recipient’s j. Logo/Contact Information
Address - Mostly at the top, sometimes
- Address you are sending the found at the bottom.
letter o Reference initials – if you ask
- Include title names (such as Dr.) someone to do it to you (found
- Two blanks after the date, then before enclosures)
type the recipient’s name,
position in an organization, and
address of company.
d. Salutation
- two blanks after the inside
address
- Dear, followed by name, and end
with colon
- If you do not know the name,
5. Business Proposals
use a title (Dear Editor, Madam,
a. Cover Page
etc.).
- Title page with name, title, date,
e. Body
and specific reference to request
- Align on left margin
for proposal if applicable
- Skip a line before starting a new
b. Executive Summary
paragraph but do not indent the
- 1-2 paragraph summary of
paragraph’s first line
product/service and how it meets
- Must be clear and concise
the requirements and exceeds
f. Closing
expectations
- leave two lines of space after
- Like abstract in report
body
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c. Background Useful tips in delivering oral presentation

- Discuss history of product,
service, or company and What makes a good and effective oral
consider focusing on the presentation?
relationship between you and 1. Visualize yourself delivering an
potential buyer and/or similar excellent speech.
companies 2. Emphasize the relevance of your
d. Proposal speech to your audience.
- Who, what, where, why, and how 3. Clearly explain your objectives at the
- Clear, concise, and well- start of your presentation.
supported 4. Use multimedia in your presentation, in
e. Market Analysis case of technical glitch.
- What currently exists, competing 5. Do not overload your visual aids/ do not
products, and solution you can
read your visual aids; explain them.
offer?
6. If your situation permits, arrive earlier
f. Benefits
than the members of the audience, and
- How will potential buyer/client
warmly greet them.
benefit?
7. Dress professionally.
- Clear, concise, specific, and
provide a list of immediate, short, 8. Include real life situations.
and long-term benefits to the 9. Maintain eye contact and use natural
company. gestures.
g. Timeline 10. Allow enough time for questioning.
- clear presentation, often with Listen carefully before answering the
visual aids of the process from questions. Do not be defensive.
star to finish, with specific, dated
benchmarks noted
h. Marketing Plan
- How will people learn about you?
What would be your strategy to
make your product/services
known?
6. Resume