Basic Electrical

Engineering
Module 6
Engr. Arvel A. Velasquez
RESISTANCE (R), INDUCTANCE (L) AND CAPACITANCE (C) CIRCUITS
 Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe an electric circuit containing an alternating current.

2. Analyze series and parallel connection to calculate the
resistance, inductance and capacitance of an AC Circuit.
3. Analyze electric circuits to determine the voltages and currents
in electric circuits that contain inductor and capacitor.
 Resistance
• The behavior of pure RESISTOR in an AC Circuit is exactly similar to that DC
Circuit.
DC Circuit
Current and voltage are in phase.
 Inductor
• A pure INDUCTOR in an AC Circuit takes current that lags behind the
impressed voltage by exactly 90 electrical degrees.
 Capacitor
• A perfect CAPACITOR in AC Circuit takes current that lead the impressed
voltage by exactly 90 electrical degrees.

∗lagging to the right ∗leading to the left in wave diagram

 RESISTANCE (R), INDUCTANCE (L) AND CAPACITANCE (C) CIRCUITS
• Impedance (Z)
Joint effect of resistance
Z = R ± jX
• Reactance (jX)
The property of inductor or capacitor that opposes the
flow of current.
 RESISTANCE (R), INDUCTANCE (L) AND CAPACITANCE (C) CIRCUITS
1. Resistance Circuit
• Resistor – it takes a current that is in – phase with the voltage
across it. Where:
R – resistance of the resistor (ohm)
• e = Em sinωt L – inductance of the inductor (henry)
• i = Im sinωt C - capacitance of the capacitor (farad)
XL – reactance of the inductor (ohm)
𝐸𝑚
• 𝐼𝑚 = XC – reactance of the capacitor (ohm)
𝑅 ω – angular velocity (rad/sec)
• P = ei f – frequency of supply voltage (hertz)
Em – maximum value of the value of the voltage
• P = (Em sinωt) (Im sinωt) wave ( volt)
Im – maximum value of the resulting current wave
(amp)
e or v– rms value of the voltage (volt)
i - rms value of the current (amp)
 RESISTANCE (R), INDUCTANCE (L) AND CAPACITANCE (C) CIRCUITS
2. Inductance Circuit
• Ideal Inductor – it takes a current that lags the voltage across it by 90o.
• e = Em sin ωt Where:
• i = Im sin (ωt – π/2) R – resistance of the resistor (ohm)
• i = Im sin (ωt – 90o) L – inductance of the inductor (henry)
C - capacitance of the capacitor (farad)
• 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 XL – reactance of the inductor (ohm)
𝐸𝑚 XC – reactance of the capacitor (ohm)
• 𝐼𝑚 = 𝑋𝐿 ω – angular velocity (rad/sec)
• PL = Em Im (sin ωt) sin (ωt – π/2) f – frequency of supply voltage (hertz)
• PL = Em Im (cos ωt) sin (ωt – π/2) Em – maximum value of the value of the voltage
𝑬𝒎 𝑰𝒎
wave ( volt)
• 𝑷𝑳 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝎𝒕 Im – maximum value of the resulting current wave
𝟐
(amp)
E or V – rms value of the voltage (volt)
I - rms value of the current (amp)
 RESISTANCE (R), INDUCTANCE (L) AND CAPACITANCE (C) CIRCUITS
3. Capacitance Circuit
• Ideal Capacitor – it takes a current that leads the voltage across it by 90o.
• e = Em sin ωt Where:
• i = Im sin (ωt + 90o) R – resistance of the resistor (ohm)
𝐸𝑚 L – inductance of the inductor (henry)
• 𝐼𝑚 = C - capacitance of the capacitor (farad)
𝑋𝐶
1 1 XL – reactance of the inductor (ohm)
• 𝑋𝐶 = ωC
= 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 XC – reactance of the capacitor (ohm)
ω – angular velocity (rad/sec)
• PC = Em Im (sin ωt) sin (ωt + 90o)
f – frequency of supply voltage (hertz)
• PC = Em Im (sin ωt) (cos ωt) Em – maximum value of the value of the voltage
𝑬𝒎 𝑰𝒎 wave ( volt)
• 𝑷𝑪 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝎𝒕
𝟐 Im – maximum value of the resulting current wave
(amp)
E or V – rms value of the voltage (volt)
I - rms value of the current (amp)
BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
1. R – L Circuit
• Z = R ± jX
• Z = Z /θ

• 𝒁𝒕 = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝑳𝟐
• E2 = ER 2 +EL 2
• 𝑬𝑹 = 𝑰 𝒕 𝑹
• 𝑬𝑳 = 𝑰𝒕 𝑿𝑳 Where:
Zt - total impedance of the circuit (ohms)
• 𝑬𝒕 = 𝑬𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑬𝑳 𝟐
It – total current drawn (ampere)
𝑬 Et or Vt – total supply voltage
• 𝑰𝒕 = 𝒁 𝒕
𝒕 ER or VR – voltage drop across the resistor (volt)
• Power Factor = cosθ EL or VL - voltage drop across the inductor (volt)
𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅 𝑅 𝑃
• 𝑃. 𝑓 = 𝑉
= 𝐼𝑍
=𝑍 = 𝑆
R – resistance of the resistor (ohm)
• *Lagging Power Factor XL – inductive reactance (ohm)
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 1:
A 100 mH inductance is connected in series with a 40 ohm resistor. The
voltage is 220 V, what is the current? Assume ω =377.
SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
2. RC Circuit
• V2 = VR 2 +VC 2
• Z = R - jXC
• Z = Z /θ

• 𝒁𝒕 = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝑪𝟐
• 𝑬𝑹 = 𝑰𝒕 𝑹
• 𝑬𝑪 = 𝑰𝒕 𝑿𝑪
Where:
• 𝑬𝒕 = 𝑬𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑬𝑪 𝟐
Zt - total impedance of the circuit (ohms)
𝑬𝒕
• 𝑰𝒕 = It – total current drawn (ampere)
𝒁𝒕
𝑉𝑅 𝑅 𝑃 Et or Vt – total supply voltage
• Power Factor = cos 𝜃 = = = ER or VR – voltage drop across the resistor (volt)
𝑉 𝑍 𝑆
• *Leading EC or VC - voltage drop across the capacitor (volt)
• Reactive Factor = sin 𝜃 =
𝑉𝐶
=
𝐼𝑋𝐶
=
𝑋𝐶
=
𝑄 R – resistance of the resistor (ohm)
𝑋 𝐼𝑍 𝑍 𝑆
XC – capacitive reactance (ohm)
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 2:
A 40 – microfarad capacitor is connected in series with a 40 ohm resistor. If
the voltage is 220 V, what is the current? Assume ω =377.
SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
3. L – C Circuit
• Zt = (XL - XC)
• EL = It XL
• EC = It XC
• Et = (EL + EC )
𝑬𝒕
• 𝑰𝒕 = 𝒁𝒕
Case 1: if XC > XL Where:
Zt - total impedance of the circuit (ohms)
• E = E C – EL It – total current drawn (ampere)
• Z = XC – XL Et or Vt – total supply voltage (volt)
Case 2: if XC < XL EL or VL –voltage drop across the inductor (volt)
EC or VC – voltage drop across the capacitor
• E = E L – EC (volt)
• Z = XL – XC
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 3:
A series circuit consisting of a 0.08 henry inductor and a 150 – microfarad
capacitor is connected across a 100 V, 60 Hz source. Determine the current drawn.
SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
4. R – L - C Circuit
• 𝒁 𝒕 = 𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝑪 𝟐

• 𝑬𝑹 = 𝑰𝒕 𝑹 𝑬𝑳 = 𝑰𝒕 𝑿𝑳
• 𝑬𝑪 = 𝑰𝒕 𝑿𝑪
• 𝑬𝒕 = 𝑬𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑬𝑳 − 𝑬𝑪 𝟐

𝑬𝒕
• 𝑰𝒕 = 𝒁𝒕
Where:
Zt - total impedance of the circuit (ohms)
It – total current drawn (ampere)
Et or Vt – total supply voltage (volt)
EL or VL –voltage drop across the inductor (volt)
EC or VC – voltage drop across the capacitor
(volt)
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 4:
A series circuit consisting of a 10 ohm resistor, a 0.04 henry inductor and a 50 –
microfarad capacitor is connected across a 100 V, 60 Hz source. determine the current
drawn.
SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 5:
A 160 – microfarad capacitor is connected in series with a 10 – ohm resistor.
Write equation of the current when the voltage is 220 sin377t volts.
SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 6:
A 50 – microfarad capacitor is connected in series with a 50 ohm resistor. The source
voltage is 200 sin (377t + 30 deg), what is the equation of the voltage across the resistor?

SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF SERIES CIRCUIT
Equivalent Impedance Expression in Complex Number Format
Circuit Elements Equivalent Impedance
R R
L j XL
C -j XC
Series RL R + j XL
Series RC R - j XC
Series LC j(XL - XC)
Series RLC R + j(XL - XC)
BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
1
𝑍=
1 1 1
+ + ⋯ +
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍𝑛
𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛

𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡
𝐼𝑡 = = + + ⋯+
𝑍𝑡 𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍𝑛
 BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 8:
A 100 microfarad capacitor is connected in parallel with a coil of 10 ohms resistance
and of 30 ohms reactance. What is the equivalent impedance? Assume w=377.

SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 9:
A resistor of 50 ohms and an impedance of 100 + j50 ohms are connected in parallel
across a 220 volts supply. What is the power factor of the load?

SOLUTION
 BASIC TYPE OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 10:
A coil of 50 ohms resistance and of 150 mH inductance is connected in parallel with a
50 uF capacitor. The source voltage is 100 sin (377t + 30 degrees). What is the equation of
the line current?
SOLUTION