Class XII Physics Ray Optics by Kapil Sir
Class XII Physics Ray Optics by Kapil Sir
When a ray of light after incident on a boundary separating two media comes back into the same media, then
this phenomenon, is called reflection of light.
Normal
∠i = ∠r
Incident ray Reflected ray After reflection, velocity, wave length and frequency
of light remains same but intensity decreases
i r There is a phase change of if reflection takes place
Boundary from denser medium
After reflection velocity, wavelength and frequency of light remains same but intensity decreases.
If light ray incident normally on a surface, after reflection it retraces the path.
If light rays, after reflection or refraction, actually meets at a point then real image is formed and if they appears
to meet virtual image is formed.
(Real image)
I Real image
O I
(Virtual object)
(Real image) (Virtual object)
(Real object)
O I
(Virtual image)
(Real object) (Virtual image) (Virtual image)
Plane Mirror.
The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual, erect, laterally inverted, equal in size that of the object and at a
distance equal to the distance of the object in front of the mirror.
x x
(1) Deviation : Deviation produced by a plane mirror and by two inclined plane mirrors.
Final path
2
i r Original path
(2) Rotation : If a plane mirror is rotated in the plane of incidence through angle , by keeping the incident ray
fixed, the reflected ray turned through an angle 2.
IR
IR RR
RR
(3) Images by two inclined plane mirrors : When two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at an angle ,
then number of images (n) formed of an object which is kept between them.
360 360
(i) n= − 1 ; If = even integer
360
(ii) If = odd integer then there are two possibilities
Object
Object
/2
/2
360 360
n= − 1 n=
❑ If θ = 0o i.e. mirrors are parallel to each other so n = i.e. infinite images will be formed.
360
❑ If θ = 90o, n = −1 = 3
90
360
❑ If θ = 72o, n = − 1 = 4 (If nothing is said object is supposed to be symmetrically placed).
72
(i) When the object moves with speed u towards (or away) from the plane mirror then image also moves toward
(or away) with speed u. But relative speed of image w.r.t. object is 2u.
(ii) When mirror moves towards the stationary object with speed u, the image will move with speed 2u.
O I O I
u u Rest 2u
u
Mirror at rest Mirror is moving
(iii) A man of height h requires a mirror of length at least equal to h/2, to see his own complete image.
Example: A plane mirror makes an angle of 30o with horizontal. If a vertical ray strikes the mirror, find the angle between
mirror and reflected ray
Solution : (c) Since angle between mirror and normal is 90o and reflected ray (RR) makes an IR
angle of 30o with the normal so required angle will be = 60 . o
30o
30o
RR
= 60o
30o
Example: Two vertical plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of 60 o with each other. A ray of light travelling horizontally
is reflected first from one mirror and then from the other. The resultant deviation is
(a) 60o (b) 120o (c) 180o (d) 240o
Example: A ray of light makes an angle of 10o with the horizontal above it and strikes a plane mirror which is inclined at
an angle to the horizontal. The angle for which the reflected ray becomes vertical is
(a) 40o (b) 50o (c) 80o (d) 100o
Solution : (a) From figure Vertical RR
+ + 10 = 90
= 40 o IR
10o Horizontal line
Plane mirror
Example: A ray of light incident on the first mirror parallel to the second and is reflected from the second mirror parallel
to first mirror. The angle between two mirrors is
(a) 30o (b) 60o (c) 75o (d) 90o
Example: A ray reflected successively from two plane mirrors inclined at a certain angle undergoes a deviation of 300 o.
The number of images observable are
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13
Solution : (b) By using = (360 − 2 ) 300 = 360 − 2
360
= 30 o . Hence number of images = − 1 = 11
30
Curved Mirror.
It is a part of a transparent hollow sphere whose one surface is polished.
C P P C
F F
Principle axis
(ii) Centre of curvature (C) : Centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.
(iii) Radius of curvature (R) : Distance between pole and centre of curvature.
(Rconcave = –ve , Rconvex = +ve , Rplane = )
(v) Focus (F) : An image point on principle axis for which object is at
R
(vii) Relation between f and R : f= (fconcare = –ve , fconvex = + ve , fplane = )
2
(ix) Aperture :Effective diameter of light reflecting area. Intensity of image Area (Aperture)2
(x) Focal plane : A plane passing from focus and perpendicular to principle axis.
F F F F C C
(iii) Distances above the principle axis are taken positive and below the Principle
axis
principle axis are taken negative. Mirror or Lens –
(4) Position, size and nature of image formed by the spherical mirror
P F C
Anywhere between Between pole and
m < 1, diminished Virtual erect
infinity and pole focus
Linear magnification
Areal magnification
Transverse Longitudinal
When a object is placed When object lies along the principle axis
perpendicular to the principle then its longitudinal magnification
axis, then linear magnification is I −(v 2 − v1 )
called lateral or transverse m= = b
mb
O (u2 − u1 )
magnification. a
2 ma
It is given by dv v
If object is small; m = − =
du u If a 2D-object is placed with it's plane
I v f f −v perpendicular to principle axis
m = =− = =
O u f −u f Also Length of
2 It's Areal magnification
(* Always use sign convention v
image = Length of object (L 0 ) Area of image ( A i ) ma mb
while solving the problems) u Ms = = = m2
Area of object ( A o ) ab
2 Ai
f ms = m 2 =
(L i ) = .L o
u − f Ao
(i) Concave mirror : Used as a shaving mirror, In search light, in cinema projector, in telescope, by E.N.T.
specialists etc.
Different graphs
1 1
Graph between and
v u
(a) Real image formed by (b) Virtual image formed by (c) Virtual image formed by
concave mirror concave mirror convex mirror
Graph between u and v for real Graph between u and m for Graph between u and m for
image of concave mirror virtual image by concave mirror virtual image by convex mirror.
Hyperbola
m m
2f
f 1 1
f 2f f u u
Example: A convex mirror of focal length f forms an image which is 1/n times the object. The distance of the object from
the mirror is
n −1 n +1
(a) (n – 1) f (b) f (c) f (d) (n + 1) f
n n
f
Solution : (a) By using m =
f −u
1 1 +f
Here m = + , f → +f So, + = u = −(n − 1) f
n n + f −u
Example: An object 5 cm tall is placed 1 m from a concave spherical mirror which has a radius of curvature of 20 cm. The
size of the image is
I f
Solution : (c) By using =
O f −u
R
Here O + 5 cm , f =− = −10 cm , u = −1 m = − 100 cm
2
I −10
So, = I = – 0.55 cm.
+ 5 − 10 − (−100 )
Example: An object of length 2.5 cm is placed at a distance of 1.5 f from a concave mirror where f is the magnitude of the
focal length of the mirror. The length of the object is perpendicular to the principle axis. The length of the image
is
(a) 5 cm, erect (b) 10 cm, erect (c) 15 cm, erect (d) 5 cm, inverted
I f
Solution : (d) By using = ; where I = ? , O = + 2.5 cm. f → − f , u = – 1.5 f
O f −u
I −f
= I = −5 cm . (Negative sign indicates that image is inverted.)
+ 2 . 5 − f − (−1 . 5 f )
Example: A convex mirror has a focal length f. A real object is placed at a distance f in front of it from the pole produces
an image at
(a) Infinity (b) f (c) f / 2 (d) 2f
1 1 1 1 1 1 f
Solution : (c) By using = + = + v=
f v u + f v (− f ) 2
Example: A convex mirror of focal length 10 cm is placed in water. The refractive index of water is 4/3. What will be the
focal length of the mirror in water
(a) 10 cm (b) 40/3 cm (c) 30/4 cm (d) None of these
Solution : (a) No change in focal length, because f depends only upon radius of curvature R.
Example: A candle flame 3 cm is placed at distance of 3 m from a wall. How far from wall must a concave mirror be placed
in order that it may form an image of flame 9 cm high on the wall
(a) 225 cm (b) 300 cm (c) 450 cm (d) 650 cm
Example: A thin rod of length f / 3 lies along the axis of a concave mirror of focal length f. One end of its magnified image
touches an end of the rod. The length of the image is
1 1
(a) f (b) f (c) 2 f (d) f
2 4
f 5f
Solution : (b) If end A of rod acts an object for mirror then it's image will be A' and if u = 2 f − =
3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2f
So by using = + = + v=− f
f v u − f v −5f 2 f/3 u = 2f – (f/3)
3 A
F
5 f A' C
Length of image = f − 2f =
2 2
v