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Self Study for the First Semesterv.730-24

The document is a self-study guide for students at the Fergana Branch of Tashkent University of Information Technologies. It covers topics related to family and friends, including vocabulary exercises, reading comprehension, and writing practice about daily routines. The guide emphasizes the importance of family and friendships in shaping identity and providing support.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views84 pages

Self Study for the First Semesterv.730-24

The document is a self-study guide for students at the Fergana Branch of Tashkent University of Information Technologies. It covers topics related to family and friends, including vocabulary exercises, reading comprehension, and writing practice about daily routines. The guide emphasizes the importance of family and friendships in shaping identity and providing support.

Uploaded by

bek1848
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 84

FERGANA BRANCH OF TASHKENT UNIVERSITY OF

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
NAMED AFTER AL-KHWARIZMI

FACULTY:
«AXBOROT VA KOMMUNIKATSIYA
TEXNOLOGIYALARI FAKULTETI»
DIRECTION:
TELEKOMMUNIKATSIYA
GROUP:730-24
NAME: NORMATOV O`KTAMJON
IBROXIMJON O`GLI

SELF-STUDY

FERGANA 2024

1
I. FAMILY AND FRIENDS
1. VOCABULARY. Choose the right definition to the words.
(See the table 1.1.)
1 mother e Your sibling who is a boy. -- brother

2 father b Your father's or mother's father.-- grandfather


3 brother c Your brother's or sister's son.--- nephew
4 sister d Your parent's sister. -- aunt
5 uncle a Your sibling who is a boy. --brother
6 aunt f The man who raised you or is married to your mother.-
- father
7 grandfather g Your brother's or sister's daughter.-- niece
8 grandmother h The son or daughter of your aunt or uncle.-- cousin
9 cousin i Female grandparent-- grandmother
10 nephew j Your sibling who is a girl. -- sister
11 niece k Your parent's brother.-- uncle
12 children l Plural of child-- children
13 grandparents m Sister’s husband-- brother-in-law
14 brother-in-law n Grandfather and grandmother--- grandparents
Table 1.1.

2. Read the text “Family and Friends” and say if the statements below True or
False.
FAMILY AND FRIENDS
Family and friends play an important role in shaping who we are. They
provide us with love, support, and companionship throughout our lives. While
family is often defined by blood relations or close legal ties, friends are those we
choose to share our lives with. Both groups contribute to our happiness, help us
during difficult times, and celebrate our successes.
Family: Our First Support System
Family is usually the first social group we belong to. From birth, our family
members are there to care for and guide us. They teach us values, traditions, and
provide us with a sense of identity. Families come in different shapes and sizes –
some are small with just parents and children, while others are large, including
grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins. Each family is unique, with its own way
of sharing love and creating memories.

2
Parents are our first teachers. They help us learn about the world and
support us in growing up.
Siblings can be our first friends, people we share our childhood with and
build memories alongside.
Extended family like grandparents, aunts, and uncles bring a wealth of
experience, stories, and traditions, connecting us to our roots.
Friends: The Family We Choose
As we grow older, friends become just as important as family. They are the
people we choose to be around, who understand us and share common interests.
Friendships can develop at school, work, or through shared hobbies. Good friends
make us laugh, listen when we need to talk, and stick with us through tough times.
Unlike family, friendships are voluntary relationships, built on trust, respect, and
mutual care.
Close friends are like an extended family, people we can turn to for advice,
support, and fun.
Best friends are those we share our deepest secrets with and rely on during
the most important moments of our lives.
New friends bring fresh perspectives and can introduce us to new ideas,
cultures, and experiences.
Balancing Family and Friendships
Both family and friends are essential for a happy and fulfilling life. While
family provides unconditional love and a lifelong connection, friends offer
companionship and fun experiences. A good balance between family time and
friendships helps us develop as individuals, making us more empathetic,
understanding, and open-minded.
In the end, both family and friends make life more meaningful. Whether it's
through a family gathering or a fun outing with friends, the moments we share with
them create lasting memories and remind us of the love and support that surrounds
us.

3
True /
Statements
False
Families come in the same shapes and sizes False
Family is always defined by blood relations. False
Friends are the people we choose to share our lives with. True
Siblings are always your best friends. True
Family helps teach us values and traditions. True
Good friends are always there during tough times. True
A family is always made up of parents and children only. False
You don’t need friends if you have a big family. False
Family and friends don’t provide us with love, support, and False
companionship throughout our lives.
In the end, both family and friends make life more boring. False

support friends family memories trust


celebrations values choose traditions

Table 1.2.

3. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the word bank below.

1. My family is always there to love and care for me, no matter what happens.
2. We can choose our friends, but our family is given to us by birth or adoption.
3. Good friends are built on trust and respect.
4. Families teach us important values such as honesty, kindness, and
responsibility.
5. My family celebrates many special celebrations like birthdays and holidays,
together.
6. Both family and friends provide us with love and support when we need it the
most.
7. With friends, we create fun memories that we can remember for a lifetime.
8. Every family has different. tradition that they pass down from generation to
generation.
9. Spending time with friends helps us learn how to share, cooperate, and have
fun.

4
10. Family love is often described as __________, meaning it has no limits and
never fades.

4. Fill in the spaces with appropriate words.

1. My mother’s sister is my _ aunt

2. My father’s brother is my _uncle

3. My father’s mother is my _grandparents

4. My mother’s father is my _grandfather.

5. My mother’s other daughter is my _sister.

6. My mother other son is my _brother.

7. The children of my aunt are my _causin

8. The woman who gave birth to me is my _mother

9. My cousin’s father is my _brother in love.

10. My son’s wife is my _sister-in-love.


5. Fulfill the family relations crossword.

5
Across Down
4. Your mother's daughter. 1. Your mother's son. Brother
6. Your mother or father's 2. A baby girl. Sister
grandmother. Granddad 3. Your mother or father’s grandfather.
8. Your mother or father's father. 5. Your wife or husband's mother.
Grandfather Grandmother in love
9. Your aunt's son. Cousin 7. Your Mother or father's mother. Dad
10. Your wife or husband’s father. 11. Your brother or sister's son.
Grandfather Nephew
12. Your sister’s husband. Brother 13. Your brother or sister's daughter.
in love Niewe
15. Your brother's wife. Sister in 14. A baby boy. Brother
love

6. Create your Family tree. Use one of the templates below.

Template 1.1.

Template 1.2.

6
Template 1.3.

7. Describe someone in your family who you really admire.

You should say:


 What relation this person is to you
 What are your first memories of this person
 How often you see this person
and explain why you really admire this person.

I still remember the first time we got to know each other in the
interview when the conversation started in a formal manner but
ended up being just like an intimate chat between old friends
because we shared so many common things in our interests and
background. She struck me with her politeness and a bright smile, by
which my stress was slowly released.

II. DAILY ROUTINE

7
1. VOCABULARY. Read and study how to write a Daily routine.
Make a list of daily activities
First, you need to think about your daily activities. You can make a list of everyday
activities (See the picture 2.1.):

Picture 2.1.
Write present simple sentences
When we talk about routines or habits, we use the present simple. So we can write
present simple sentences using the verbs in our list of activities: I have a shower. I
brush my teeth. I have coffee and toast for breakfast. Etc.
Use adverbs of frequency
If we use some adverbs of frequency in our sentences, our text will be better. For
example, I usually have coffee and toast for breakfast, but sometimes I don’t have
breakfast.
Use connectors and time expressions

8
Connectors
Now we should add connectors in our text, such as and, or, but, because, so.
For example, imagine we have these two sentences: I get up at 7.30. I brush my
teeth. They sound like a list. So we can use and to put the two sentences together: I
get up at 7:30 and I brush my teeth.
Time expressions
In addition, you should use time words to connect the different sentences. Some
time words are:
 After that, …
 After breakfast/work/school/dinner
 In the morning/afternoon/evening, …
 At (time), …
 Then, …
 Next, …
 … and then …
 When I …
 … from (time) to (time)
Look at this text:
I get up at 7:30 and I brush my teeth. I have a shower and get dressed. I have
breakfast and prepare my lunch. I drive to work.
Now look at the same text with time expressions:
I get up at 7:00 and I brush my teeth. After that, I have a shower and get
dressed. Then, I have breakfast and I prepare my lunch. Next, I drive to work.
The second paragraph sounds much better.
Write three paragraphs
We can organise the sentences into three paragraphs:
 Paragraph 1: My morning activities
 Paragraph 2: Activities during the day
 Paragraph 3: Evening activities
Example:
9
I get up at 7:00 and I brush my teeth. After
that, I have a shower and get dressed.
Then, I have breakfast and I prepare my
lunch. Next, I drive to work.
When I get to work at 8:30, I usually check
my emails and work on the computer. At
1:00, I have lunch with my co-workers.
After that, we work until 5:30 and then I go
home. I get home at around 6.
After work, I usually go running or I read.
Then I make my lunch. I usually have a
salad and some fruit, but on Fridays, I
often eat pizza. Next, I watch some TV and
I go to bed.
2. Check your vocabulary: matching
Match the vocabulary with the correct definition and write a–j next to the
numbers 1–10. (See the table 2.1.)
1 You do this after a long day and just before you a have dinner
fall asleep.
2 You do this when your alarm clock goes off in b go to school
the morning.
3 You do this in the morning because it is the c have a shower
most important meal of the day.
4 You do this at the dinner table with your d go to bed
family.
5 You do this to make your body and hair clean. e go home
6 You do this after you wake up f wake up 1-d
7 You do this so you can meet your friends and g have breakfast 2-f.
learn new things. 3-
8 You do this after school because your teacher h brush your teeth g.
will get angry if you don't. 4-
9 Your dentist will be pleased if you do this twice i get up a.
a day. 5-c.
6-i
10 You do this in the afternoon when your classes j do homework
7-d.
at school have finished.
8-j.
9- h. 10 -e
10
Table 2.1.

3. Read the article below and then answer the questions.


What is your favorite time of the day? Why?
My Daily Routine
Some of my friends think I have a boring daily routine, but I like it.
I usually get up at about 6:00 or 6:30 in the morning, after my alarm clock
wakes me up. First, I brush my teeth, and shave, and wash my face. Then, I get
dressed and go downstairs to have breakfast with my family. I always have coffee,
cereal, and lots of fruit. That’s me in the picture with my wife. I take a bus to work
because I don’t like to drive, and I always arrive at my office before 8:00. I’m
never late for work. Five o’clock is my favorite time of the day because I finish
work and go back home and see my wife and children again.
I have two boys, Thomas, who is six years old and Patrick, who is eight. We
eat dinner together in our dining room at around 6:00, and after that I hang out with
my wife and kids at home. We really enjoy watching our favorite TV programs
together. We like to watch shows about travel. However, two or three times a week
I do exercise in the evening, so I can stay strong and healthy. I think that this is
very important!
Finally, at about 9:30, I go to bed, read for a while, and then fall asleep.
Sure, some people think my daily routine is a little boring – but on weekends and
holidays I love to fly airplanes … for fun! It’s my favorite hobby.
4. Check your vocabulary: gap fill
Write the best word to complete the sentences.
1. I usually get up at 6.00 a.m. when my alarm clock goes off.
2. I have _ lunch in the school canteen at 1 p.m.
3. In my family we usually have dinner at about 6 p.m.

11
4. My school finishes at 3 p.m. and then I go home by bus.
5. On the weekends, I go to bed later than on weekdays.
6. My alarm clock goes off at 8 a.m. on Sunday but I don't woke up until 8.30 a.m.
7. I always brush my teeth before I go to bed.
8. On weekdays, I go to school with my friends at 9.00 a.m
5. Which of these things do you do in the morning? Which at night?? Classify
them.
wake up, have lunch, make the dinner, have breakfast, listen to music, have a
shower, walk the dog, go to school , wash the dishes (do the washing up), do
sports, do the shopping, get up, meet friends, watch TV, use the computer, go back
home, chat in Internet, wash my face, make my bed, get dressed, read the email,
take the rubbish out, go to play football, do homework, go to bed.
In the morning. In the afternoon (from 12 to 18)
Wake up, have a breakfast, have a Make the dinner, listen to music ,
shower, go to school, do sport , get Wash the dishes ,do the shopping,
up, Chat the internet

In the evening (from 18 to 22) At night go to bed , do homework


Watch Tv , use computer, go back
home, make my homework

6. Do the crossword related to the topic (See the picture 2.2.).

12
Picture 2.2.
7. WRITING
PRACTICE: “Write a paragraph about your daily routine.”

Every day, a high school student wakes up at 6:30 AM. He usually has
breakfast with his family, and then he leaves for school at 7:00 AM. He
attends classes from 8:00 AM until 2:00 PM. After school, he
sometimes meets his friends at the park. He usually does his
homework in the afternoon. At night, he rarely watches TV before
dinner, but he often reads a book. Finally, he goes to bed at 10:00 PM.

III. PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

13
1. Study the grammar rule and do the tasks below (See the table 3.1.).

Table 3.1.

The simple present tense is one of several forms of present tense in English.
It is used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed
arrangements. The simple present tense is simple to form. Just use the base form of
the verb: (I take, you take, we take, they take) The 3rd person singular takes an -s
at the end. (he takes, she takes)
Present Uses
1: We use the present simple when something is generally or always true.
 People need food.
 It snows in winter here.
 Two and two make four.

2: Similarly, we need to use this tense for a situation that we think is more or less
permanent. (See the present continuous for temporary situations.)
 Where do you live?
 She works in a bank.
 I don't like mushrooms.

3: The next use is for habits or things that we do regularly. We often use adverbs of
frequency (such as 'often', 'always' and 'sometimes') in this case, as well as

14
expressions like 'every Sunday' or 'twice a month'. (See the present continuous for
new, temporary or annoying habits).
For example
I always wake up at 8 o’ clock. [100% of the time]
It usually rains in autumn. [More true than not true]
They often go to the cinema. [More true than not true]
She sometimes reads books. [50% of the time]
He rarely drinks tea. [More untrue than true]
We never go to the theatre. [0% of the time]
4: We can also use the present simple for short actions that are happening now. The
actions are so short that they are finished almost as soon as you've said the
sentence. This is often used with sports commentary.
 He takes the ball, he runs down the wing, and he scores!
Future Uses
5: We use the present simple to talk about the future when we are discussing a
timetable or a fixed plan. Usually, the timetable is fixed by an organisation, not by
us.
 School begins at nine tomorrow.
 What time does the film start?
 The plane doesn't arrive at seven. It arrives at seven thirty.

6: We also use the present simple to talk about the future after words like “when”,
“until”, “after”, “before” and “as soon as”. These are sometimes called subordinate
clauses of time.
 I will call you when I have time. (Not “will have”.)
 I won’t go out until it stops raining.
 I'm going to make dinner after I watch the news.
Conditional Uses
7: We use the present simple in the first and the zero conditionals. (See
the conditionals section for more information.)
 If it rains, we won’t come.
 If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
More examples
 For habits

15
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
 For repeated actions or events
We catch the bus every morning.
They drive to work every summer.
 For general truths
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Russian.
 For instructions or directions
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.4 bus to the centre and then the No.11 to Margilan.
 For fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th January.
 With future constructions
She'll see you before she leaves.
We'll give it to her when she arrives.

STRUCTURE

Table 3.2.
Notes on the simple present, third person singular
 In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
16
 Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary
'DO') + the infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
 Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
Add -es to verbs ending in: -ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

Examples:
He goes to university every morning.
She understands Italian.
It mixes the sand and the water.
He tries very hard.
She enjoys listening to music.
She watches serials in the evenings
Tom usually washes his hands with special soap

2. Complete the sentences with the Present Simple of the verbs in brackets.
1. Komil and his friends go to university by bus.
2. Elephants eat leaves and grass.
3. Nargiza's father worked in a hospital.
4. The bank opens at 8.30 and closes at 4.00
5. Nozim and Javlon play football every day after school.
6. Mr Jones is a teacher. He teachesHistory.
7. Our lessons start at 9.00 and finish at 3.30.
8. My pen friend lives_ in Japan.
9.Sobir and his brother watch cartoons every Sunday morning.
10.My daughter tidies his room every day.
3. Read the dialogue and complete the blanks with the negative or the
interrogative form of the Present Simple of the verbs in brackets.

17
Mark: Hi, Tess! What are you doing?
Tess: I'm watching the football team.
Mark: Do you watch (watch) them every day?
Tess: No, I don't. They don't play (not play)
every day. They play four times a week.
Mark: Do you have (have) a favourite player?
Tess: No, I don't have (not have) a favourite
player. Everyone on the team is
good.
Mark: Does the attacker move _ (move) fast?
Tess: No, he doesn't (not move) fast, but he's very clever. Do
you like (like) football, Mark?
Mark: No, I don't (not like) it. I like basketball. It's a great sport.
4. Look at the things Brandon does online. Then complete the sentences.
Circle the correct answer. (See the table 3.3)
Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat.
Watch videos √
Read the news √ √ √ √ √ √
Shop for groceries √ √
Play games  √ √
Check e-mail √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Shop for clothes
Table 3.3.
1 Brandon occasionally watches videos online.
2 He checks e-mail every day.
3 He often reads the news online.
4 Brandon always plays games on Thursday .
5 He shops for groceries online twice .
6 He hardly ever plays games.
7 Brandon always checks e-mail.
8.He never do shops for clothes online.
5. Change each affirmative statement to a negative statement.
1. My brother has a job. My brother doesn’t have a job.
18
2. I drive to work._ I don't drive to work
3. Pilots fix planes._Pilots does not fix planes.
4. Our teacher does homework.__ Our teacher do not do homework .
5. I go to the gym in the morning._ I do not go to the gym in the morning.
6. We have class on Sunday._ We have not class on Sunday.
7. You teach biology.__You don't teach biology.
8. We have an exam on Saturday night._We have not an exam on Saturday night.
6. Find and correct the mistakes below.
1.Aziza goes to bed very early.
2.Do they live in London?
3.He doesn't like tennis.
4. She knows the answer.
5.Komil plays football on the weekends.
6.They have got lots of free time.
7. Jenny does not work at a bank.
8. Why do you study English?
IV. WRITING. WRITING INVITATION.
1. Study how to write invitation cards. (See the Template 4.1.)
What is an Invitation Letter?

19
Template 4.1.
Invitation letters are those letters that are written to invite individuals to a specific
event. The main purpose of writing invitation letters is to coordinate the number of
guests coming a few days before the date of the event.
An invitation letter helps the host handle the event better as they can make
arrangements accordingly.
They could be written for a wedding, a graduation ceremony, an exhibition, or an
annual day… basically, anything where you need people to show up!
Essentially, there are two types of invitation letters – formal and informal.
Formal invitation letters are written for formal events like graduation ceremonies,
business events, or parties.
Informal invitation letters are written to friends or family, for events like dinner,
parties, or get-togethers!
How to Write an Invitation Letter? (Steps & Format)
Invitation letters are written exactly the way normal letters are written except for a
few details here and there.
Step 1. Write the subject line (if you’re sending emails)
Your subject line should contain the essence of your letter.
For instance, if you need to invite the parents of the graduating batch of your high
school, your subject line should look something like – “Invitation for the
graduation ceremony of Class of 2024”
Step 2. Add your letterhead

20
This step is a must when you are writing a formal invitation. You just need to add
your organization’s letterhead at the very top of the letter.
Letterheads symbolize the prestige of your organization in a professional light.
Step 3. Mention the Sender’s Address
The first thing that you need to mention right after adding your letterhead (only in
cases of formal invitation letters) is the sender’s address.
This is also an extremely crucial step because this is the address where the guests
will send in their RSVP’s.
Step 4. Write the Date
After mentioning the sender’s address, you need to mention the date of sending out
the invitations.
You can mention the date in any format that you’d like – 12/07/2020 or 7th
December 2024 or December 7, 2024.
Step 5. Mention the Recipient’s Address
The next step is to mention the recipient’s address, along with writing their names.
Step 6. Include the Salutation
Always begin your letter with a greeting. You may write – Dear Madam/Sir if
you do not know the recipient’s name.
If you do know the name of the recipient, write down their first and last name, and
add a salutation in front of it. For example, ‘Dear Elizabeth Brown’.
End the salutation with a comma and skip a line. You must always try to find out
the full name of the individual that you’re sending the letter to.
Step 7. Write the Main Body of the Letter
You should always start your invitation letter with phrases like…
 We’re pleased to welcome you…
 It would be a pleasure for us if you could come…
 We would be glad if you could come to…
 On behalf of our organization, we would like to welcome you…
Writing phrases like these at the beginning of the letter demonstrates your respect
and happiness towards inviting an individual to the event.

21
After you’ve written that, specify the intent of the event clearly in the first
paragraph itself.
Mention the most important details like the date, time, and venue in the first
paragraph itself.
This information should be accessible at the very beginning of the letter as it would
be convenient for the recipient to find these important details without reading the
entire letter again.
In the second paragraph, you should mark yourself as the host of the event.
You must describe the event’s purpose and why you believe it needs to be attended
by the recipient.
In addition to all of that, more information can be attached related to the event. For
instance, if there is a program for the event, it is better to mention it in the text
itself.
Additionally, if some special guests or events have been planned for the event, they
can be listed in the letter as well.
You can provide additional instructions for the event as some events require
special actions from all guests. For instance…
 Guests may be required to fill up a registration form
 They may be required to get a copy of the invitation letter
 They may be required to bring in certain objects or documents
 Guests may be expected to show up in a certain dress code
If your event is such that it implies that guests should bring a gift, but you don’t
want to receive any, you should just mention, “No gifts please”. In other cases,
don’t mention anything at all.
That’s mostly everything on how to write a perfect main body of an invitation
letter.
In conclusion, your invitation MUST contain the following important details:
 Reason for the event
 Venue
 The date and day on which the event is taking place
 Time for Arrival
 List of the special programs and events
 Request for a reply (RSVP)

22
 A map (Optional)
Step 8. Include the closing and signature
Express your gratitude towards the recipient for considering your invitation.
Mention that you’re looking forward o seeing them at the event. In case you’re
going to call the person to get a response from them, mention the date on which
you’re planning to make that call.
In case you want the recipient to confirm their presence via email or by filling in a
form, indicate the deadline by which you expect them to confirm their presence.
After writing all of this, write your contact information (email, phone number,
etc.).
Mention your designation if you write a formal invitation letter on behalf of the
company. This way any individual can easily contact you if they have any
questions related to your event.
Step 9. Proofread your Letter
Have a final look at your letter before you send it out!
Make sure that the grammar is correct, the punctuations are okay, and that there are
no spelling errors. Also, ensure that your text doesn’t include incomplete sentences
or jargon words.
Tips for Writing Invitation Letters
Here are some helpful tips when it comes to writing invitation letters…
 Use a suitable tone and language.
 Be respectful and positive.
 Give complete information about the event.
 Review the letter before giving it.
 Don’t forget to mention contact information.
 Give proper instructions or specify requirements, if any.
 Follow the format.
 Mail the invitation letter beforehand
Top Tips for writing
Use the present continuous for future plans and arrangements, e.g. I'm having a
birthday party next Friday.
Use capital letters for days of the week and for street names, e.g. Friday;
Greenfield Avenue.
Use Hope you can come to finish your invitation. Note: RSVP means 'please reply'.
23
Format for writing invitations:
Formal Invitation
Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Rasool
cordially invite you to a reception
celebrating the engagement of
Mary Jane Rasool and Robert Yates
to be held Sunday, the sixth of June, the year of 2009
at six o’clock
Pierre’s Cafe
800 23rd Street NW
Washington, DC
RSVP Semi-Formal Dress
(111) 111-1111

Business Invitation
Longman’s Transportation Services
Cordially invites you to the
15th Annual Employees Appreciation Picnic.
The whole family is welcome!
12:00 pm to 8:00 pm
Saturday, May 22, 2009
South Redding Creek Park
Redding, Maryland
Food, drink, games, and entertainment will be provided.

Personal Invitation
You are invited to Michael Carison’s 10th birthday!
Date: Saturday June 12, 2009
Time: 11:30 am to 3:00 pm
Where: 345 Eastern Avenue
Lodi, Washington
Call Tonia at (111) 111-1111 to RSVP
2. Match 1-7 with a-g to make key phrases for invitations.
1 I’m having a party e a in your diary!
2 I’m c b you can come. Let me know!
3 Would you like f c planning (a party).
4 Can you please g d can make it.

24
5 Put it. A e to celebrate (my birthday).
6 I hope. B f to join us?
7 Hope you. D g bring (some CDs)?

3. Complete the invitations with key phrases from exercise 2.

To: [email protected]
Hi Lisa,
1…………………………… It’s on Saturday 11 April from 7
o’clock. I’m inviting lots of friends and my cousins from London
too.
2……………………………? It should be fun. I don’t have much
good music so 3……………………………? Or can you bring
your MP3 player? I’ve got some speakers. Don’t forget the date:
11 April – 4……………………………!
Love, George
To: [email protected]

Hi Marcus,
5…………………………… to celebrate the end of the school year.
I’m inviting lots of people from our year at school. We’re going to
the lake and we’re having a BBQ. Please bring some food – maybe
some burgers and sausages for the BBQ – and some lemonade or
cola. 6…………………………… – you’ve got my mobile number.
Love, Alice

4. Write an invitation to a party. Include these points:

– Give the reason, date, time and place of the party.

– Say what activities you are planning and what the person needs to bring, wear,
etc.

25
Dear Recipient Name,

I hope this message finds you well. I am delighted to invite you to event name,
which will take place on date at venue/location. This event will begin at start
time and is expected to conclude at end time.

The occasion promises to be memorable, featuring brief description of the


event, e.g., speakers, entertainment, activities. It would mean a great deal to
have you join us.

Please RSVP by RSVP date to confirm your attendance. You can reach me at
your contact number or email.

Looking forward to celebrating with you!

Warm regards,

Your Name O`ktamjon

5. Write Birthday Party Invitation by using structure below.


Subject: You’re Invited to [Name]’s Birthday Party!
Dear [Recipient Name],
We are excited to invite you to celebrate [Name]’s birthday with us! Join us
for a fun-filled day of joy and festivities.
Date: [Date]
Time: [Time]
Location: [Venue Name, Address]
26
Please RSVP by [RSVP Date]. We look forward to celebrating with you!
Best regards,
[Your Name]
[Contact Information]
6. Write Graduation Ceremony Invitation by using structure below.
Subject: You’re Invited – [Name]’s Graduation Ceremony
Dear [Recipient Name],
We are thrilled to invite you to [Name]’s graduation ceremony. Join us in
celebrating this significant milestone.
Date: [Date]
Time: [Time]
Location: [Venue Name, Address]
Please RSVP by [RSVP Date]. We look forward to celebrating this
achievement with you.
Best regards,
[Your Name]
[Contact Information]
V. FOOD AND CLOTHES
VOCABULARY. CLOTHES
1. Find fifteen more items of clothing in the wordsearch and write them below.

27
Example: T-shirt_____________ 8 suit
1 trousers 9 __jumper
2 boots 10 _short
3 sock 11 shoes
4 suit 12 _scarf
5 jacket 13 _skirt
6 train 14 _trainer
7 _short 15 dresss
2. Write three items of clothing which:
1. only girls and women usually wear.
_dress
2. people often wear to do sport.
Trausers
_
3. people often wear on a cold day.
_coat
4. people often wear on a hot, sunny day.
_short

3. Look at the pictures (A-F) (See the Picture 5.1.). Are the sentences true (T)
or false (F)?
1 The girl with the cap has got a long coat. False
2 The boy with the shorts hasn't got socks. False
28
3 The boy with the cap has got trainers. . True
4 The girl with the jacket has got a long skirt. . False
5 The girl with the dress has got a cardigan. True
6 The boy with the scarf has got jeans. True

Picture 5.1.
4. Circle the words that are different.
1. boots, scarf, shoes
2. cardigan, jumper, skirt
3. dress, jeans, leggings
4. coat, jacket, shorts
5. cap, socks, hat
6. tie, tracksuit, trainers
5. Read the Strategy. Look at the missing sentences (A-H) and underline the
pronouns and possessive adjectives. Then match gaps 1-7 in the text with
sentences A-H below. There is one extra sentence.

Reading Strategy
In a gapped sentences task, words in the missing sentences such as pronouns
(they, them, etc.) and possessive adjectives (their, etc.) can help you choose the
correct answer. Underline these words in the missing sentences and see if they
match the people or things in the text before or after the gaps.

A) You can use a theatre, a shopping centre, or your school hall.


B) Then see how long it takes them to walk down the catwalk.
C) Schools often organise events to help them.
D) When it's over, you can sit back and relax.
E) They shouldn't be very expensive.
29
F) Ask if you can borrow some outfits for a few days.
G) The first thing you need is a team.
H) Ask your friends at school if they want to be models for a day.
HOW TO ORGANISE A CHARITY FASHION SHOW
Charities like UNICEF and OXFAM always need money. 1_E_One thing they
sometimes do is to have a fashion show. Read on for some tips on organising a
successful show.
It's impossible for one person to organise a fashion
show alone. 2 _ G_ Ask friends and family for help,
and give everyone a job to do.
The next thing you need is a place for the show.
3_A_ you need to have a catwalk for the models to
walk on and some chairs for the audience.
After that, you need to find some clothes. Talk to
students at a fashion college or visit some shops.
4_C_Remember to give them back on time.
Now you've got the clothes, you need to find people
to wear them. 5 _H_ If they aren't interested, look
on social media, like Facebook.
Before the show, you need to practise. Ask the models to try on the clothes to
check that they are the right size. 6 _B_ The show should last about 20 minutes.
On the big night, ask a good friend to be your assistant director. A fashion show is
a lot of work, and there's always a lot to do. 7 __D__ It's time for your cleaning
team to tidy up!
VOCABULARY. FOOD
6. Read the article about food festivals. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?
1 The Chinchilla Melon Festival is in February every year. False
2 During the festival, there are a lot of things for visitors to see and do. True
3 People eat a lot of fruit during the Battle of the Oranges. True
4 The festival lasts for three days in February.False
5 People use more than one kind of fruit in the Menton Lemon Festival. False.
6 Visitors have to go to one of Menton's parks to see the fruit figures. True
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7 The Pahiyas Festival is the shortest of the four festivals in the article. False
8 People cook the fruit and vegetables from their decorations the day after the
festival. True.
FOOD FESTIVALS AROUND THE WORLD
Some of the world's food festivals feature different kinds of fruit and vegetables.
Below are four of the most famous.
Chinchilla in Queensland produces a quarter of all of the melons Australians eat.
Every two years, there is a four-day melon festival in February. Visitors to the
festival take part in a lot of different activities with watermelons. In melon skiing,
for example, they have to 'ski' along a special path wearing watermelons on their
feet. There are also some markets, some concerts, a street parade and a light show
at the Chinchilla Melon Festival.
The city of Ivrea in the north of Italy also has a food festival in February, but theirs
is more violent than the melon festival. Every year, the people of the city throw
more than 500,000 kg of oranges at each other during the Battle of the Oranges.
The festival celebrates a moment in history when the people of the city won a fight
with their leader. Nearly 4,000 people take part in the three-day battle, and many
visitors go to watch.
Oranges also play an important part in a festival in a town in the south of France.
Every year, the people of Menton make large figures of animals and objects out of
oranges and lemons to celebrate the end of winter. For the two weeks of the
Menton Lemon Festival visitors can see the figures in the Biovės Garden of the
town. On Thursdays and Sundays, people take a few of them on a parade through
the streets.
It isn't only fruit that forms part of the Pahiyas Festival in Lucban in the
Philippines, but also vegetables. On 15 May every year, people decorate their
houses with many different products from their farms to celebrate their success.
They want to have the most colourful decorations because the best house wins a
prize. After a big parade through the streets, people give the products from their
decorations to the visitors at the festival.
7. Choose the correct answers.
A VILLAGE AND ITS FAMOUS CHEESE
Cheddar is about 26 km from the city of Bristol in the south-west of
England. The village is famous 1 ____A__ making Cheddar cheese, 2 ____C__

31
cheese in the UK. People 3 B_ popular Cheddar all over the world, but in the past
the cheese only came from here.
Today, 4 _B_ only one cheese-making company in the village, the Cheddar
Gorge Cheese Company. The company's cheese is stronger 5 _B_ other kinds of
Cheddar because they use a traditional method to make it. They also leave the
cheese for nearly a year before they sell it, 6 _Cpeople visit Cheddar to buy 7 _C.
Cheddar cheese and to see the village. There are shops, banks and 8 C. historic
buildings, as well as cafés and gift shops for tourists. There are also some beautiful
walks in the area through the woods and fields surrounding the village. Cheddar no
longer has a train station, so the 9 _ A way to get there is to go 10 _A ʼcar.
1. a) for b) of c) with
2. a) most b) the more c) the most
3. a) are making b) make c) making
4. a) there are b) there's c) there has
5. a) as b) than c) that
6. a) much b) a lot c) many
7. a) a few b) much c) some
8. a) a few b) a little c) a lot
9. a) best b) better c) good
10. a) by b) in c_ on
8. Match the first parts of the sentences (1-8) with the second parts (a-h).
1. Let's leave. E a) table for two, please?
2. Can we see. H b) service?
3. Is everything. D c) some water, please.
4. Would you like. G d) OK for you?
5. Can we have a. A e) a tip.
6. I'd like C f) have the bill, please?
7. Can we. B g) a coffee or a tea?
8. Does it include. F h) the menu, please?

9. Complete the messages on the internet forum. Use the words below.
chef customers fork knife menu service tray waiters

I love this restaurant. The 1 chef. is from Italy and makes fantastic pizzas. There
are lots of great pasta dishes on the 2 _menu. too. And the 3 waiters are really
friendly.
32
I don’t like the atmosphere. The 4 customers are all over 40 and eat their pizzas
with a 5 knife and 6 fork . It isn’t for young people!
Don’t go there! It’s really expensive. You pay £18 for a small 7 tray of bread,
olives and other starters. Main courses are about £20 each. And then they add 15%
to your bill for 8 service !
10. Read the text. Tick the best definition of mukbang.
TV DINNERS
Lee Chang-hyun lives in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and he has a very
unusual job. He starts work at midnight. He sits in front of his computer, connects
to the internet, and starts to eat. He doesn't eat quietly - he makes lots of noise!
While he eats, people can watch a live video of his meal online. And every day,
about 10,000 people watch him. These viewers send messages to him. The
messages appear on his computer and he answers them while he's eating. And all
the time, he is earning money.
Watching people eat is a popular online activity in South Korea. You can also
watch on a special TV channel. The name of the hobby in Korean is mukbang.
About 3,500 South Koreans take part in it and a small number of them are famous.
For example, Park Seo-yeon is well known online as The Diva. She earns $9,000 a
month from her viewers and it is now her full-time job.
But why do the viewers pay? Park Seo-yeon believes that health is the main
reason. People love dishes with lots of fat and sugar, but they don't want to eat
them, so they ask her to eat them and they watch! But can you really enjoy
watching a meal but not eating it? Or is there another reason for the popularity of
mukbang?
Perhaps there are social reasons for its popularity. These days, a lot of South
Koreans live alone. When you eat dinner alone every evening, it's easy to feel sad.
But with mukbang, you can eat with others. It is a kind of online dinner party. And
when you visit the website often, it is almost like visiting friends.
At the moment mukbang is only popular in South Korea, not in other countries.
But perhaps it just needs some time ...
a) Buying meals online and eating them alone.
b) Finding friends online and going out for meals together.
c) Paying to watch somebody online eat a meal.

33
11. Read the Reading Strategy. Complete the sentences with information from
the text. Write one or two words in each gap.

Reading Strategy
When you have to complete sentences with information from a text, start
by deciding which part of the text contains the information you need.
Remember that the sentences follow the same order as the text.

1. When Lee Chang-hyun starts work, he sits in front of his _ computer .


2 While Lee Chang-hyun is working, he gets messages from his _ viewers.
3 About 3,500 people in South Korea hobby in mukbang.
4 Park Seo-yeon earns $9,000 _money. from mukbang.
5 Park Seo-yeon thinks people pay to watch her eat because they don’t want to eat
a lot of fat _ or sugar.
6 Perhaps South Koreans enjoy watching people eat online because a lot of them
live alone.
7 For the viewers, mukbang is like eating with _ others.
12. Make a presentation about a place where you like to eat. Include
information about the location, the place, the food, the service.
VI. PLACES.
1. Label the pictures 6.1. and 6.2. Use the words below.

crowd, farm, field, hill, lake, office block, shopping centre, street, traffic,
valley, village, wood

34
1_village
2 hill
3_ valley
4_wood
5_field
6_farm
7_lake
8_traffic
9_office block
10_shopping
centre
11_crowd
12_street

Pictures 6.1.

Pictures 6.2.

2. Match the continents with 1-7 on the map 6.1. and the compass points with
a-d on the diagram.

35
Map 6.1.
east b Africa Europe 2
north a Antarctica 6 North America. 1
south c Asia 3 South America 5
west d Australia 7

3. Read the texts A-C. Which two cities are in the same continent? Which
continent are they in?
__________________ and ____________________ are in ___________________

4. Match the texts A-C with the pictures 1-3 below.


EXTREME CITIES
A) Norilsk
Norilsk is in Russia and is further north than any other large city in the world. It is
a very cold place, often -30°C in winter. You can't get to Norilsk by car or bus
because there aren't any roads. You have to fly or, in summer, arrive by boat. (In
winter, the sea turns to ice.) The city has a population of around 180,000. A lot of
these people work for Norilsk Nickel, one of the biggest metal companies in the
world. The factories there cause a lot of pollution. In fact, the average life of an
inhabitant of Norilsk is ten years shorter than other Russians.
B) Punta Arenas

36
Punta Arenas is in the south of Chile, in South America. It is the furthest south of
any large city in the world. It is near the Antarctic circle, but because of the ocean,
the winters are not very cold (usually above 0°C). The population of Punta Arenas
is around 110,000. The city has a main square with large, attractive buildings.
There are also interesting museums. And Punta Arenas is a good place to start a
walking holiday, because it is on the edge of Patagonia, a region with amazing
scenery. You can explore mountains and beaches - and see penguins too!
C) El Alto
El Alto is the second largest city in Bolivia, a country in South America. It is also
the highest large city in the world, with an altitude of 4,150 metres above sea level.
It is near the capital, La Paz, but is bigger than the capital, with a population of
about a million people. El Alto is not an easy place to live. There is a lot of traffic
and the climate is cold: around -3°C in winter and only around 7°C in summer.
And there are often problems with the water supply. The city's main attraction is a
large open-air market. Tourists sometimes come to El Alto to visit the market, but
they have to be careful - there is a lot of crime in this region.
1-C
2-B
3-A

37
5. Read the Reading Strategy. Then match each question (1-7) with one of the
texts (A-C).

Reading Strategy
When you do a matching task, read all the texts first to get a sense of the
overall meaning. Then, go through the questions one by one. Decide
which text you think contains the answer and look for it carefully. If you
can't find it, look in the other texts.

Which text is about a city which ...


1. has around a million inhabitants? _C
2. does not have clean air? __A
3. does not have cold winters? _B
4. is not very safe for visitors? __A
5. is not good for the health of its inhabitants? A_
6. is near to some very beautiful scenery.? B
7. is very, very cold in winter? A

38
6. Read the Strategy. Then read the texts and answer the questions. Choose
the correct answer, A, B, C or D. Which words from the options can you find
in the text? Why are these options wrong?

Reading Strategy
Words from the text are sometimes repeated in the options. This doesn't
mean that the option is correct. To choose the correct option, find a
sentence in the text which has the same meaning as the option, not the
same words.

1. Central park. New Yorkers love going to Central Park, especially to do sport.
There are tennis and volleyball courts and two large ice-skating rinks. In the
summer, one changes into a children's amusement park and the other into a
swimming pool. From January to December, Park Drive is often full of people
walking, running or riding their bikes.
Which sport can you do all year round in Central Park?
A) ice skating
B) cycling
C) swimming
D) ice hockey
2. Visit to a museum. The Natural History Museum in London is one of the oldest
museums in the world. Start your visit in the beautifully decorated Central Hall,
with its enormous model dinosaur. Then, continue through the dinosaur gallery and
the mammal exhibitions of the Blue Zone. Next, see thousands of birds and insects
in the Green Zone and after that, learn about the history of the Earth in the Red
Zone. Finally, leave the museum through the wildlife garden of the Orange Zone.
The text gives readers ….
A) a history of a museum.
B) suggestions for a tour around a museum.
C) a description of a dinosaur.
D) an explanation about an exhibit in a museum.
3. The many attractions of Times Square. Times Square is my favourite place in
New York. It's one of the most famous landmarks in New York. It's near Broadway,
where all the theatres are, and there are lots of lights. There are always a lot of
people. Around 330,000 people cross the square every day, including those who

39
live or work nearby. You have to be careful when you're walking because they can
get very angry if you stop suddenly in front of them!
What does the writer advise people NOT to do in Times Square?
A) Visit the landmarks.
C) Go to the theatre.
B) Cross the square.
D) Stop walking.
4. Tourist information. There are various ways of getting to central London from
Heathrow Airport. The quickest is the Heathrow Express, which takes 15-20
minutes to get to Paddington Station. At £21.50 each way, this is also the most
expensive. Heathrow Connect runs cheaper trains, which only take ten minutes
longer. The fare is £10.10 per journey. The cheapest way to get to the city centre is
by underground. The journey to Piccadilly Circus costs only £5.70, but it takes
nearly an hour.
The author of the text …
A) describes Heathrow Airport.
B) tells you the best way to get to London.
C) gives you some different travel options.
D) explains how to use the London Underground.
VII. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences in the present
continuous.
1. with/housework/helping/the/I'm – I'm helping with the housework.
2. watching/my brothers/TV/are – My brothers are watching TV .
3. our rabbit/eating/is/food/its – _Our rabbit is eating it's food.
4. the/shining/is/sun – _ The sun is shining.
5. a/Maria/coat/wearing/is – _Maria is wearing a coat.
6. very well/you're / the guitar/playing – _ You are playing the guitar very well.
7. my/me/sitting/is/best friend / next to – _My best friend is sitting next to me.
8. leaving/our bus/soon/is – _Our bus is leaving soon.

40
2. Make the sentences in exercise 4 negative.
1. I'm not helping with the housework.
2. I am not playing the guitar.
3. I am not the best people in the world
4. You are not doing this homework.
5. They are not coming the party today.
6. You are not playing well.
7. _I am not cooking
8. _He is not playing football.
3. Complete the questions using the present continuous form of the verbs in
brackets. Then write true answers.
1. _________ it __________ (rain) outside? _ Is it raining outside?
2. _________ the sun ____________ (shine)? _Is the sun Shining.
3. _________ your friends _____________ (sit) near you? Are your friends sitting
near you.
4. _________ you ___________ (wear) jeans? Are you wearing jeans?
5. _________ you _________ (listen) to music at the moment? _ Are you listening
to music at the moment.
6. _________ you ___________ (eat) anything at the moment? _Are you eating
anything at the moment.
4. Look at the picture 7.1. Complete the sentences using the affirmative or
negative form of the present continuous of the verbs in brackets. Correct the
negative
sentences.
The are lot of
people in the
picture and
people are
playing dolls
with each other's
. One boy is
eating
41
sandwiches . The waiter is servicing for customers. There aren't any people
sitting the chair. Everybody is doing their own works.

Picture 7.1.

1 The man with a hat isn't reading (read) a magazine. He's buying a magazine.
2 The woman with glasses _ watching (watch) TV.
3 The boy with the cap playing _ (play).
4. The girl with long dark hair, sitting (sit) on her bag.
5 The man with glasses waiting (wait) at the café.
6 The woman in a dress walking (walk) past the café.
5. Complete the email. Use the present continuous form (affirmative, negative
or interrogative) of the verbs in brackets.
To: [email protected]
Dear Ted,
How are you? 1(enjoy) Are you enjoying your new school? Everyone here is fine,
but I 2(get) am getting really angry with my brother. He 3(do) is doing lots of
exams this term, so he 4(work) is not working very hard. He spends every
evening at his desk. I have to do all his jobs around the house because he 5(help) is
helping with the housework at all. It's so unfair!
That's all for now. Mum 6(call) is calling me. Dinner is ready! When? 7(plan) are
you planning to visit us?
Love,
Poppy.

42
6. Choose the correct answers.
The Inuit people 1______ in northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and in the north
of Russia. Here the temperature is very 2 ______ it can go down to -50°C. The
Inuit usually 3_______ modern clothes, like jeans, T-shirts and jumpers. But today
is 4______ because it's the first day of spring. Many of the Inuit people 5_______
traditional clothes, such as coats made of animal skins. They've got animal-skin
6______ on their feet, too. Some of the women have got beautiful 7______ belts of
many colours. What 8______ your country? in cold weather in
1. a live b is living c lives. 1-B
2. a high b low c small. 2-A
3. a wears b are wearing c wear. 3-A
4. a artificial b ordinary c special. 4-B
5. a are wearing b wear c wears. 5-A
6. a boots b leggings c trousers. 6-A
7. a dark b patterned c plain. 7-A
8. a are you wearing b do you wear c you wear. 8-A

VIII. WRITING AN INFORMAL LETTER


1. Learn the information about informal letter below.
What is an informal letter?
An informal letter is a personal letter you write to someone you're close with.
Informal letters are great ways to stay in contact with friends, family members, or a
significant other, especially if you live far apart. Handwritten notes are more
personal than a text or email. Plus, you can get more creative with them! What
makes an informal letter “informal” is that it’s not strictly structured and rather
casual.
 If you want to write a letter to a business, institution, or someone of great
importance, be sure to adhere to the guidelines of formal letter writing.
Unlike informal letters, formal letters have strict formatting and style
guidelines to make them more official and professional.
What can you write about in an informal letter?
You can write about anything you want in an informal letter! The fun thing
about informal letters is there are no rules! You can write whatever your heart
wants—if you think it, you can write it. Think of it like a regular conversation with
a friend. Maybe you write a long-distance friend about a trip you recently went on
43
and include photos you took, or perhaps you send a grandparent a detailed update
about how you’re doing in school.
Letter Writing & Style Tips
Keep your language conversational for a more personable feel. Informal letters
are meant to be read in a relaxed, casual way. Feel free to use contractions,
hypothetical questions, inside jokes, and other figures of speech. This will help
your natural voice come through to your reader.
 If you're not sure what to say, it can be helpful to imagine that you're having
a conversation with a friend and simply write the way you would talk.
Tip: You might kick off the body of your letter with something like this: “Hey
bestie! Isn't it crazy how time flies? One minute, we're chasing boys at summer
camp, and the next, you're getting married! Being an adult is WEIRD!”
Write to your reader for a more conversational tone. The fun thing about
informal letters is that they can be totally personal! Use words like “we,” “you,”
and “our” to make your letter feel like a conversation. Simply write to your reader
as you would text a pal.
 Now, remember to keep the reader in mind. For instance, you wouldn’t use
lingo only your best friend would know if you’re writing to your grandma.
Use colored ink or fonts to liven up your correspondence. Black ink is for
newspapers and dull, rigid formal letters. Grab your most vibrant pens or change
the default text color in your word processor and put a little personality on the
page. Blue, green, red, and other funky shades can all be fun attention grabbers,
especially if you're writing to a close friend.
 Mixing up your use of colors is a great way to break up the monotony and
emphasize keywords or phrases.
 Make sure the color you choose contrasts your letter paper enough to be
plainly visible. Otherwise, your message may be hard to read.
Draw in the margins of handwritten letters to lend a little visual flair. Take
advantage of the extra space on either side of the page by filling it with doodles,
symbols, or quirky notes. Elements like these will allow you to express yourself
creatively and give your reader something else to look at.
 You might spice up your description of that time you spotted Bigfoot at the
mall by including an artist's rendering of what he looked like.

44
 Similarly, if you happen to catch a typo while reading back over your letter,
you could turn it into a joke by crossing it out and scribbling, “I promise I
know how to spell!” next to it.
Steps to Writing an Informal Letter
1. Start with a friendly greeting, like “Hi” or “Dear.”
2. Use the space under your greeting to write your message.
3. End your letter with a personal closing, like “Love” or “Best.”
4. Sign your name after your closing.
Note your address and the date (optional). In the upper left-hand corner of a
clean sheet of paper or new word processor document, put down your current
location in one or two lines. Directly under that, record the day's date, making sure
to mention at least the month and year.
 You can either spell out the full date ("Wednesday, February 12th, 2018") or
use the abbreviated numeral form ("2/12/18") to keep things simple.
 While including these details is optional for an informal letter (it’s most
typically used in formal letters), it’s still a good way to let your recipient
know when and where the letter was written, which can be useful if you're in
different parts of the world.
Write your recipient's name at the top of the letter. Begin your letter
by addressing the letter to the person it's intended for by name. Traditionally, the
opening address goes in the upper left-hand side of the page, but you can put it
anywhere you want as long as you have enough room to include your message
beneath it.
 If you want, you can add a salutation before your recipient's name, such as
“Dear,” “My darling,” or even just “Hey.”
 If you're composing an open letter and don't know the name of the person
who will be reading it, start with a general address, like “To whom it may
concern” or “To whoever reads this letter.”
Fill out the body of the letter with your message. Use the space underneath your
recipient's name to say whatever you want to say. The body of your letter can be as
long or short as you want it to be—there are no rules!
 If you run out of room on the first page, start a new one or flip your paper
over and continue writing on the back.

45
 Picking out a lined type of paper, like notebook or journal paper, can help
you keep your handwriting neat and organized.
Write a short closing to wrap up the letter. Once you've gotten your message
across in the body of your letter, leave a little room (about the space of a single
typed line) below your last sentence to include a brief sign-off. Your closing line
might say something like, “Sincerely,” “Yours truly,” “Best,” “Thanks,” or “Love.”
 The closing essentially signals to your recipient that they've reached the end
of the letter.
 Since you're not sending a formal letter, there's no need to add a closing if
you don't want to—you can always just sign off with your name.
Tip: Etiquette coach Tami Claytor recommends coming up with a closing that
reflects your reason for writing. A letter of condolence, for instance, could end with
“My deepest sympathies.”
Sign your name at the bottom of the letter. Put your name right under your
closing line (if you included one) so that the closing acts as a lead-in for your
signature. You can sign your name in cursive or formal script if you like, but it's
also okay to simply print or type it instead.
 You might use your full name, first name, or a nickname depending on your
level of familiarity with the person you're writing to.
1. PREPARATION. Complete the key phrases with the words below.
know that ...?
tell you that ... / about ...?
thing ...
we / you could ...
what!
news!
if you / we could ...
reply sooner.
about (+ -ing form)?
could...
replying sooner.
don't you / we...?
wrote to you.
guess what (happened...)

A) Apologising
46
1. Sorry, it’s ages since I __ said.
2. Sorry I didn’t do this exercise which is you said.
3. Apologies for not coming.

47
B) Giving news
4. Listen, did I __give a certificate
5. Guess __ who is coming now
6. You'll never _think about this.
7. Good news! / Bad _news.
8. By the way, did you achieve this goal?
9. Oh, and another __bad situation for this
C) Making suggestions
10. How you can do this.
11. Maybe you/we are listening a music now.
12. Why aren't do this now
13. It would be great. _We are waiting you.
14. If you like, _we are planing the guitar now.

2. Read the letter.


Where do we write these things? Write the correct numbers (1-3).
Extra information ____ Date 12.12.2024 Writer's address _London
1. _Blackroad street
2. 4 flat 32 room.
Dear Bradley,
Thanks for your letter. Apologies for not replying sooner. I'm very busy at the
moment with revision for my exams. I have to study every evening for two or three
hours!
Listen, did I tell you that I'm going to see Plymouth play next week? Would you
like to come along? The match is on Saturday at 3 p.m. at the stadium in Plymouth.
The team are playing really well at the moment and I think that they will win.
Tickets are only £8. I'll get one for you if you like. Gemma and Ross are going too,
so it will be fun. It would be great if you could come.
That's all for now.
Love,
Alice

48
3 Read the Writing Strategy. Then read the task below and make notes.

Writing Strategy.
Spend a few minutes planning and making notes before you start writing
your letter.
Write a letter to a friend. Include the following points:
• Apologise for not writing sooner.
• Describe a sports event that you are going to watch.
• Invite your friend and tell him/her how much the tickets cost.
• Say who else is going to the event.
1. Opening phrases
2. What is the sporting event? (which sport? teams? where? when?)
3. Phrases to make a suggestion
4. How much are the tickets?
5. Who else is going?
4. Write your letter. Lay out the letter correctly and include phrases from
exercise 1. Use Informal Letter Template if necessary.
CHECK YOUR WORK
Have you ...
- included phrases from exercise 1?
- checked the spelling and grammar?
- laid out your letter correctly?
- included all the points in the task?
Informal Letter Template
- [Your Name]
- [Your Address]
- [City, State ZIP Code]
- [Date]
- [Recipient's Name]
- [Recipient's Address]
- [City, State ZIP Code]
- Dear [Recipient's Name],
- [Opening sentence, such as “How are you?” or “I hope this letter finds you
well.”]
- [Start the body of the letter with a friendly and informal tone. Write about
things you have in common or things that have happened in your life since
49
you last spoke. You can also include any news, updates or anecdotes that you
think will be of interest to the recipient.]
- [End the letter with a closing sentence expressing your appreciation for their
friendship or your desire to stay in touch.]
- [Closing, such as “Take care” or “Best regards”]
- [Sincerely,]
- [Your Name]
- [Optional postscript, such as a personal note or a question you forgot to ask
in the main letter]

IX. DIGITAL AGE.


1 a. Read an article about how people at different ages use computers and
smartphones to practise and improve your reading skills. Before reading do
the preparation task first. Then read the text and do the exercises.
PREPARATION TASK. Match the definitions (1–8) with the vocabulary (a–
h).

Vocabulary Definitions
a. websites and apps like Facebook, Twitter and
1. …… to miss out on
Instagram
b. in a funny or strange way because it’s unexpected
2. …… addiction
c.different from
3.……constantly
d. to not get the benefits of
4. …… to be cut off from
e. needing something too much or in an unhealthy
5.……unlike
way
6.……social media
f. people who are the first to buy or use new
technology
7.……ironically
g. all the time without a break
8. …… early adopters
h. to have no access to

1- H 5-C

2-E. 6-A

3-G. 7- B

4-F 8- H

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1 b. Read the text: Digital habits across generations.
Today’s grandparents are joining their grandchildren on social media, but the
different generations’ online habits couldn’t be more different. In the UK the over-
55s are joining Facebook in increasing numbers, meaning that they will soon be
the site’s second biggest user group, with 3.5 million users aged 55–64 and 2.9
million over-65s. Sheila, aged 59, says, ‘I joined to see what my grandchildren are
doing, as my daughter posts videos and photos of them. It’s a much better way to
see what they’re doing than waiting for letters and photos in the post. That’s how
we did it when I was a child, but I think I’m lucky I get to see so much more of
their lives than my grandparents did.
Ironically, Sheila’s grandchildren are less likely to use Facebook themselves.
Children under 17 in the UK are leaving the site – only 2.2 million users are under
17 – but they’re not going far from their smartphones. Chloe, aged 15, even sleeps
with her phone. ‘It’s my alarm clock so I have to,’ she says. ‘I look at it before I go
to sleep and as soon as I wake up.’ Unlike her grandmother’s generation, Chloe’s
age group is spending so much time on their phones at home that they are missing
out on spending time with their friends in real life. Sheila, on the other hand, has
made contact with old friends from school she hasn’t heard from in forty years.
‘We use Facebook to arrange to meet all over the country,’ she says. ‘It’s changed
my social life completely.’
Teenagers might have their parents to thank for their smartphone and social
media addiction as their parents were the early adopters of the smartphone. Peter,
38 and father of two teenagers, reports that he used to be on his phone or laptop
constantly. ‘I was always connected and I felt like I was always working,’ he says.
‘How could I tell my kids to get off their phones if I was always in front of a
screen myself?’ So, in the evenings and at weekends, he takes his SIM card out of
his smartphone and puts it into an old-style mobile phone that can only make calls
and send text messages. ‘I’m not completely cut off from the world in case of
emergencies, but the important thing is I’m setting a better example to my kids and
spending more quality time with them.’ Is it only a matter of time until the
generation above and below Peter catches up with the new trend for a less digital
life?
1 c. Are the sentences true or false? You should make circle to your answer.

51
1. More people aged 55 or more use Facebook than False
True
people aged 65 or more.

2. Grandparents typically use Facebook less than their True False


grandchildren.

3. Sheila feels grateful to social media. True False

4. Peter found his own smartphone use affected how he


True False
felt about how much his children used their phones.
5. Peter has changed how much he uses his phone
True False
during the working day.
6. Peter feels that the changes make him a better
True False
parent.

1 d. Write the phrases in the correct group.


are returning to older are less keen on like to keep their phones
technology Facebook near them
use social media to find were the first generation feel lucky to have the
old friends to get smartphones internet in their lives

Grandpare
Teens Parents
nts

2.Who uses the phone the most among your family or friends?
My friend always use mobile phones because she don't live without his life .
The reason of this she is always with his phone.

3.Try to give answer the questions below.


1.What is digital age?
2.What is the differences between industrial age and digital age?
3.Do you have any idea about advantages and disadvantages of digital age?
4. You should prepare ppt about Digital age, you can use text below or internet
resources.

52
The digital age refers to present time use of machines and computers to
present information. The digital age had an overall impact on our societies and day
to day activities. It has a lot of advantages and disadvantages i.e. it came with so
many opportunities as well as costs. We are living in the age in which professionals
in digital technologies are trying to push their boundaries on becoming more
advanced in technology even beyond our imagination. Digital world has given a
new explanation to technology which is now used as a mode of expression,
interactions, entertainments, learning etc. Most of us knew that there will be a stage
in life where digital devices will be the most important part of human beings. Let’s
take ourselves as an example here; we use smart phones, i-pads, laptops etc.
Devices that we carry with us whenever we go to the toilet, but the most important
question here is…can we survive without these devices in our possession or
pockets? The answer will most definitely be “no” for most of us depend so much on
these devices in our daily life or activities. As we know that we are living in the
digital world and these devices have changed completely the way human beings
have lived before, due to the simplicity of using digital devices from texting,
sending/receiving pictures/music/, making video calls and other hundreds of
functions that digital devices have. These devices have even made us to be able to
perform multiple tasks as soon as we hold them in our hands, we might read a
message, listen to music, talking to someone, checking Facebook accounts etc. But
how do we divide our attention from these tasks? We as humans may not perform
multitasking accurately like how computers do, as we lack the ability to monitor
multiple tasks at the same time but yet we can give individual attention to each task.
The essential thing to humans on these digital devices is their memory, which has
extended extremely fast and efficiently. We use this memory part of the digital
devices from storing very critical secrets, important business documents, pictures
etc. Not only due to its faithfulness but also the ability to maintaining the stored
information for a very long time as long as we keep them in our machines and
nobody can access them without our permission. Professionals in memory
engineering have managed to make our lives easier by creating and improving the
digital memory that we use. Instead of saving information in our heads/papers we
just save them in our digital devices and carry the saved information with us
wherever we go to and we do not even worry about them once they are stored.
Digital age has impacted the social life of societies hugely. In the past, most of our
social interactions were private and undocumented. That is increasingly not the case
with the advent of digital age. When we interact with each other through the
internet, we leave digital records behind. Companies like Facebook and Twitter
have huge databases full of all kinds of information about our social behaviors.
Let’s think of the days where there were no online messengers, no emails, and no
53
cell phones. Indeed cellular technology made it possible for us to communicate over
wireless media. Web communication facilities have worked wonders in speeding
long-distance communication. Today we can reach and keep in touch with our
family and friends…even our enemies, with the help of social networks like bbm,
Facebook, twitter, skype etc. On the other hand, they have deprived mankind of the
warmth of personal contact. Emails replaced handwritten letters and
communication lost its personal touch. With the means of communication so easily
accessible, that magic in waiting to reach someone and the excitement that followed
has vanished. Also, the internet has bred many unethical practices, like hacking,
spamming etc. Internet crime is on the rise. The internet being an open platform
lacks regulation. There is no regulation on the content displayed on websites.
Internet gambling has become an addiction for so many, access to pornographic
sights and inappropriate information is made accessible to children. Overexposure
to the internet has taken its toll. Children are spending all their time playing online
and less or almost no time on the ground. Youngsters are spending most of their
time social networking, missing on the joys of real social life.
5.Try to give your own opinion about Important Things About the Digital Age

Table 9.1.

X. SPORTS AND HOBBIES.

54
1. Read about the boy’s favourite sports, then do the exercises to practise
writing in English: Preparation: Write the word under the pictures.

gymnastics karate table tennis ride a bike

team swimming football basketball

2. Complete the sentences with words from the box.


play playing ride team
watch is go do

1.My favourite sport. is _ football.


2. I love playing football with my friends.
3. We play basketball at school.
4. I do karate on Thursdays.
5. I go swimming with my mum.
6. I read my bike to my grandad’s house.
7. We watching football on TV.
8. Our favourit team is REAL MADRID.
3. Read the text below and you should speak about sports and hobbies.
My favourite sport is football. I love playing football with my friends in the
park. I like lots of other sports too. At school we play basketball on Mondays and
we do gymnastics on Thursdays. We run in the playground every day and
sometimes we play table tennis. After school on Tuesdays I do karate, and on
Fridays I go swimming with my mum. I like watching sports too. At weekends, I
sometimes ride my bike to my grandad’s house, and we watch football on TV. Our
favourite team is FC Barcelona. We get really excited and we’re so happy when
they win!

4. In this task you should write and draw.


What are your favourite sports?
When and where do you do or watch them?
Write about them and draw a picture!

55
DRAW HERE

WRITE HERE_
My hobby is reading. I like to read books in my free time. I like funny stories, fairy
tales, and poems for children.

I like to read fairy tales very much. My favourite fairy tale is "The Snow Queen"
by Hans Christian Andersen. I have read it several times. Gerda is my favourite
fairy-tale character.

I usually read in the evening before sleep. I also like to read in a garden or in a
park, sitting on a bench.

Recently I began to read short stories in English. It is difficult for me to read in


English.

But I want to learn English, and I want to read books in English.

XI. FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE


1. Learn the grammar rule of the future simple tense.
56
The Future Simple tense is often called the "will tense" because we make the
Future Simple with the modal auxiliary will. (See the table 11.1.)
How do we make the Future Simple tense?
The structure of the Future Simple tense is:

subject + auxiliary will + main verb

Invariable Base

Will V1

Table 11.1.
For negative sentences in the Future Simple tense, we insert not between the
auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange
the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences in the table 11.2
with the Future Simple tense:

Subject auxiliary verb main verb

+ I Will Open the door.

+ You Will Finish before me.

- She Will Not Be at school tomorrow.

- We Will Not Leave yet.

? Will You Arrive on time?

? Will They Want dinner?

Table 11.2.
We sometimes use shall instead of will, especially for I and we.
How do we use the Future Simple tense?
No Plan

57
We use the Future Simple tense when there is no plan or decision to do something
before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking.
Look at these examples:
 Hold on. I'll get a pen.
 We will see what we can do to help you.
 Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.

In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is made at
the time of speaking. (See the table 11.3.)

Table 11.3.
2.Write positive sentences in the future simple (will).
1) (I/do/this/later) I will do this later.
2) (we/go shopping) _We will go shopping.
3) (the sun/shine) _The sun will shine.
4) (Peter/call/you) __Peter will call you.
5) (they/be/there) _ They will be there.
3. Complete the sentences in the future simple (will).
1) It (rain/not) tomorrow. _It will not rain tomorrow.
2) I promise I (be/not) late _I promise I will not late.
3) We (start/not) to watch the film without you. _We will not strat to watch the film
without you.
4) The bus (wait/not) for us _ The bus will not wait us
5) He (believe/not) us _ He will not believe us.

58
4. Write questions in the future simple (will).
1) (what/learn/they) _ What will they learn?
2) (it/snow) _Will it snow
3) (when/you/get/home) When will you get home.
4) (she/forgive/me) __She will forgive me.
5) (what/say/he) _What will say he.
5. Choose the correct answer. TEST.
1) The bus _______________at 09.00.
a) will leaving b) leaves c) will leave d)leavs
2) We ______________ a party in Nick’s home, but he doesn’t know about it yet.
a) will have. b) will be have c) having d) not will have
3) My mother believes it ______________tomorrow.
a) will raining b) will rain c)to rain d) raining
4) In the coming days I _______________my friend.
a) to meet b) will meet c) will be meet d) meeting
5) ____________fly to Amsterdam next Monday?
a) They b) Will be they c)They will d) Will they
6) She ___________ drive to the station.
a) won’t b) wan’t c) shon’t d) shan’t
7) We ____________ start English class at 11.00.
a)shall b) shall be c) will d) will be
8) Look. It _____________ in a few minutes.
a)shall snow b) will snow c) will snowing d) shall be snow
9) Hold on a second, I____________ the door for you.
a) open b) shall open c) will be opening d) will open
10) ___________ do her homeworks tomorrow morning.
a)She’l b)She’ill c) Shew’l d) She’ll

59
XII. HOW TO WRITE A PERFECT PARAGRAPH.
1. Read the tips about a perfect paragraph writing
Paragraphs are distinct blocks of text which section out a larger piece of
writing—stories, novels, articles, creative writing or professional writing
pieces—making it easier to read and understand. Good paragraphs are a handy
writing skill for many forms of literature, and good writers can greatly enhance
the readability of their news, essays, or fiction writing when constructed
properly.

Picture 12.1.

What Makes a Good Paragraph?


A good paragraph is composed of a topic sentence (or key sentence),
relevant supporting sentences, and a closing (or transition) sentence. This
structure is key to keeping your paragraph focused on the main idea and creating
a clear and concise image.
While creative writing does not necessarily follow the traditional paragraph
structure, it’s more about scene building and continuing a narrative. Efficient,
well-written paragraphs are a staple of good flash fiction and short fiction
writing, as short stories need to stay more focused on a central idea. As long as
your sentences form cohesive ideas and connect to one another, you can write a
good paragraph.

Tips for Structuring and Writing Better Paragraphs.


Whether you’re writing a short paragraph or a long paragraph, each should
follow the same basic rules of structure. While this format is not as rigid when
writing fiction as it is for non-fiction, the information or story you craft must
logically or sequentially relate to the next paragraph. These elements help the
60
coherency of your body paragraphs, tying them together to unify around an idea,
or set up a narrative story.
1. Make the first sentence of your topic sentence. The first line of your
first paragraph sets up what information is to come as your audience reads on.
Even in fiction, the introduction of a paragraph either establishes an idea or
scenario or continues one from the paragraph before. Regardless of what format
or genre you’re writing for, every good paragraph starts with a central focus that
the rest of the paragraph will aim to support.

2. Provide support via the middle sentences. These sentences include


follow-up information to your key sentence or previous paragraph. Whatever idea
you aim to convey, these sentences are where you convince your reader to believe
or envision what you do, and give them everything they need to see your point of
view.

3. Make your last sentence a conclusion or transition. Even if it’s not at


the end of the piece, a conclusive sentence can refer to the last line of its own
paragraph, which concludes a particular idea or train of thought before moving on
to start a new line for the next paragraph. This next paragraph can continue on the
same idea, but the ending of each paragraph should briefly summarize the
information that was provided before moving on.

4. Know when to start a new paragraph. A paragraph break is necessary


when starting a new topic, introducing a new speaker, contrasting other POVs or
ideas, or providing white space to give readers a pause from a longer paragraph.
For example, in a novel, you may start a new paragraph when bringing in a new
character, or specify when a different character is speaking, which can help the
reader separate action text from dialogue more readily. Paragraph breaks can
control the pacing of your writing, and generate particular feelings or moods for
your reader. While there is no set amount of sentences required per paragraph, in
some instances, a single paragraph may consist of a single sentence, but it is
acceptable as long as it supports your central idea, and doesn’t overwhelm your
audience with too much information.

5. Use transition words. Transition words help tie together separate


paragraphs, connecting them to form a coherent idea. Phrases like “in addition”
or “moreover” can help readers track your ideas and understand how they relate
to each other, making for a smoother, more pleasant reading experience. This is
especially useful for essay writers and bloggers, who often focus on a singular
idea at a time to share with their audience.
61
Picture 12.2.
2. Paragraph writing. Fill in the parts of your paragraph.

62
XIII. MY HOME

1. East or West- home is best. Task 1. Learn


these proverbs
2. There is no place like home. about home
and think
3. Every bird likes its nest.
about their
4. My home is castle. meanings.
Explain them.
3. Learn the topical vocabulary. Find their definition or meaning in Uzbek
language. Learn them by heart.

to clean- ___________________
to dust- ____________________
to vacuum- _________________
the floor- ___________________
to polish- ___________________
to wash- ____________________
to make the bed- _____________
to do a room- ________________
to repair- ____________________
to air the room- ______________
to move the furniture- _________

4. Do the crossword. Here are the words related to the topic “Home”.
Across
2. We can cook in this room.
3. We can sleep in this room
4. We can watch TV in this
room.
5. We have big family meals in
this room.
Down
1. We can work hard in this
room.
2. We can take a shower in this
room.

63
1- Kitchen
2-bedroom
3-dining room
4-living room
5-working room
5 a. Speaking. Look at the photos 13.1. Compare the rooms using the
adjectives below. Prepare speaking recording of this task.
(See the Sample 13.1.)
attractive comfortable modern unusual

I think room A is more attractive than the room B. Because it is


cosy and comfy. In my opinion, room C is the most……

Sample
13.1.

Picture
13.1

Furniture and
chair chest of
dishwasher lam
table toilet w

64
5 b.Vocabulary. Match the furniture in the photos above with words from
below. (See the Picture 1.)

1-curtain
2-light
3-bookcase
4- sofa
5-mirror
6-wardrope
7-chest of drawer
8-table
9-carpet chair
10-carpet
11-clock
12-carpet
13-blinds

5 c. Label the parts of the house 1-13 with the words below. What type of
room are in the photos. (See picture 2)

Parts of a home basement bathroom bedroom dining room garage hall


kitchen living room loft study toilet utility room

65
Picture 13.2

1-loft

2-bethroom

3-toilet

4-bedroom

5- study

6-garage

7-living room

8-hall

9-dining room

10-kitchen

11-utility room

12 - hall

6. Read the task and the model texts. Which text matches the photo 12.1?
A) I live in a fairly modern
apartment on the fifth floor. It’s a great
location because it’s right in the middle of
the city. You can easily find a café nearby or
get the bus to another part of the city.

66
There are three bedrooms. Your bedroom will be the one at the front of the
apartment. The room is a bit small although it’s very light. There’s a bed, desk and
a chair in the room. The apartment also has two bathrooms, a living room and a
kitchen. Photo 13.1.
In the living room, we have a big 3D TV, so we often lie on the sofas and
watch films in the evenings. It’s really relaxing! We also have a games console for
playing video games.
B) I live in a small cottage in a village. It’s a bit remote- there are only about
50 houses here and there’s only one shop! But there are four buses a day into town
and tickets are not very expensive!
The cottage has a living room, a dining room and a kitchen downstairs. It’s
extremely cozy in the winter because we always light the fire in the living room.
Upstairs, there are three bedrooms. Your bedroom will be the one at the back of the
house, so you’ll have an amazing view of the countryside. We often play board
games in the evenings. Also, there are lots of books on the shelves. We’ve got a
TV, although we don’t watch it much.
B
7. Writing. Your family has agreed to offer a room to a foreign student for
three months. Write a description of your home and the student’s room.
Include information about the rooms, the location of the home and the
activities you do there in your free time.

In my family, we have a close-knit bond that defines our relationships.

My father is a hardworking man. He is an engineer and dedicates much of his


time to his job. His determination and wisdom inspire me every day.

My mother is a homemaker and a great cook. She creates a warm and


nurturing environment at home. Her support in all my endeavors means the
world to me.

My sibling, Brother/Sister, is a student/working and shares my interests in


hobbies or fields of study. We often spend our free time together, whether it's
playing sports or watching movies.

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Overall, my family plays a significant role in my life, providing love, support,
and motivation. I am grateful for each of them and the unique qualities they
bring to our family dynamic.

XIV. FEELINGS
1. Label the pictures with six of these adjectives below in the box.

angry, bored, embarrassed, excited, guilty, happy, sad, scared,


surprised, tired, worried

Scared. Angry. Embarressed

. Excited. Happy. Tired

2. Read the text to know the words in bold which describe 16 different
feelings.

positive

Feelings

negative neutral

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When you feel 1) joyful, you’re
happy, perhaps because you’ve
heard some good news.
 She felt joyful when she
received the unexpected
gift from her friend.
When you’re 2) excited, you’re
happy because you’ re looking
forward to something that is
going to happen in the future.
 The children
were excited about their
upcoming trip to Disneyland.
If you’re 3) content, you’re not
extremely happy, but you feel
quite satisfied.
 After a satisfying meal, he
went back to work,
feeling content.
When you’re 4) grateful, you
feel thankful for som ething you
have or that someone has done.
 She was grateful for the
support and kindness
shown to her during
difficult times.
When you’re 5) proud, you feel respect for yourself, often because of something
you or someone close to you has achieved.
 He was proud of his daughter’s achievements in school.
If you’re 6) confident, you believe in yourself and are not worried about failure.
 With thorough preparation, she walked into the interview room
feeling confident.
When you’re 7) hopeful, you have hope and believe that it is possible for
something good to happen.
Despite the challenges, she remained hopeful that things would improve. If
you’re 8) relieved, you feel pleased because you have avoided a difficult or
unpleasant situation.

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 After weeks of uncertainty, he was relieved to hear the good news about his
health.
Negative emotions
When you’re 9) offended, you feel angry or hurt by something someone has said
or done to you.
 She was offended by the rude remark made by her coworker during the
meeting.
If you’re 10) anxious, you feel worried or uneasy about something.
 She felt very anxious about giving a presentation, but it went well.
When you’re 11) frustrated, you feel annoyed because something is not working
or happening the way you want it to.
 After hours of trying to assemble the complicated furniture, he
grew frustrated.
If you’re 12) disappointed, you’re unhappy because something was not as good as
you thought it would be.
 She was disappointed when the concert she had been looking forward to was
canceled.
Feeling 13) guilty means that you feel bad for something you did wrong.
 She felt guilty for eating sweets, especially since she had promised herself to
stick to a healthy diet.
When you’re 14) nervous, you feel worried about a stressful situation that is going
to arise in the future.
 She felt nervous before her job interview, but she prepared thoroughly.
If you’re 15) upset, it means you’re sad because of something that has happened.
 Learning about the earthquake on the news left her feeling upset.
When you’re 16) depressed, you feel unhappy and have little hope.
 After the loss of her pet, she felt depressed for months.
3. Categorize words into two clouds according to what type of adjective they
are, positive or negative?
 amusing  shocking
 satisfying  annoying
 motivating  disgusting
 fascinating  embarrassing
 interesting  worrying
 relaxing  boring
 attracting/attractive  surprising
 disappointing  depressed

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Disappointing, shocking,
Motivating, interesting,
annoying, disgusting,
relaxing, attracting ,
Embarrassing,boring,
fascinating , worrying,
surprising, depressed
Satisfying amusing

4. Learn the words with definitions and put those words into the gaps in the
exercise below the table.
Neutral emotions
calm feel relaxed, and not worried about anything

indifferent have no feelings about or interest in something


bored uninterested in what is happening around you.

curious want to know more about something.

tired not have a lot of energy and may want to sleep.


relaxed feel free because nothing is worrying you.

puzzled to be confused about something that is happening or has


happened.
reserved keep feelings to yourself
satisfied pleased because you got what you desired.

1. After a hard workout at the gym, she was reserved _ and ready to rest.

2. He seemed calm _ to the news, as if it didn’t matter to him at all.

3. The long lecture left him feeling _bored_ and uninterested.

4. She furrowed his brow, satisfied _ by the mysterious message.

5. He felt puzzled after completing the challenging report.

6. The spa day left her feeling completely bored and rejuvenated.

7. Her relaxed nature led her to explore new places whenever she had the chance.

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8. He was satisfied _ and didn’t often share his feelings or personal thoughts with
others.

9. She took a deep breath and tried to stay reserved during the stressful meeting.

5. In this exercise you should match the words with their definitions on the
right.

1. ecstatic. E a) you’re very scared, so something is


really frightening you.
2. furious. C b) something makes you feel thrilled
and excited.
3. exhilarated. B c) you are extremely angry about
something.
4. terrified. A d) means extremely sad, so if you’re
feeling this way, something very
upsetting has happened.
5. devastated . D e) you feel incredibly happy, usually
because something good has happened.

6. Learn the example sentence and analyze them. Try to make up your own
sentences.

She was absolutely ecstatic when she received the news that she had been accepted
into her dream university.

She was furious when she discovered that someone had accidentally deleted all of
her important work files from the computer.

He was terrified of heights, so climbing to the top of the tower was a major
challenge.

After her first experience jumping out of an airplane, she felt exhilarated and
proud of her accomplishment.

Hearing the news of her grandmother’s passing left her devastated and in tears.

7. Find opposite adjectives to the following words.

bewildered-_____________rightly

overwhelmed-_____________ simply
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desperate-______________. Hopefull

hysterical-_____________. Silently

stunned-_____________. Ordinary

XV. PAST TENSE. QUESTION WORDS


1. Read grammar information about past tense: Past Simple.
The simple past (also called past simple, past indefinite) is a verb tense which is
used to show that a completed action took place at a specific time in the past. The
simple past is also frequently used to talk about past habits and generalizations.
Read on for detailed descriptions, examples, and simple past exercises.
Simple Past Forms
The simple past is formed using the verb + ed. In addition, there are many verbs
with irregular past forms. Questions are made with did and negative forms are
made with did not.
 Statement: You called Debbie.
 Question: Did you call Debbie?
 Negative: You did not call Debbie.
Simple Past Uses
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the simple past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the
specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
 I saw a movie yesterday.
 I didn't see a play yesterday.
 Last year, I traveled to Japan.
 Did you have dinner last night?

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

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We use the simple past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These
actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
 He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met
the others at 10:00.

USE 3 Duration in the Past

The simple past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A
duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as for two years, for
five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
 I lived in Brazil for two years.
 Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
 They sat at the beach all day.
USE 4 Habits in the Past

The simple past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It
can have the same meaning as used to. To make it clear that we are talking about a
habit, we often add expressions such as always, often, usually, never, when I was a
child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
 I studied French when I was a child.
 Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
 She worked at the movie theater after school.
 They never went to school, they always skipped class.
2. Use the words in brackets to complete each of the following. All the
sentences are in the past simple.
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1. (you/see) _Did you see Martin
yesterday? 2. I (last/see) last saw
him two days ago. 3. He (not/be) did
not be at the meeting on Monday
because he was away on business.
4. Where (she/go) did she go for
her holidays?
5. How long (it/take/you) did it take
you to drive from Amsterdam to
Paris?
6. (you/enjoy) Did you enjoy your
holiday in Italy?
7. I (see) saw a great film on TV
last night.
8. I (not/eat) was not eat the food
because I wasn't hungry.
9. Why (you/not/get) did you get
up earlier? You're going to be late.
10. Why (you/not/be) you were not at work yesterday? Were you ill?
3. Read about Special questions.
Special questions are questions that we ask in order to get
additional information. We ask a special question when a
general question is not enough. Because we ask general
questions to get a yes or no answer:
Question: Jack do you have any friends?
We ask this question just to find out yes/no if John has friends:
Answer: Yes, I do.
But what if we want to find out more. If we need to know how many friends John
has?
The words “how many” are additional question words. These words turn a general
question into a special one. A special question, as you can guess, uses a certain
word at the beginning of the sentence to ask a specific question. The questions
words who, what, where, when, why, how, how many, etc., are used to begin the
question (See the table 15.1.):
 Where is he from?
 When did you come here?
 How did you meet her?

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Table 15.1.

4. Choose
the correct question words.
1.How many/How much active volcanoes are there in the world?
2.Which/How many country has got the largest number of active volcanos?
3.How far/How tall are some of the giant redwood trees in California?
4.What/how fast can killer whales swim?
5.How much/How long can camels survive without water in temperatures of 50
Celsius?
6.How much/How old is the city of Damascus?

5. Choose the correct question words


1. Where do you live? - I live in Fergana.
2. Who ‘s that girl? - She's my sister.
3. How do you go to school? - By bus.
4. When do banks open? - At 8 O'clock.
5. Why are you wearing that coat? - Because it's hot!
6. Who is your math teacher? Mr. Rustam.
7. Which is his cat? The blue one.
8. Which is my backpack? In the living room.
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9. What is Jane doing? She is watching TV.
10. Who is an engineer? Nozima.
11. Which color is the new bus? Red.
12. Which is that? That is an old coin.
13. Where are my shoes? In front of the door.
14. Who is the the captain of the team? Julia.
15. Where is the captain? She is at the gym.

6. Do the tests.
1. Which sentence is correct in the past simple tense?
A) She eats breakfast at 8 AM.
B) She ate breakfast at 8 AM.
C) She eating breakfast at 8 AM.
D) She eat breakfast at 8 AM.
2. What is the past simple form of the verb “go”?
A) Goed C) Went
B) Gone D) Going

3. Complete the sentence: “He ___ to the store yesterday.”


A) go C) goes
B) gone D) went
4. Which sentence is correctly written in the past simple tense?
A) They doesn’t visit the museum last weekend.
B) They don’t visit the museum last weekend.
C) They didn’t visited the museum last weekend.
D) They didn’t visit the museum last weekend.

5. What is the past simple form of the verb “write”?


A) Wrote
B) Written
C) Writes
D) Writing

6. Complete the sentence: “I ___ a new book last month.”


A) buy
B) bought
C) buying
D) buys

7. Which of these sentences uses the past simple tense correctly?


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A) She run to the park last Friday.
B) She running to the park last Friday.
C) She ran to the park last Friday.
D) She runs to the park last Friday.

8. What is the past simple form of the verb “see”?


A) Saw
B) Seen
C) Sees
D) Seeing

9. Complete the sentence: “We ___ a movie last night.”


A) watch
B) watched
C) watching
D) watches

10. Which sentence is in the past simple tense?


A) He plays soccer every weekend.
B) He played soccer last weekend.
C) He playing soccer last weekend.
D) He play soccer last weekend.
XVI. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Learn Past Continuous tense. (See the table 16.1.)
Was/were -ing(doing, playing, working etc.) is the past continuous tense:
Positive Negative Question
I I
He/she/it+was+ver He/she/it+was Was+I / he/she/it
b+ing not(wasn’t)+verb+ing +verb+ing?

We We
You they You+were Were+we/you/they+v
+were+verb+ not(weren’t)+verb+ing erb+ing?
ing they
Table 16.1.
- We use past continuous to say that someone was in the middle of doing
something at a certain time. The action had already started but had not finished.

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eg: This time last year I was living in Tashkent.
- The past continuous does not tell us whether an action was finished or not.
Perhaps it was finished, perhaps not.
eg: Nozima was cooking the dinner. ( he was cooking, but we do not know whether
he finished cooking it)
2. Fill in the blanks with correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Mr.Thompson was driving (drive) to work in his new car.
2. The chef was cooking (cook) the soup of the day in his kitchen.
3. Peter, Jeremy and Rachel were waiting (wait) for the school bus.
4. Brain was playing (play) his new car racing game on his computer.
5. The children were playing (play) hide and seek in the playground.
3. Fill in the gaps changing the verbs into the Past continuous tense.
1. I/to go home/at 4 o’clock yesterday. _
I was going to home at 4 o'clock yesterday.
2. We/to play basketball/at 6 o’clock last Sunday.
We were playing football at 6 o'clock last Sunday.
3. She/to talk with her friend/for forty minutes yesterday.
She was talking with her friend for forty minutes yesterday.
4. You/to wash the window/in the afternoon yesterday.
You were washing the window in the afternoon yesterday.
5. Nathan/to ride his bike/all the evening.
Nathan was riding his bike all the evening.
6. Sharon and Gray/to wait for a bus/for half an hour.
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Sharon and Gray were waiting for a bus for half an hour.
7. They/to prepare for the party/all day yesterday.
They were preparing for the party all day yesterday.
8. I/to learn the poem/for an hour.
I was learning the poem for an hour.
9. Sara/to paint the walls in his room/from 2 to 6 o’clock last Wednesday.
Sara was painting the walls in his room from 2 to 6 o'clock last Wednesday.
10. Malik and Toby/to skate/all day last Saturday.
Malik and Toby were skating all day last Saturday.

XVII. WRITING A FORMAL LETTER


1. Read about writing a formal letter and analyze the samples.
Structure of a Formal Letter
In order to be able to write a formal letter, you have to first understand the reason
behind the letter. As far as formal letters are concerned, the structure of the letter
changes depending on the type of letter. There are certain rules to be followed to
be able to draft a formal letter. Every sentence should be well thought out and laid
down in such a way that the message you want to convey should be precise and
clear to the reader.

Types of Formal Letters

There are different types of formal letters, as discussed, and they can generally be
labelled under the following terms:

• Business Letters

• Letters of Application

• Letters to Newspapers

Business Letters

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Business letters should be terse, clear and to the point. There is no room for any
kind of stories in a business letter. Before you start to write a business letter, there
are a few things you should keep in mind.
 Use simple, everyday language to convey the message clearly instead of
using flamboyant and overemphatic vocabulary.
 Never use jargon that is commonly used in business when you write a
business letter.
 Avoid using abbreviations as much as possible.
 The modes of address vary according to the type of letter and the receiver.
 Clear and exact descriptions of the articles necessary with the expected
quality and quantity should be listed with utmost care when you write a
letter to order goods.
 When replying to a business letter, always quote the date of the letter you are
responding to and its reference numbers (if any).
Formal/Business letters include letters from an employer to the employees and
vice versa, letters to order and replace goods, letters of serious concern to an
officer of higher rank, letters of complaint, etc.
Letters of Application
Letters of Application usually consist of letters applying for employment. Before
and after you write a letter of application, make sure you check for the following:

 Always start with a short introduction stating whether the applicant is


writing in response to a reference from an advertisement found online or in
the newspaper.
 State the age, education and experience of the applicant.
 Provide the employer with a genuine expression of the applicant’s
earnestness in taking up the job in the respective company.
 Also, furnish references so that the employer can gather an idea of the kind
of employee you would be.
Letters of Application should follow the format of formal/business letters.

Letters to Newspapers

Always address these letters to ‘The Editor’ and end with ‘Yours faithfully’.
Letters to the Editor are letters that express concerns that should be addressed to
the higher authorities. These letters should be professional and authentic. No
newspaper would publish anonymous letters, so make sure you are writing the
letter for a cause and provide your name and address correctly.

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When writing a formal letter, always be respectful and conscious of your
language, no matter what the subject of the letter might be. To write a formal letter,
there are some points to be remembered.

1. Always start with the sender’s address


2. This is followed by the date.
3. The receiver’s address comes next. The receiver can be the name of the
firm or the one who represents the firm.
4. The subject of the letter is very important. It is a statement of the purpose
of the letter. It should be written in a single line.

5. The salutation can be Dear Sir/Ma’am. If it is a person you know well, you
can address them by their name, ‘Dear Shrinath’.

6. The body of the letter can be written in 3 paragraphs.


 The first paragraph should be aimed at introducing yourself and
stating the purpose of your letter.
 The second paragraph should furnish all the information about the
matter.
 The third paragraph can be a concluding paragraph where you lay out
your expectations regarding the matter.
7. To close the letter, you can use a complimentary closing like ‘Yours
faithfully’, ‘Yours sincerely’ etc.
8. Unlike informal letters, the signature should include your name (in block
letters) and designation below your signature.

Formal Letter Sample 1. Letter to the publisher ordering books for your store.

Lola

24, Y.Rajabiy
Tashkent 600045

20th August, 2019

The Manager

Zack Publishing House


Tashkent 400012
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Subject: Requirement of new books for the store

Dear Sir,
Sample 17.1.

Formal Letter Sample 2. Letter to the Editor about a road that needs repair
Lucy
25, SS Street
Mustaqillik
Navoiy 641023
8th September, 2019
Subject: Repair of the road in Fergana
Sir,
I would like to bring to your notice that the people in and around Cheran Nagar
have been facing difficulties in travelling back and forth because of the bad
condition of the roads there. We have appealed to the Municipality, but there
has not been any response on the issue so far.
As our appeals to their office have had no effect, we believe that perhaps a
mention in the media would be of great help. Since the beginning of the last
month, the roads in Fergana have been almost impassable. The surface is badly
broken up by the heavy rains, and on a dark night, it is positively dangerous for
vehicles to pass that way. Moreover, there are heaps of road metal on both
sides of the road, which leave very little room in the middle. The residents of
the area have been inconvenienced in this way for weeks.
The situation is becoming worse. There have been multiple accidents
happening due to this condition. I request you to highlight the seriousness of
the matter in your newspaper so that the road may be properly repaired without
further delay.
Thanking You
Yours sincerely,
Signature
Lucy
Resident

Sample 17.2.
2. Now create your own version here.

Dear Recipient's Name,


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I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to briefly state the purpose of the
letter, e.g., make a business proposal, file a complaint, request assistance, etc..

In my opinion, clearly express your thoughts on the subject. Support your


statements with necessary details, numbers, or examples.

I kindly request state your needs or proposals. This will undoubtedly contribute to
our successful collaboration on this matter.

I look forward to your prompt response. Thank you for your attention to this issue.

Sincerely,

Normatov O`ktamjon.

Email: [email protected]

Address: Dangara district, Fergana region

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