Exam 2 Study Guide

This is not an exhaustive list of all concepts and terms for the first exam. Any information from
lectures or the book is fair game for the exam. Be sure to study your notes from class as well as
the readings. Please contact me with any questions at [email protected]

HISTORY
What were the roles of the primary criminal justice officials in early England?
One policeman was to look after 10 men and bring them to court when they broke the law.

Which countries and people are credited with informing much of the functions, roles, and
organization of police agencies within the US?

England's ‘frankpledge’ system-An an early form of English government that divided

communities into groups of 10 men who were responsible for the group’s conduct and ensured
that a member charged with breaking the law appeared in court.

The ‘bow street runners’ from 1748 who would patrol an area rather than stay in one place

Be able to identify key points in the history of policing.

13th century england-’watch and ward’ where people woud stand guard of a town’s gates at
night.
17th century japan- samurai were chief of police and judge.
17th century england-bow street runners
19th century england-Frankpledge system.
1829 england-Sir Robert Peel helped pass the Metropolitan police act to create a permanent,
public police force.

What are the differences between each of the policing eras discussed in class and in the text?

Most of them up to the metropolitan police act were based around the military in some way, or
set up by outsiders of the government, instead of specific law enforcement.

What were the major findings from policing strategy studies? How did they shape current
policing strategies?

The wickersham commission report, written by August Vollmer in 1931, said that police
should be politically impartial, standards should be raised, qualified people should lead,
should be better managed, and there should be more specialized units. These principles,
alonside adopting new technology, weremeant to help the police be better.
PURPOSE/ORGANIZATION
What are the four basic tasks of policing?

●​ enforcing the law

●​ preventing crime
●​ investigating crimes
●​ providing emergency response

What are each of the distinctive styles of policing? What times of activities are done within each
of these styles? What are the goals of the different types of policing? How are these goals carried
out?

●​ Watchman style-prioritizes maintaining order over strictly enforcing the law (using
discretion) like what you think of with policing. May attempt to settle the dispute
informally.
●​ Legalistic style- emphasizes enforcement of the letter of the law. Who is culpable,
make an arrest, and allow the courts to resolve the incident
●​ Service style- mode of policing concerned with serving the community and treating
law violations seriously, but offers warnings and diversion programs (community
service, etc.)

What are the different types of law enforcement agencies? Who makes up each of these
agencies? What are the roles/functions of each agency? What are each of these agencies'
jurisdictions?

●​ Federal -
○​ FBI - major violent, terrorism, financial crime (interstate)
○​ ATF - alcohol, tobacco, firearms -
○​ FDA - Food and Drug Admin - controlled substance laws and lasers
○​ US Marshall’s - Federal police agencies - protects federal judges and courts
and judicial system; fugitive investigations, transport of prisoners, court
documents,
○​ Secret Service - protects president, visiting officials, US officials,
counterfeiting and financial fraud
○​ Homeland Security - preventing terrorism and enhancing national security,
managing US borders, enforcing immigration laws, safeguarding US interests
on internet, assisting US on terrorist attacks and natural disasters within
states.
■​ US Customs and Border Protection - manages, protects and controls
borders of US at and between official ports of entry
●​ State - State highway patrol, troopers, rangers, etc.; state investigative bureau -
making arrests and investigating people in rural areas; outside of cities and towns
 ●​ Local - police, sheriff, municipal, (tribal) - maintaining public safety and law and order
within their jurisdiction

Be familiar with the police agency chain of command (Figure 7.7 in your book) and what job
roles fall under each rank.

Chief of Police - The highest-ranking officer in a police department, responsible for the
department's overall management, policies, budgeting, and compliance with laws and
regulations
Assistant Chief
Deputy Chief
Commander
Captain - Responsible for a specific division within the police department, and
represents the department internally
Lieutenant - Usually has administrative roles, such as attending meetings and serving on
committees
Sergeant - Supervises a unit of officers, and may investigate internal complaints
Detective
Uniformed officer

Discretion
●​ What is police discretion?
Police discretion allows officers to use their judgment to make decisions in specific situations,
which can have both positive and negative consequences:
Examples of discretion decision making including determining when to stop an individual for
questioning, deciding whether to issue a citation for a minor offense or giving a warning,
choosing whether to initiate an arrest in borderline situations, and how to generally respond to
different calls.

●​ What are the pros/cons of police discretion?

​ Pros
●​ Flexibility: Police discretion allows officers to adapt to the situation they encounter.
●​ Efficiency: Police can prioritize more serious crimes and use their time and resources
more efficiently.
●​ Quick action: allows for fast interpretation and action.
​ Cons
 ●​ Abuse: Police discretion can be abused and violate someone's rights.
●​ Inconsistent: Police discretion can lead to leniency for some people and not others.
●​ Community distrust: Police discretion can lead to community distrust.
●​ Race-influenced: Some people feel that police discretion is influenced by race.

●​ What types of variables influence police decision-making processes?

Officer’s background may make them more likely do take other cases over others
Community interest and public concern
personal beliefs, training, and experiences.
Characteristics of suspects, like gender, attitude, and demeanor

●​ Why is discretion needed?

Because there is a limited amount of police officers and not everything needs police
involvment.
Laws can’t cover every situation.

●​ In what aspects of police roles can discretion lead to corruption?

Ignoring cases for bribery, culture of the department, and biases can affect how law
enforcement deal with crime.
politics

What are the different types of patrol? Why and when might a department deploy each type? Be
able to provide an example of each.
Single officer patrol cars - disperses more patrol cars over a wider area
Two officer patrol cars - safety concerns when there is more serious crime; they can protect
each other
Foot - more intimate relationships with citizens and enhance community relations
Bicycle…like foot patrol but can cover more area
Mounted -

What are the different elements of law enforcement application processes? Be sure to review
your notes from Officer Reyes’ talk.
Application
Physical fitness
​ Agility
​ Fitness
​ Firearms
Background checks
What are the benefits of having a racially/ethnically diverse police department?
●​ Then they can connect with the community who reflects a similar diversity
●​ Allows situations to be looked at from people of different backgrounds

How do female officers differ from male officers? What are the benefits of having more female
police officers within a police department?

Underrepresented in the force

Less likely to use physical force/reduction in use of excessive force
Perceived as more compassionate
Better outcomes for victims of sexual assault

LEGAL ASPECTS
What is the Bill of Rights, and why was it created?

Amendments to the Constitution that protect individual freedoms, and created to protect citizens
from excessive government power

Supreme Court Cases mentioned

Be familiar with Supreme Court cases mentioned in lectures and the book.
What are the backgrounds of these cases? Why are they important? What amendments do they
relate to? How do they inform policing practices used today?

Illinois v. gates (1983)- Set forth that “probable cause” for a search does not demand proof
beyond a reasonable doubt

Chimel v. California (1969) - arrest warrant only allows for searching the suspect and immediate
surroundings, further investigation requires a search warrant.

Terry v Ohio (1968)- Police have the right to search suspects to ensure their own safety and the
safety of others.

Florida v. Bostick (1991)-if you allow your bags to be searched by law enforcement, you will be
arrested for anything illegal in there.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)-police are required to tell you your rights to an attorney or permit you
to speak with one.

Mapp v Ohio (1961) - if an item or piece of evidence was obtained without a warrant, it is
inadmissible in court.
Tennessee v garner (1974)-deadly force cannot be used on a fleeing felon.

Types of job stress police officers

What are the four What causes officer What are the effects What are some ways
types of job stress stress and fatigue? of officer stress and we could combat
police officers face? fatigue? police officer stress?

external Threats and dangers It puts officers on Individual coping

of police work edge, causing mechanisms
anxiety, chronic
stress

organizational Navigating detailed Frustration, Individual coping

rules, adjusting to burnout, a sense of mechanisims
irregular schedules, being undervalued
working in a or overburdened.
hierarchy that limits
autonomy

operational day-to-day exposure Emotional therapy

to the worst of exhaustion,
humanity. cynicism, distrust,

personal Interpersonal A feeling of Individual coping

relationship issues, loneliness or lack of mechanisms
emotional support,
detachment,
difficulty connecting
with peers, and
meeting conflicting
ideals.

What is a subculture? How does this relate to police officers?

A subculture is a set of symbols, beliefs, values, and attitudes shared by members of a distinct
group within the larger society. Police subculture places emphasis on loyalty, discipline, and the
concept of brotherhood.

What do “working personality” and cognitive schemas mean? How are these developed? Why
are they needed?

Working personality is a set of emotional and behavioral characteristics shaped by the

unique challenges of policing.
Amendments
Be familiar with the fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, and fourteenth amendments.

Amendments

4 Search and Seizure: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated,
and no Warrants shall be issued, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or
things to be seized.

Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self Incrimination, Due Process, Takings - No person
shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or
naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public
danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

6 Right to speedy trial by Jury, Witnesses, and Counsel - In all criminal prosecutions,
the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of
the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance
of Counsel for his defense.

8 Excessive fines, cruel and unusual punishment - Excessive bail shall not be
required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

14 Citizenship Rights, Equal Protection, Apportionment, Civil War Debt -

Section 1

All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No
State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or
immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person
within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2

Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their

respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding
Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of
electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in
Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the
Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being
twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged,
except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation
therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens
shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such
State.

Section 3

No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President

and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or
under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or
as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an
executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United
States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid
or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each
House, remove such disability.

Section 4

The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including
debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing
insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor
any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection
or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of
any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5
 Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions
of this article.

What is the difference between probable cause and reasonable suspicion? When is each needed?

Probable cause is a belief based on reasonable amounts of evidence; reasonable suspicion

is stopping someone due to specific and articulate facts that link them to a crime.

What is the use of force continuum? What are examples of the use of force within each level of
use of force? How often is the force used? When is it acceptable for an officer to employ each
level of force?

CORRUPTION
What is police corruption? What different analogies are used to describe police corruption? Who
is known as a paramount figure when discussing police corruption?

Police corruption is law enforcement working for either their own or someone else’s
interests rather than the community.

What are each of the types of behaviors within the continuum of corruption?

Bribery, drug use, drug dealing, taking seized property, conducting illegal searches,
protecting informants, and using violence.

What could be done to combat corruption?

Having transparency with the public and punishing corrupt officers.

What do civil accountability, civil liability, and qualified immunity mean?

Civil accountability organizations should be responsible for paying lawsuits

Civil liability- if you get sued and are found guilty, you are responsible to pay the money

Qualified immunity protects police and government officals from liability if they have not
broken the constitution

What is an Internal Affairs Unit?

What is a Civilian Review Board?
What job are members of these groups tasked with?

Internal affairs unit-a unit for investigating misconduct in the police force.

Civilian review board-a board that takes reports of misconduct and punishes the officers
responsible for accountability and transparency.

What are the differences between use of force,

excessive use of force,
police brutality, and
unnecessary force?

Use of force-the amount of physical effort required by police to compel compliance from an
unwilling subject

Excessive use of force-using more force than necessary to detain a suspect or contol a
situation

Police brutality-police committing violent acts against suspects, maybe even killing them.

unnecessary force-using force on a complying suspect.

What is the exclusionary rule? Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine? Good faith exception? Plain
view doctrine? Emergency searches? Carroll doctrine?

Exclusionary rule- evidence seized illegally cannot be used as evidence in court

Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine-evidence that were found due to evidence seized illegaly
cannot be used in court
Good faith exception-exclusionary rule and 4h amendment violations if officers belive they were
acting under the law but was made illegal due to error

Be familiar with key historical individuals (discussed in book) who shaped policing today.

Be familiar with different federal and state-level agencies (discussed in book), as well as
international agencies.

What are the potential benefits and downfalls of stop and frisk policies? What groups are
disproportionately impacted by these policies? Should they be used? Why or why not? What
changes may better these policies?

Review and be prepared to discuss key findings from the “Policing the Police” video.