Here are the solutions for the given questions:

A) Write a Java Program to Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd (Application)

Here's a simple Java program to check whether a given number is even or odd:

import java.util.Scanner;

public class EvenOddCheck {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a Scanner object to read input

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Prompt the user to enter a number

System.out.print("Enter a number: ");

int number = scanner.nextInt();

// Check whether the number is even or odd

if (number % 2 == 0) {

System.out.println(number + " is an Even number.");

} else {

System.out.println(number + " is an Odd number.");

// Close the scanner

scanner.close();

Explanation:

1. The program uses a Scanner object to get the input from the user.

2. It checks if the number is divisible by 2 (using modulus operator %). If the remainder is 0, the
number is even; otherwise, it is odd.

3. The result is printed accordingly.

B) What are the advantages of the object-oriented programming language?

Advantages of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

1. Modularity: OOP allows you to break down a large problem into smaller, more manageable
parts. These parts are called "objects," and each object represents a distinct entity. This
modular structure makes development and maintenance easier.

2. Reusability: Once an object or a class is created, it can be reused across different programs.
This reduces redundancy and makes code more efficient.

3. Scalability: Object-oriented programs are easier to scale. You can add new features and
functionalities to the program without affecting the existing structure, thanks to the
encapsulation and modular design.

4. Maintainability: Due to the separation of concerns (each object manages its own state and
behavior), OOP programs are easier to maintain. Bugs are isolated to specific objects, and
changes made to one class do not necessarily affect other parts of the program.

5. Data Encapsulation: OOP provides data encapsulation, which hides the internal state of
objects and protects them from unauthorized access. This improves security by restricting
direct access to the data and only allowing interaction through well-defined interfaces.

6. Inheritance: OOP allows the creation of new classes that are based on existing ones. This
reduces code duplication and promotes a hierarchical relationship between classes, making
code more organized and easier to maintain.

7. Abstraction: OOP supports abstraction, allowing developers to focus on essential details

while hiding unnecessary information. This helps in creating simpler models of complex real-
world systems.

8. Flexibility through Polymorphism: Polymorphism allows methods to have different

behaviors based on the object calling them. This leads to more flexible code that can handle
different types of objects in a uniform way.

C) List the primitive data types available in Java and explain.

Java has 8 primitive data types:

1. byte:

o Size: 1 byte

o Range: -128 to 127

o Used to save memory in large arrays, primarily for working with raw binary data.

2. short:

o Size: 2 bytes

o Range: -32,768 to 32,767

 o Used when memory savings are needed, especially when working with large arrays.

3. int:

o Size: 4 bytes

o Range: -2^31 to 2^31 - 1

o Default type for integer values.

4. long:

o Size: 8 bytes

o Range: -2^63 to 2^63 - 1

o Used for larger integer values that cannot be stored in an int.

5. float:

o Size: 4 bytes

o Range: ±3.40282347E+38F (6-7 significant decimal digits)

o Used for decimal values, especially when saving memory in large arrays.

6. double:

o Size: 8 bytes

o Range: ±1.79769313486231570E+308 (15 significant decimal digits)

o Default type for floating-point values.

7. char:

o Size: 2 bytes

o Range: 0 to 65,535 (representing Unicode characters)

o Used to store single characters or Unicode characters.

8. boolean:

o Size: 1 bit (usually represented as a byte)

o Values: true or false

o Used for conditional checks, flags, and logical operations.

These primitive types are not objects and are directly supported by the Java language for
performance reasons. They are fundamental data types that define the basic structure and
operations in a Java program.

Let's break down the answers to the three questions:

A) Define Class, Method, and Object? Show the syntax to define these in Java.

1. Class:

A class in Java is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines properties (fields) and
behaviors (methods) that the objects created from the class will have.

Syntax to define a class in Java:

class ClassName {

// fields (variables)

int variable1;

String variable2;

// methods

void method1() {

// method body

int method2() {

// method body

return 0;

2. Method:

A method is a block of code in a class that defines a behavior or functionality. Methods are executed
when called. They can take parameters and return values, or just perform an operation without
returning any value.

Syntax to define a method in Java:

returnType methodName(parameters) {

// method body

Example:

void displayMessage() {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");

}
3. Object:

An object is an instance of a class. It represents an entity with defined state (fields) and behavior
(methods). Objects are created based on the class definition and can access the methods and fields
of the class.

Syntax to create an object in Java:

ClassName objectName = new ClassName();

Example:

MyClass obj = new MyClass();

Example of Class, Method, and Object in Java:

class Car {

String color; // field

int year; // field

// method

void startEngine() {

System.out.println("Engine started");

// method with return type

String getColor() {

return color;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an object of the class

Car myCar = new Car();

myCar.color = "Red";

myCar.year = 2024;

// Calling methods
 myCar.startEngine();

System.out.println("Car color: " + myCar.getColor());

B) Explain Parameterized Constructor with a Java Program.

A parameterized constructor in Java is a constructor that accepts one or more arguments, allowing
you to initialize the fields of an object with specific values when it is created.

Syntax of Parameterized Constructor:

class ClassName {

// fields

type fieldName;

// parameterized constructor

ClassName(parameter1, parameter2) {

// Initialize fields with the passed arguments

this.fieldName = parameter1;

Example of Parameterized Constructor:

class Car {

String color;

int year;

// Parameterized constructor

Car(String c, int y) {

color = c;

year = y;

void displayDetails() {
 System.out.println("Car color: " + color);

System.out.println("Car year: " + year);

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an object with the parameterized constructor

Car myCar = new Car("Blue", 2024);

// Displaying the car details

myCar.displayDetails();

Explanation:

1. Parameterized Constructor: The Car class has a parameterized constructor that takes a String
and an int as arguments. This constructor initializes the color and year fields with the
provided values.

2. Creating Object: When creating an object (myCar), we pass the parameters "Blue" and 2024
to the constructor.

C) What are get() and set() Methods in Java? State Advantages of get() and set() Methods.

1. get() Method:

The get() method in Java is used to retrieve (get) the value of a private field of a class. This method
provides read access to a field.

Syntax of a get() method:

public returnType getFieldName() {

return this.fieldName;

Example:

public String getColor() {

return this.color;
}

2. set() Method:

The set() method is used to set (modify) the value of a private field of a class. It allows controlled
write access to fields.

Syntax of a set() method:

public void setFieldName(type value) {

this.fieldName = value;

Example:

public void setColor(String color) {

this.color = color;

Example of get() and set() Methods:

class Car {

private String color; // private field

// Get method

public String getColor() {

return color;

// Set method

public void setColor(String color) {

this.color = color;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Car myCar = new Car();

// Setting the color of the car using set() method

 myCar.setColor("Red");

// Getting the color of the car using get() method

System.out.println("Car color: " + myCar.getColor());

Explanation of Advantages of get() and set() Methods:

1. Encapsulation: The get() and set() methods are a core part of encapsulation in object-
oriented programming. By making fields private and using these methods to access and
modify them, we ensure that the data is protected and can only be changed or accessed in a
controlled way.

2. Data Validation: In the set() method, you can include logic to validate the input before
assigning it to the field. For example, you can check if the input value is valid (e.g., no
negative values for age). This ensures the integrity of the data.

Example of data validation in the set() method:

public void setAge(int age) {

if (age > 0) {

this.age = age;

} else {

System.out.println("Age cannot be negative or zero.");

3. Flexibility: If you later decide to change the internal representation of a field, you can do so
without changing the external interface of the class. The users of the class will still use the
get() and set() methods to interact with the data.

4. Readability: get() and set() methods provide clear, understandable names that describe the
action being performed (getting or setting a value). This makes the code more readable and
maintainable.

5. Debugging: If you need to log, validate, or debug data changes, the get() and set() methods
allow you to insert logic for those operations without modifying the rest of your codebase.

Conclusion:

 get() and set() methods in Java are integral parts of encapsulation, allowing controlled
access to private fields of a class.
  They help in validating input, ensuring data integrity, and making your code more
maintainable and flexible.

A) Explain Different Parts of a Java Program with an Appropriate Example (Application)

A typical Java program consists of several parts that work together to define the structure, behavior,
and logic of the program. Here’s a breakdown of the different parts of a Java program:

1. Package Declaration:

 The package is used to group related classes and interfaces together.

 It helps in organizing the program and avoiding class name conflicts.

 This part is optional and typically appears at the beginning of the program.

Syntax:

package packageName;

Example:

package com.example;

2. Import Statements:

 The import statement allows the programmer to access classes and libraries from the Java
API or other packages.

 It helps in using external classes and libraries to avoid writing redundant code.

Syntax:

import packageName.ClassName;

Example:

import java.util.Scanner;

3. Class Declaration:

 A class is the core structure in Java. It is a template or blueprint that defines the properties
(fields) and behaviors (methods) of the objects created from it.

 The class must be declared before any method or other member of the program.

Syntax:

public class ClassName {

// fields and methods go here

Example:

public class Calculator {

// fields and methods go here

}

4. Main Method:

 The main method is the entry point for the Java application. When you run a Java program,
the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) looks for this method to start executing the code.

 It’s always written as public static void main(String[] args).

Syntax:

public static void main(String[] args) {

// program logic goes here

Example:

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello, Java!");

5. Fields (Variables):

 Fields are used to store the state of an object. They are declared within the class but outside
of any methods.

 Fields can be primitive types (like int, float, etc.) or objects.

Example:

int x = 10;

String name = "John";

6. Methods:

 Methods define the behavior of a class. They contain the logic that performs specific actions.
Methods can take parameters and return values.

 Methods are invoked by objects of the class.

Example:

public void add(int a, int b) {

System.out.println(a + b);

7. Comments:

 Comments are used to explain the code and improve readability.

 In Java, there are two types of comments: single-line comments (//) and multi-line
comments (/* */).
Example:

// This is a single-line comment

/* This is a

multi-line comment */

Full Example of a Simple Java Program:

package com.example; // Package declaration

import java.util.Scanner; // Importing Scanner class for user input

public class Calculator { // Class declaration

// Method to perform addition

public int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

// Main method - entry point of the program

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); // Scanner object to read user input

Calculator calc = new Calculator(); // Create an object of the Calculator class

System.out.print("Enter first number: ");

int num1 = sc.nextInt(); // Reading user input for the first number

System.out.print("Enter second number: ");

int num2 = sc.nextInt(); // Reading user input for the second number

// Calling the add method

int result = calc.add(num1, num2);

 // Display the result

System.out.println("The sum is: " + result);

Explanation:

1. Package Declaration: Defines the package where the class belongs (com.example).

2. Import Statement: Allows using the Scanner class for user input.

3. Class Declaration: Calculator class contains methods and logic.

4. Main Method: This method is the entry point for the program execution. It creates an object
of the Calculator class and invokes the add method to perform addition.

5. Fields and Methods: The program uses the add method to perform arithmetic, and Scanner
is used for input.

6. Comments: Explain the code to help developers understand the logic.

B) What Are the Advantages of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects."

These objects are instances of classes, and each object contains both data (fields) and methods
(behaviors). Here are some of the main advantages of OOP:

1. Modularity:

 OOP allows a program to be divided into smaller, self-contained objects. This modular
structure makes it easier to manage and develop complex systems. Each object can be
developed, tested, and debugged independently.

2. Reusability:

 One of the biggest advantages of OOP is code reusability. Classes and objects can be reused
across different programs, which reduces duplication of code. Once a class is created, it can
be used to create multiple objects, and the class itself can be reused in other programs or
projects.

3. Maintainability:

 OOP makes it easier to maintain code. Since the logic and data are encapsulated into objects,
developers can focus on modifying one part of the program (e.g., one class) without affecting
other parts. This separation makes debugging, testing, and updating much easier.

4. Encapsulation:

 Encapsulation is the concept of hiding the internal details of an object and only exposing
what is necessary to the outside world. This leads to data protection and allows for better
control over how data is accessed or modified.

5. Inheritance:
  Inheritance allows new classes to inherit properties and behaviors from existing classes,
which reduces redundancy. It promotes hierarchical relationships and enables the creation of
more specialized objects that share common features with more general objects.

6. Abstraction:

 OOP provides abstraction, meaning only the essential features of an object are visible, while
unnecessary details are hidden. This helps reduce complexity and allows developers to focus
on high-level functionalities rather than implementation details.

7. Polymorphism:

 Polymorphism allows methods to take on different forms based on the object they are
operating on. This leads to more flexible and extensible code. There are two types of
polymorphism: method overloading (same method name with different parameters) and
method overriding (inherited methods are redefined).

8. Flexibility and Extensibility:

 OOP allows for easy extensibility. New features or functionality can be added without
disturbing the existing structure. Additionally, OOP supports the creation of frameworks
where new components or classes can be added easily.

Example of OOP Advantages:

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

class Cat extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Cat meows");
 }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal animal1 = new Dog(); // Polymorphism

animal1.sound(); // Dog barks

Animal animal2 = new Cat(); // Polymorphism

animal2.sound(); // Cat meows

In this example:

 Inheritance is used to create Dog and Cat classes from the Animal class.

 Polymorphism allows the sound method to be called on different objects, leading to

different behaviors for Dog and Cat.

C) List the Primitive Data Types Available in Java and Explain.

Java has 8 primitive data types, each with specific characteristics. They represent basic values, and
their size and range are defined by the language specification.

1. byte:

 Size: 1 byte (8 bits)

 Range: -128 to 127

 Used to save memory in large arrays or when dealing with raw data like files or network
streams.

 Example:

 byte b = 100;

2. short:

 Size: 2 bytes (16 bits)

 Range: -32,768 to 32,767

 Used when memory savings are needed for large arrays.

 Example:
  short s = 32000;

3. int:

 Size: 4 bytes (32 bits)

 Range: -2^31 to 2^31 - 1 (-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647)

 Default integer type in Java; used for general-purpose integers.

 Example:

 int x = 100000;

4. long:

 Size: 8 bytes (64 bits)

 Range: -2^63 to 2^63 - 1

 Used for larger integers when int cannot hold the value.

 Example:

 long l = 100000L;

5. float:

 Size: 4 bytes (32 bits)

 Range: ±3.40282347E+38F (6-7 significant decimal digits)

 Used for single-precision floating-point numbers.

 Example:

 float f = 3.14f;

6. double:

 Size: 8 bytes (64 bits)

 Range: ±1.79769313486231570E+308 (15 significant decimal digits)

 Used for double-precision floating-point numbers (default type for decimals).

 Example:

 double d = 3.14159;

7. char:

 Size: 2 bytes (16 bits)

 Range: 0 to 65,535 (Unicode characters)

 Used to store single characters.

 Example:

 char c = 'A';
8. boolean:

 Size: 1 bit (but typically represented as a byte)

 Values: true or false

 Used for logical operations and conditions.

 Example:

 boolean isActive = true;

These primitive data types are fundamental to Java programming and provide the building blocks for
variables and operations within Java programs. Each has a fixed size and range, ensuring that they
are efficient in terms of memory usage.

Let's address each of the three questions one by one:

A) What Are the Benefits of break and continue Statements? Explain with Examples. (Analysis)

1. break Statement:

The break statement in Java is used to exit from a loop or a switch statement prematurely. It allows
the program to immediately jump out of the current loop or switch block when a certain condition is
met.

Benefits of break statement:

 Control flow: It helps control the flow of execution by breaking out of loops early.

 Efficient handling: It is useful when you no longer need to continue iterating through a loop
once a condition is satisfied.

Example of break in a loop:

public class BreakExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 5) {

System.out.println("Breaking the loop at i = " + i);

break; // Exit the loop when i equals 5

System.out.println(i);

System.out.println("Loop ended");

}
Output:

Breaking the loop at i = 5

Loop ended

Explanation:

 In the above example, the loop runs from 0 to 9. However, when i equals 5, the break
statement exits the loop prematurely, and the message "Breaking the loop at i = 5" is
printed.

2. continue Statement:

The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration of a loop and move on to the next
iteration. It doesn’t terminate the loop, it just skips the remaining code in that iteration and
continues with the next iteration.

Benefits of continue statement:

 Efficient skipping: It allows skipping certain iterations in loops based on conditions, which
can optimize performance by avoiding unnecessary operations.

 Conditional skipping: It helps when certain conditions must be ignored within the loop
without completely exiting.

Example of continue in a loop:

public class ContinueExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 5) {

System.out.println("Skipping i = " + i);

continue; // Skip the rest of the loop iteration when i equals 5

System.out.println(i);

System.out.println("Loop ended");

}
}

Output:

Skipping i = 5

Loop ended

Explanation:

 In this example, when i equals 5, the continue statement skips the rest of the iteration, and i
= 5 is not printed. The loop continues with i = 6.

Summary of Benefits:

 break: Exits the loop or switch early, providing a way to stop further iteration when a
condition is met.

 continue: Skips the current iteration of the loop and moves to the next iteration, providing
more control over the flow of the loop.

B) Discuss Default Constructor and Parameterized Constructor with the Help of an Example in Java.
(Application)

1. Default Constructor:

A default constructor is a constructor that does not accept any parameters. If no constructor is
explicitly defined in a class, Java provides a default constructor automatically. If a constructor is
defined but without parameters, it is considered a default constructor. It initializes the object with
default values.

Syntax of Default Constructor:

class ClassName {

// Default constructor

ClassName() {
 // Initialization of fields

Example of Default Constructor:

class Car {

String color;

int year;

// Default constructor

Car() {

color = "Red"; // Default value

year = 2024; // Default value

void displayDetails() {

System.out.println("Car color: " + color);

System.out.println("Car year: " + year);

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating object with default constructor

Car myCar = new Car();

myCar.displayDetails();

Output:

Car color: Red

Car year: 2024

Explanation:
  The Car class has a default constructor which initializes the color to "Red" and the year to
2024.

 The displayDetails method shows these default values when the object is created.

2. Parameterized Constructor:

A parameterized constructor is a constructor that accepts parameters to initialize an object with

specific values. It allows you to pass arguments during object creation to set the initial state of the
object.

Syntax of Parameterized Constructor:

class ClassName {

// Parameterized constructor

ClassName(parameter1, parameter2) {

// Initialization of fields with parameter values

Example of Parameterized Constructor:

class Car {

String color;

int year;

// Parameterized constructor

Car(String c, int y) {

color = c;

year = y;

void displayDetails() {

System.out.println("Car color: " + color);

System.out.println("Car year: " + year);

public class Main {

 public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating object with parameterized constructor

Car myCar = new Car("Blue", 2025);

myCar.displayDetails();

Output:

Car color: Blue

Car year: 2025

Explanation:

 The Car class has a parameterized constructor that takes the color and year as arguments.

 The displayDetails method shows the values passed during object creation.

Key Differences:

 A default constructor does not accept any parameters and assigns default values.

 A parameterized constructor takes arguments and initializes the object with specific values.

C) Difference Between Method Overloading and Method Overriding

1. Method Overloading:

Method overloading in Java allows multiple methods to have the same name but with different
parameters (different number of parameters, different types, or both). It occurs at compile-time and
is a way to create methods that perform similar tasks but work with different types of input.

Key Points:

 Same method name.

 Different parameters (either different number or type).

 Occurs at compile-time.

 Return type can be the same or different.

Example of Method Overloading:

class Calculator {

// Overloaded method to add two integers

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

}
 // Overloaded method to add three integers

int add(int a, int b, int c) {

return a + b + c;

// Overloaded method to add two doubles

double add(double a, double b) {

return a + b;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Calculator calc = new Calculator();

System.out.println(calc.add(2, 3)); // Calls add(int, int)

System.out.println(calc.add(2, 3, 4)); // Calls add(int, int, int)

System.out.println(calc.add(2.5, 3.5)); // Calls add(double, double)

Output:

6.0

Explanation:

 The add method is overloaded with different numbers and types of parameters.

2. Method Overriding:

Method overriding in Java occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method
that is already defined in its superclass. The method in the subclass should have the same name,
return type, and parameters as the method in the superclass. It occurs at runtime.

Key Points:

 Same method signature (name, return type, parameters).

  Defined in a subclass.

 Occurs at runtime (dynamic method dispatch).

 Provides specific behavior of the inherited method.

Example of Method Overriding:

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

// Overriding the sound method of Animal class

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal animal = new Dog();

animal.sound(); // Calls the overridden method in Dog class

Output:

Dog barks

Explanation:

 The sound method is overridden in the Dog class, and the method call on the Animal
reference actually calls the Dog class’s version of the method due to runtime polymorphism.

Key Differences:
Feature Method Overloading Method Overriding

Same method name and parameters,

Definition Same method name, different parameters
different class

Occurs At compile-time At runtime

Return Type Can be different Must be the same as superclass

Inheritance No inheritance required Requires inheritance

To provide multiple methods with the same To change the implementation of an

Purpose
name for different types of input inherited method in the subclass

Let's address each of the questions in detail:

A) Write a Program in Java to Display n Terms of Natural Numbers and Their Sum. (Apply)

In this program, we will take an integer n as input, then display the first n natural numbers and
calculate their sum.

Java Program:

import java.util.Scanner;

public class NaturalNumbers {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a scanner object to take input from the user

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Ask the user to input the number of terms (n)

System.out.print("Enter the value of n: ");

int n = scanner.nextInt();

// Initialize sum variable to store the sum of natural numbers

int sum = 0;

System.out.println("The first " + n + " natural numbers are:");

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

System.out.print(i + " "); // Display each natural number

 sum += i; // Add the current number to the sum

System.out.println("\nSum of the first " + n + " natural numbers is: " + sum);

Explanation:

1. The program uses a Scanner object to take input from the user.

2. The user inputs a number n, which represents how many natural numbers to display.

3. A for loop runs from 1 to n, printing each number and adding it to the sum.

4. After the loop finishes, the sum of the natural numbers is displayed.

Example Output:

Enter the value of n: 5

The first 5 natural numbers are:

12345

Sum of the first 5 natural numbers is: 15

B) What is a Static Variable and Static Function? State the Difference Between Static Method and
Instance Method. (Understand)

1. Static Variable:

A static variable is a class-level variable that is shared by all instances (objects) of the class. Unlike
instance variables, which are specific to each object, static variables are common to all objects of the
class and are initialized only once when the class is loaded into memory.

Characteristics:

 Shared by all instances of the class.

 Memory is allocated once for all objects.

 Can be accessed using the class name or by an object.

Example:

class Example {

static int count = 0; // Static variable

Example() {
 count++; // Increment static variable for each object created

void displayCount() {

System.out.println("Count: " + count);

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Example obj1 = new Example();

Example obj2 = new Example();

obj1.displayCount(); // Outputs: Count: 2

obj2.displayCount(); // Outputs: Count: 2

Explanation: The static variable count is shared by all instances of the Example class. Every time an
object is created, the value of count is incremented, and it reflects across all objects.

2. Static Function:

A static method is a method that belongs to the class rather than any specific object of the class. It
can be called without creating an instance of the class. Static methods can only access static variables
and other static methods directly.

Characteristics:

 Belongs to the class, not to any specific object.

 Can be called using the class name without creating an object.

 Can only directly access other static members (variables and methods).

Example:

class Calculator {

static int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

}
public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int result = Calculator.add(5, 10); // Calling static method without creating an object

System.out.println("Sum: " + result);

Explanation: The static method add is called directly using the class name Calculator without
creating an object.

Difference Between Static Method and Instance Method:

Feature Static Method Instance Method

Belongs to the class. Can be called without an Belongs to an object. Requires an object
Definition
object. to call it.

Can access only static variables and other Can access both static and instance
Access
static methods directly. variables/methods.

Called using the class name or an object

Invocation Called using an object reference.
(preferably class name).

Stored once for the class and shared among all Stored separately for each instance
Memory
objects. (object).

Used when functionality is related to the class Used when functionality is related to a
Usage
rather than an object. specific object.

C) Explain Method Overloading Using Java Program. (Apply)

Method Overloading in Java:

Method overloading is a feature in Java where multiple methods in a class can have the same name
but different parameters (different number of parameters or types). Overloading allows the
programmer to create methods that perform similar operations with different types of input.

Key Points:

 Same method name.

 Different number or types of parameters.

 Return type can be the same or different (but does not affect overloading).

Java Program to Demonstrate Method Overloading:

class Calculator {
 // Method to add two integers

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

// Overloaded method to add three integers

int add(int a, int b, int c) {

return a + b + c;

// Overloaded method to add two doubles

double add(double a, double b) {

return a + b;

// Overloaded method to add an integer and a double

double add(int a, double b) {

return a + b;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Calculator calc = new Calculator();

System.out.println("Sum of 2 and 3: " + calc.add(2, 3)); // Calls add(int, int)

System.out.println("Sum of 2, 3 and 4: " + calc.add(2, 3, 4)); // Calls add(int, int, int)

System.out.println("Sum of 2.5 and 3.5: " + calc.add(2.5, 3.5)); // Calls add(double, double)

System.out.println("Sum of 2 and 3.5: " + calc.add(2, 3.5)); // Calls add(int, double)

}
Output:

Sum of 2 and 3: 5

Sum of 2, 3 and 4: 9

Sum of 2.5 and 3.5: 6.0

Sum of 2 and 3.5: 5.5

Explanation:

 The add method is overloaded four times with different parameter types and counts:

1. Adds two integers.

2. Adds three integers.

3. Adds two doubles.

4. Adds one integer and one double.

 The method is invoked with different types of arguments, and Java uses the method
signature (method name + parameter types) to select the appropriate method.

Key Points:

 Method Overloading allows methods with the same name to perform similar tasks, but they
differ in the number or type of parameters.

 Java identifies which version of the overloaded method to call based on the method
signature.

This concludes the detailed explanation and examples for your questions on static variables, static
functions, and method overloading.

Let's break down and answer each of the questions in detail:

A) What Are the Benefits of break and continue Statements? Explain with Example. (Analysis)

1. break Statement:

The break statement in Java is used to terminate the current loop or switch statement prematurely.
This is useful when you no longer need to continue iterating or if a specific condition has been met,
and you want to exit the loop early.

Benefits of break:

 Control Flow: The break statement allows us to control the flow of the program and exit
loops or switch cases early based on a specific condition.

 Improved Performance: By exiting a loop as soon as the desired condition is met,

unnecessary iterations are avoided, which can improve program performance.

Example of break in a loop:

public class BreakExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

if (i == 6) {

System.out.println("Breaking the loop at i = " + i);

break; // Breaks the loop when i equals 6

System.out.println(i);

System.out.println("Loop ended.");

Output:

Breaking the loop at i = 6

Loop ended.

Explanation:

 In this example, the for loop runs from 1 to 10. When i reaches 6, the break statement is
executed, which exits the loop, and the message "Breaking the loop at i = 6" is printed. The
loop doesn't run further, even though the condition allows for iterations from 7 to 10.

2. continue Statement:

The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration of a loop and proceed to the next
iteration. It doesn't terminate the loop; it just skips the remaining code for the current iteration and
jumps to the next one.

Benefits of continue:

 Skip Unwanted Iterations: The continue statement helps skip specific iterations when certain
conditions are met, allowing for more flexible control over the loop behavior.
  Efficient Execution: It enables you to avoid executing unnecessary code inside a loop for
specific iterations.

Example of continue in a loop:

public class ContinueExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

if (i == 6) {

System.out.println("Skipping i = " + i);

continue; // Skips this iteration when i equals 6

System.out.println(i);

System.out.println("Loop ended.");

Output:

Skipping i = 6

10

Loop ended.

Explanation:

 In this example, when i equals 6, the continue statement skips the rest of the loop body, and
the number 6 is not printed. The loop continues from 7 onward.
B) Discuss Default Constructor and Parameterized Constructor with the Help of an Example in Java.
(Application)

1. Default Constructor:

A default constructor is a constructor that does not take any parameters. If no constructor is
explicitly defined in a class, Java provides a default constructor automatically. If a constructor is
defined without parameters, it is known as a default constructor. It initializes the object with default
values.

Example of Default Constructor:

class Car {

String color;

int year;

// Default constructor

Car() {

color = "Red"; // Assign default value

year = 2024; // Assign default value

void displayDetails() {

System.out.println("Car color: " + color);

System.out.println("Car year: " + year);

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating object with default constructor

Car myCar = new Car();

myCar.displayDetails();

Output:
Car color: Red

Car year: 2024

Explanation:

 The class Car has a default constructor that initializes the color to "Red" and the year to
2024.

 When the Car object myCar is created, the default constructor is called, and the object is
initialized with these default values.

2. Parameterized Constructor:

A parameterized constructor is a constructor that takes parameters to initialize an object with

specific values. It allows passing values at the time of object creation, making it more flexible.

Example of Parameterized Constructor:

class Car {

String color;

int year;

// Parameterized constructor

Car(String c, int y) {

color = c;

year = y;

void displayDetails() {

System.out.println("Car color: " + color);

System.out.println("Car year: " + year);

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating object with parameterized constructor

Car myCar = new Car("Blue", 2025);

myCar.displayDetails();
 }

Output:

Car color: Blue

Car year: 2025

Explanation:

 The class Car has a parameterized constructor that takes two arguments, color and year, to
initialize the Car object with specific values passed at the time of object creation.

 The Car object myCar is created with the values "Blue" and 2025.

Key Differences:

 Default Constructor: No arguments are passed, and the object is initialized with default
values.

 Parameterized Constructor: Takes parameters to initialize the object with specific values
provided during object creation.

C) How Do We Implement Polymorphism in Java? Explain Briefly

Polymorphism in Java:

Polymorphism in Java refers to the ability of an object to take on many forms. Specifically,
polymorphism allows a method or an object to behave differently based on the context. There are
two types of polymorphism in Java:

1. Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading).

2. Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding).

1. Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading):

Method overloading occurs when multiple methods have the same name but different parameters
(either in number, type, or both). The method to be executed is determined at compile-time based
on the method signature.

Example of Method Overloading (Compile-time Polymorphism):

class Calculator {

// Overloaded method for adding two integers

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

}
 // Overloaded method for adding three integers

int add(int a, int b, int c) {

return a + b + c;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Calculator calc = new Calculator();

System.out.println("Sum of two numbers: " + calc.add(5, 10)); // Calls add(int, int)

System.out.println("Sum of three numbers: " + calc.add(5, 10, 15)); // Calls add(int, int, int)

Output:

Sum of two numbers: 15

Sum of three numbers: 30

2. Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding):

Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides its specific implementation of a method that is
already defined in its superclass. The method to be executed is determined at runtime based on the
object type.

Example of Method Overriding (Runtime Polymorphism):

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

}
}

class Cat extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Cat meows");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal myAnimal = new Animal();

myAnimal.sound(); // Calls Animal's sound method

myAnimal = new Dog();

myAnimal.sound(); // Calls Dog's overridden sound method

myAnimal = new Cat();

myAnimal.sound(); // Calls Cat's overridden sound method

Output:

Animal makes a sound

Dog barks

Cat meows

Key Points:

 Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading): The method to be executed is

determined during compile time based on the method signature.

 Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding): The method to be executed is determined

during runtime based on the object type.

How Polymorphism is Achieved:

  Method Overloading: By defining multiple methods with the same name but different
parameters.

 Method Overriding: By providing a specific implementation of a method in the subclass that

is already defined in the superclass.

This concludes the detailed explanation for your queries on break and continue statements,
constructors, and polymorphism in Java.

Q. 3 Solve Any Two of the following

A) Write a Program to Sort the Given Input Array in Ascending and Descending Order. (Application)

To sort an array in both ascending and descending order, we can use Java's Arrays.sort() method,
which sorts the array in ascending order by default. For descending order, we can either reverse the
array after sorting or use a custom comparator.

Here is the program that demonstrates both ascending and descending sorting:

Java Program:

import java.util.Arrays;

import java.util.Collections;

public class SortArray {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Input array

Integer arr[] = {13, 41, 2, 21, 9, 25, 3};

// Ascending order

System.out.println("Original Array: " + Arrays.toString(arr));

// Sorting in ascending order

Arrays.sort(arr);

System.out.println("Sorted in Ascending Order: " + Arrays.toString(arr));

// Sorting in descending order using Collections.reverseOrder()

Arrays.sort(arr, Collections.reverseOrder());

System.out.println("Sorted in Descending Order: " + Arrays.toString(arr));

}
}

Explanation:

 The program sorts the given array in ascending order using Arrays.sort(arr).

 For descending order, Arrays.sort(arr, Collections.reverseOrder()) is used. This method sorts

the array in descending order.

Example Output:

Original Array: [13, 41, 2, 21, 9, 25, 3]

Sorted in Ascending Order: [2, 3, 9, 13, 21, 25, 41]

Sorted in Descending Order: [41, 25, 21, 13, 9, 3, 2]

B) Write a Program to Check Whether the Entered Number is a Palindrome or Not. (Application)

A palindrome number is a number that reads the same backward as forward. For example, 121 is a
palindrome, but 123 is not.

Java Program:

import java.util.Scanner;

public class PalindromeNumber {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a scanner object to take input

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Take user input

System.out.print("Enter a number: ");

int num = scanner.nextInt();

// Save the original number for comparison later

int originalNum = num;

int reversedNum = 0;

// Reverse the number

while (num != 0) {

int digit = num % 10; // Extract the last digit

 reversedNum = reversedNum * 10 + digit; // Build the reversed number

num /= 10; // Remove the last digit

// Check if the original number is equal to the reversed number

if (originalNum == reversedNum) {

System.out.println(originalNum + " is a palindrome number.");

} else {

System.out.println(originalNum + " is not a palindrome number.");

Explanation:

 The program takes an integer input from the user.

 It then reverses the number by extracting each digit and building the reversed number.

 Finally, it checks if the original number is equal to the reversed number, which determines if
the number is a palindrome.

Example Output:

Enter a number: 121

121 is a palindrome number.

Enter a number: 123

123 is not a palindrome number.

C) Write the Differences Between Interface and Abstract Class

In Java, both interfaces and abstract classes are used to achieve abstraction, but they have some key
differences.

Feature Interface Abstract Class

All methods in an interface are abstract Can have both abstract (without
Method
by default (from Java 8, you can have implementation) and concrete (with
Implementation
default and static methods). implementation) methods.

Multiple A class can implement multiple A class can inherit only one abstract
Inheritance interfaces. class.
Feature Interface Abstract Class

Constructors Interfaces cannot have constructors. Abstract classes can have constructors.

Fields can have any visibility (private,

All fields in an interface are implicitly
Fields protected, etc.) and can be static or
public, static, and final.
instance.

Implements an interface using the Inherits from an abstract class using the
Inheritance Type
implements keyword. extends keyword.

Methods and variables in an abstract

Methods and variables in an interface
Access Modifiers class can have any access modifier
are implicitly public.
(private, protected, public).

Used to represent a contract for classes Used to represent a common base class
Usage to follow (e.g., defining behavior without for related objects with shared
implementing it). functionality.

Cannot be instantiated, but a subclass

Instantiation Cannot be instantiated.
can be instantiated.

From Java 8, an interface can have Abstract classes can have fully
Default Methods
default methods with implementation. implemented methods.

Key Differences in Action:

 Interface Example:

 interface Animal {

 void sound(); // Abstract method

 }

 class Dog implements Animal {

 @Override

 public void sound() {

 System.out.println("Bark");

 }

 }

 Abstract Class Example:

 abstract class Animal {

 abstract void sound(); // Abstract method

 void breathe() {
  System.out.println("Breathing...");

 }

 }

 class Dog extends Animal {

 @Override

 void sound() {

 System.out.println("Bark");

 }

 }

Summary:

 Interface is used when you want to define a contract or blueprint that multiple classes can
implement.

 Abstract Class is used when you want to provide a common base for classes, with some
default behavior (methods) and the possibility of leaving some methods to be implemented
by subclasses.

This completes your solutions for the questions on sorting arrays, checking for palindromes, and
understanding the differences between an interface and an abstract class.

Let's go through each of your queries in detail:

A) What is an Array? How Do You Declare and Initialize an Array in Java? What Are the
Disadvantages of Array? (Analysis)

What is an Array?

An array is a collection of variables that are of the same type, stored in contiguous memory
locations. Arrays allow you to store multiple values in a single variable, making it easier to manage
large amounts of data.

Declaring an Array in Java:

In Java, arrays can be declared in two main ways:

1. Declaration without initialization:

2. int[] arr; // Declares an array of integers

Here, arr is a reference to an array of integers, but no array is created yet.

3. Declaration with initialization:

 4. int[] arr = new int[5]; // Declares and creates an array of 5 integers

Alternatively, you can also initialize an array with specific values:

int[] arr = {13, 41, 2, 21, 9}; // Initializes an array with specific values

Initializing an Array:

You can initialize an array in the following ways:

1. Using new keyword:

2. int[] arr = new int[5]; // Array of size 5

3. arr[0] = 13;

4. arr[1] = 41;

5. arr[2] = 2;

6. arr[3] = 21;

7. arr[4] = 9;

8. Using an array initializer:

9. int[] arr = {13, 41, 2, 21, 9}; // Direct initialization with values

Disadvantages of Arrays:

Arrays have some limitations:

1. Fixed Size: Once an array is created, its size is fixed and cannot be changed. This means you
cannot add or remove elements once the array is initialized.

2. Memory Inefficiency: If the array is not completely filled, it may lead to memory wastage.
Similarly, if you have a large array and only use a small portion of it, memory is wasted.

3. No Built-in Methods: Arrays in Java do not have built-in methods for dynamic resizing or
performing operations like adding/removing elements easily. You need to manually handle
such operations or use more advanced data structures (like ArrayList).

4. Limited Flexibility: Arrays can only hold elements of the same data type, limiting flexibility if
you want to store different types of objects.

B) How to Pass Arrays to a Method and Return from a Method in Java? (Understanding)

Passing Arrays to Methods:

In Java, arrays are passed to methods by reference, meaning that the method can modify the
contents of the original array.

Example of passing an array to a method:

public class ArrayExample {

 // Method to modify array elements

public static void modifyArray(int[] arr) {

// Modifying array

arr[0] = 100;

arr[1] = 200;

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 4};

System.out.println("Before modification:");

for (int i : arr) {

System.out.print(i + " ");

// Passing the array to the method

modifyArray(arr);

System.out.println("\nAfter modification:");

for (int i : arr) {

System.out.print(i + " ");

Output:

Before modification:

1234

After modification:

100 200 3 4

Explanation:

 The array arr is passed to the modifyArray method. Inside the method, the first two elements
of the array are changed. These changes are reflected in the original array because arrays are
passed by reference in Java.
Returning Arrays from a Method:

You can return an array from a method as well. Here's how:

public class ArrayExample {

// Method to return an array

public static int[] getArray() {

int[] arr = {10, 20, 30, 40};

return arr; // Returning the array

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] returnedArray = getArray(); // Receiving the array from the method

for (int i : returnedArray) {

System.out.print(i + " ");

Output:

10 20 30 40

Explanation:

 The getArray method creates and returns an array. In the main method, we call this function
and store the returned array in the returnedArray variable, which is then printed.

C) What is a Multidimensional Array? Write a Java Program for Addition of Two Dimensional
Arrays.

What is a Multidimensional Array?

A multidimensional array is an array of arrays. In Java, you can have arrays with more than one
dimension, such as 2D, 3D, etc. A 2D array can be considered as a matrix with rows and columns.

Declaring a Two-Dimensional Array in Java:

You can declare a 2D array in Java like this:

int[][] arr = new int[3][3]; // A 2D array with 3 rows and 3 columns

You can also initialize it with values:

int[][] arr = {

{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},

{7, 8, 9}

};

Program for Addition of Two Dimensional Arrays:

Here is a Java program that adds two 2D arrays and stores the result in a third array:

public class MatrixAddition {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Declare and initialize two 2D arrays (matrices)

int[][] matrix1 = {

{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},

{7, 8, 9}

};

int[][] matrix2 = {

{9, 8, 7},

{6, 5, 4},

{3, 2, 1}

};

// Declare a 2D array to store the result of addition

int[][] sumMatrix = new int[3][3];

// Loop through both matrices and add their elements

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {

sumMatrix[i][j] = matrix1[i][j] + matrix2[i][j];

}
 // Display the result of matrix addition

System.out.println("Sum of the matrices:");

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {

System.out.print(sumMatrix[i][j] + " ");

System.out.println();

Explanation:

 Two 2D arrays, matrix1 and matrix2, are initialized with values.

 A third 2D array, sumMatrix, is used to store the sum of corresponding elements from
matrix1 and matrix2.

 Nested for loops are used to iterate over the rows and columns of the matrices and add
corresponding elements.

 The result is printed row by row.

Output:

Sum of the matrices:

10 10 10

10 10 10

10 10 10

Summary:

 Arrays are a collection of elements of the same type, declared and initialized in Java with
either new or initializer syntax.

 Disadvantages of Arrays include fixed size, memory inefficiency, and limited flexibility.

 Arrays can be passed to methods and can also be returned from methods. Java uses pass-
by-reference for arrays, so modifications inside a method affect the original array.

 Multidimensional arrays are arrays of arrays, and they allow representation of data in
multiple dimensions (like a matrix).
  2D Array addition involves adding corresponding elements from two arrays, which is
demonstrated through the provided Java program.

This covers all the topics requested in your question!

A) Write a Program to Find the Smallest and Largest Number from a Given Input Array

To find the smallest and largest number from an input array, we can iterate through the array and
compare each element to track the minimum and maximum values.

Java Program:

public class MinMaxArray {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Input array

int[] arr = {13, 4, 2, 5, 9};

// Initialize variables to track the smallest and largest numbers

int min = arr[0]; // Assume the first element is the minimum

int max = arr[0]; // Assume the first element is the maximum

// Iterate through the array to find the smallest and largest elements

for (int i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] < min) {

min = arr[i]; // Update the minimum value

if (arr[i] > max) {

max = arr[i]; // Update the maximum value

// Output the results

System.out.println("Maximum is " + max + " and Minimum is " + min);

Explanation:

 The program initializes the first element of the array as both the minimum and maximum.
  Then, it loops through the array and updates the min and max values whenever it finds a
smaller or larger element.

 Finally, it prints the smallest and largest values found.

Example Output:

Maximum is 13 and Minimum is 2

B) Write a Program to Check Whether the Entered Number is a Palindrome or Not

A palindrome number is a number that remains the same when its digits are reversed.

Java Program:

import java.util.Scanner;

public class PalindromeNumber {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a scanner object to take input

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Take user input

System.out.print("Enter a number: ");

int num = scanner.nextInt();

// Save the original number for comparison later

int originalNum = num;

int reversedNum = 0;

// Reverse the number

while (num != 0) {

int digit = num % 10; // Extract the last digit

reversedNum = reversedNum * 10 + digit; // Build the reversed number

num /= 10; // Remove the last digit

}
 // Check if the original number is equal to the reversed number

if (originalNum == reversedNum) {

System.out.println(originalNum + " is a palindrome number.");

} else {

System.out.println(originalNum + " is not a palindrome number.");

Explanation:

 The program takes an integer input and stores the original number for comparison.

 It then reverses the number by repeatedly extracting the last digit and building the reversed
number.

 Finally, it compares the original and reversed numbers to check if they are the same.

Example Output:

Enter a number: 121

121 is a palindrome number.

Enter a number: 123

123 is not a palindrome number.

C) Differences Between Interface and Abstract Class

An interface and an abstract class are both used to achieve abstraction in Java, but they have several
key differences:

Feature Interface Abstract Class

All methods in an interface are Can have both abstract methods (without
Method
implicitly abstract (except default and implementation) and concrete methods
Implementation
static methods in Java 8+). (with implementation).

Multiple A class can implement multiple A class can inherit from only one abstract
Inheritance interfaces. class.

Constructors Interfaces cannot have constructors. Abstract classes can have constructors.

Fields can have any visibility (private,

All fields in an interface are implicitly
Fields protected, public) and can be static or
public, static, and final.
instance variables.

Inheritance Type A class implements an interface using A class extends an abstract class using the
Feature Interface Abstract Class

the implements keyword. extends keyword.

Methods and variables in an abstract class

Methods and variables in an
Access Modifiers can have any access modifier (private,
interface are implicitly public.
protected, public).

Interfaces define a contract or Abstract classes provide a common base

Usage behavior that can be implemented by class for related objects, allowing some
any class. methods to have default behavior.

From Java 8, an interface can have

Abstract classes can have fully
Default Methods default methods with
implemented methods.
implementation.

Interfaces cannot be instantiated Abstract classes cannot be instantiated,

Instantiation
directly. but a subclass can be instantiated.

Example of Interface:

interface Animal {

void sound(); // Abstract method

class Dog implements Animal {

public void sound() {

System.out.println("Bark");

Example of Abstract Class:

abstract class Animal {

abstract void sound(); // Abstract method

void breathe() { // Concrete method

System.out.println("Breathing...");

class Dog extends Animal {

 void sound() {

System.out.println("Bark");

Summary:

 Interface is a contract that a class must implement, specifying behaviors but not providing
implementation (except for default/static methods in Java 8 and later).

 Abstract Class is a class that may provide some default behavior but also requires certain
methods to be implemented by subclasses.

 Interfaces are more flexible for multiple inheritance, while abstract classes provide a richer
base for classes that share common functionality.

This covers all three parts of your question!

Q.4 Solve Any Two of the following.

A) Define Inheritance. What Are the Benefits of Inheritance? How to Prevent a Class from
Inheritance? (Understand)

Definition of Inheritance:

Inheritance is a mechanism in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows a class (known as a

subclass or child class) to acquire the properties and behaviors (methods) of another class (known as
a superclass or parent class). In Java, inheritance helps in code reusability and method overriding.

Example:

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

}
public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog dog = new Dog();

dog.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

In this example, Dog inherits the sound() method from Animal, but the Dog class overrides the
method to provide its own implementation.

Benefits of Inheritance:

1. Code Reusability: You can reuse the code of an existing class without rewriting it. The
subclass inherits methods and properties from the superclass.

2. Method Overriding: Inheritance allows the subclass to override methods from the parent
class, which enables polymorphism.

3. Extensibility: You can add new features to an existing class without modifying its structure.

4. Maintenance: If a method is needed across multiple classes, inheritance allows you to define
it once in the superclass, avoiding duplication in subclasses.

How to Prevent a Class from Inheritance?

To prevent a class from being inherited, we use the final keyword. When a class is marked as final, no
other class can extend it.

Example:

final class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

// This will cause a compile-time error:

class Dog extends Animal { // Error: Cannot inherit from final 'Animal'

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

 A final class cannot be subclassed.

  A method in a class can also be marked final to prevent overriding in subclasses.

B) Explain Different Types of Inheritance with Diagram (Understand)

Types of Inheritance in Java:

1. Single Inheritance: In single inheritance, a class inherits from one superclass.

Example:

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

Diagram:

Animal

Dog

2. Multilevel Inheritance: In multilevel inheritance, a class is derived from another class, which
is also derived from another class.

Example:

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

}
class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

class Puppy extends Dog {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Puppy whines");

Diagram:

Animal

Dog

Puppy

3. Hierarchical Inheritance: In hierarchical inheritance, multiple classes inherit from a single

superclass.

Example:

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");
 }

class Cat extends Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Cat meows");

Diagram:

Animal

/ \

v v

Dog Cat

4. Multiple Inheritance (Not Supported Directly in Java): Java does not support multiple
inheritance directly (i.e., a class cannot extend more than one class). However, this can be
achieved through interfaces.

Example:

interface Animal {

void sound();

interface Pet {

void play();

class Dog implements Animal, Pet {

public void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

public void play() {

System.out.println("Dog plays with a ball");

 }

Diagram:

Animal Pet

\ /

v v

Dog

5. Hybrid Inheritance: Hybrid inheritance is a combination of more than one type of

inheritance. For example, a class inherits from one class and implements multiple interfaces.

Example:

interface Animal {

void sound();

interface Pet {

void play();

class Dog implements Animal, Pet {

public void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

public void play() {

System.out.println("Dog plays with a ball");

Diagram:

Animal Pet

\ /

v v
 Dog

C) Define Polymorphism. Explain Run Time Polymorphism with the Help of Example.

Definition of Polymorphism:

Polymorphism is one of the four fundamental principles of object-oriented programming (OOP). It

means "many forms" and refers to the ability of a single entity (method or object) to take multiple
forms. There are two types of polymorphism in Java:

1. Compile-Time Polymorphism (Method Overloading): Occurs when two or more methods in

the same class have the same name but differ in parameters (number or type of
parameters).

2. Run-Time Polymorphism (Method Overriding): Occurs when a subclass provides a specific

implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass.

Explanation of Run-Time Polymorphism (Method Overriding):

At runtime, Java determines which method to call based on the object type. This is known as
dynamic method dispatch or method overriding.

Example:

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

class Cat extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Cat meows");
 }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal animal = new Dog(); // Animal reference, but Dog object

animal.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

animal = new Cat(); // Animal reference, but Cat object

animal.sound(); // Output: Cat meows

Explanation:

 Here, the sound() method is overridden in both the Dog and Cat classes.

 At runtime, the JVM determines which version of the sound() method to call based on the
actual object type (Dog or Cat), even though the reference type is Animal.

 This is an example of run-time polymorphism or method overriding in Java.

Output:

Dog barks

Cat meows

Key Points of Run-Time Polymorphism:

1. Dynamic Method Dispatch: The method to be invoked is determined at runtime, not at

compile time.

2. Overriding: In run-time polymorphism, the subclass overrides a method of the superclass.

3. Object Type: The actual object (not the reference) determines the method to be executed.

Summary:

 Inheritance allows one class to inherit properties and behaviors from another, enabling code
reusability. The final keyword can prevent a class from being inherited.

 Different types of inheritance include single inheritance, multilevel inheritance, hierarchical

inheritance, multiple inheritance (through interfaces), and hybrid inheritance.
  Polymorphism refers to the ability of an object or method to take many forms. Run-time
polymorphism (method overriding) enables Java to dynamically decide which method to call
based on the actual object type, allowing for flexible and reusable code.

A) Describe the uses of super keywords with respect to inheritance.

A) Uses of the super keyword with respect to inheritance

In Java, the super keyword is used in the context of inheritance to refer to the parent class. It
provides a way for the subclass to access the parent class's members (methods, variables, or
constructors). Here are the primary uses of the super keyword:

1. Access Parent Class Constructor:

o super() can be used to call the parent class constructor from the subclass.

o It is usually the first statement in the subclass constructor and ensures the parent
class is properly initialized before the subclass.

2. class Animal {

3. Animal() {

4. System.out.println("Animal Constructor");

5. }

6. }

7.

8. class Dog extends Animal {

9. Dog() {

10. super(); // Calls the constructor of Animal class

11. System.out.println("Dog Constructor");

12. }

13. }

14.

15. public class Test {

16. public static void main(String[] args) {

17. Dog d = new Dog(); // Output: Animal Constructor

18. // Dog Constructor

19. }

20. }

21. Access Parent Class Methods:

 o super can be used to call a method in the parent class, especially if it has been
overridden in the subclass.

o It allows a subclass to invoke a method of its superclass that it has either overridden
or not overridden.

22. class Animal {

23. void sound() {

24. System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

25. }

26. }

27.

28. class Dog extends Animal {

29. void sound() {

30. super.sound(); // Calls the parent class's sound method

31. System.out.println("Dog barks");

32. }

33. }

34.

35. public class Test {

36. public static void main(String[] args) {

37. Dog d = new Dog();

38. d.sound(); // Output: Animal makes a sound

39. // Dog barks

40. }

41. }

42. Access Parent Class Fields:

o You can use super to access a variable in the parent class, particularly when the
subclass has a field with the same name (shadowing).

43. class Animal {

44. String name = "Animal";

45. }

46.

47. class Dog extends Animal {

 48. String name = "Dog";

49. void display() {

50. System.out.println("Name in Dog: " + name); // Prints "Dog"

51. System.out.println("Name in Animal: " + super.name); // Prints "Animal"

52. }

53. }

54.

55. public class Test {

56. public static void main(String[] args) {

57. Dog d = new Dog();

58. d.display();

59. }

60. }

B) Explain concept of multilevel inheritance using a simple java program.

B) Multilevel Inheritance in Java

Multilevel inheritance is a type of inheritance where a class is derived from another class, which in
turn is derived from another class. Essentially, it forms a "chain" of inheritance.

Example:

class Animal {

void eat() {

System.out.println("Animal eats");

class Mammal extends Animal {

void walk() {

System.out.println("Mammal walks");

}
class Dog extends Mammal {

void bark() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog dog = new Dog();

dog.eat(); // Inherited from Animal class

dog.walk(); // Inherited from Mammal class

dog.bark(); // Defined in Dog class

Explanation of the program:

 Animal class has a method eat().

 Mammal class extends Animal and adds a method walk().

 Dog class extends Mammal and adds a method bark().

When the Dog object is created, it can access methods from both its own class and all the classes in
the inheritance chain (Mammal and Animal), which demonstrates multilevel inheritance.

C) What is an abstract class in java? What is an interface? List the rules to create an interface in
java with example.

C) Abstract Classes and Interfaces in Java

Abstract Class in Java

An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own, but it can be inherited by other
classes. It is used to define common behaviors for other classes, and can contain both abstract (no
implementation) and non-abstract (with implementation) methods.

 An abstract class can have:

1. Abstract methods (without implementation)

2. Concrete methods (with implementation)

3. Constructors, instance variables, etc.

Rules for an abstract class:

1. An abstract class is declared using the abstract keyword.

2. It may contain both abstract and non-abstract methods.

3. If a class contains at least one abstract method, then the class must be declared as abstract.

4. An abstract class cannot be instantiated directly.

Example of an abstract class:

abstract class Animal {

abstract void sound(); // Abstract method

void sleep() { // Non-abstract method

System.out.println("Animal is sleeping");

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal dog = new Dog();

dog.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

dog.sleep(); // Output: Animal is sleeping

Interface in Java

An interface is a reference type in Java, similar to a class, that can contain only constants, method
signatures, default methods, static methods, and nested types. Interfaces cannot contain instance
fields or constructors.

Rules to create an interface:

 1. Use the interface keyword to declare an interface.

2. By default, all methods in an interface are abstract (they only have signatures, not
implementations) unless they are marked as default or static.

3. A class that implements an interface must provide an implementation for all of its abstract
methods (unless the class is abstract).

Example of an interface:

interface Animal {

void sound(); // Abstract method

class Dog implements Animal {

public void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog dog = new Dog();

dog.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

Key differences between abstract classes and interfaces:

 An abstract class can have both abstract and concrete methods, while an interface can only
have abstract methods (except default and static methods introduced in Java 8).

 A class can implement multiple interfaces, but it can only inherit from one abstract class
(single inheritance).

 Interfaces are used to define a contract (what a class should do), while abstract classes can
also define how a class should behave.

Default Methods in Interfaces (Java 8+)

Java 8 introduced default methods in interfaces, which allow interfaces to provide methods with
implementations.

Example with default method:

interface Animal {

default void sleep() {

System.out.println("Animal sleeps");

void sound(); // Abstract method

class Dog implements Animal {

public void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog dog = new Dog();

dog.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

dog.sleep(); // Output: Animal sleeps

In the above example, the sleep method is implemented inside the interface, so the class Dog
doesn't need to implement it.

In summary:

 The super keyword is used to access parent class members, including methods, variables,
and constructors.

 Multilevel inheritance shows how inheritance can extend over multiple levels of classes.

 Abstract classes provide a base for other classes to extend and define common behaviors,
while interfaces define a contract for classes to follow without providing implementations
(unless using default methods).

A) Definition of Inheritance, Benefits, and How to Prevent Inheritance

1. What is Inheritance?
Inheritance is a fundamental concept in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) where a new class
(child or subclass) derives properties and behaviors (methods) from an existing class (parent or
superclass). The subclass can use, modify, or extend the features of the parent class.

Syntax:

class ParentClass {

// parent class code

class ChildClass extends ParentClass {

// child class code

In the above example, ChildClass inherits the features of ParentClass. The child class can add new
features or override the existing ones.

2. Benefits of Inheritance:

1. Code Reusability:

o Inheritance allows you to reuse code from existing classes, avoiding redundancy and
making the system easier to maintain.

2. Method Overriding:

o A subclass can modify or override the methods of the parent class to provide a more
specific implementation.

3. Improved Maintainability:

o Since changes in the parent class can be reflected in the child class, it leads to easier
maintenance and updates in the system.

4. Extensibility:

o Inheritance provides the ability to extend functionality by creating new classes that
build on existing ones.

5. Hierarchical Classification:

o It creates a natural hierarchy where classes with similar attributes and behaviors are
grouped together.

3. How to Prevent a Class from Inheritance:

In Java, you can prevent a class from being inherited by using the final keyword.

 Using final for Classes:

 o Declaring a class as final prevents other classes from inheriting it.

 final class MyClass {

 // class code

 }

 // This will result in a compile-time error

 class ChildClass extends MyClass { }

 Using final for Methods:

o You can also prevent a method from being overridden by declaring it as final.

 class ParentClass {

 final void display() {

 System.out.println("This method cannot be overridden");

 }

 }

 class ChildClass extends ParentClass {

 // This will result in a compile-time error

 void display() {

 System.out.println("Trying to override");

 }

 }

B) Program to Demonstrate Hierarchical and Multiple Inheritance Using Interfaces

1. Hierarchical Inheritance Using Interfaces:

In hierarchical inheritance, a single parent class or interface is inherited by multiple child classes. In
the case of interfaces, multiple classes can implement a common interface.

interface Animal {

void sound();

class Dog implements Animal {

 public void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

class Cat implements Animal {

public void sound() {

System.out.println("Cat meows");

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog dog = new Dog();

dog.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

Cat cat = new Cat();

cat.sound(); // Output: Cat meows

Explanation:

 Both Dog and Cat classes implement the Animal interface, which has a method sound().

 Each class provides its own implementation of the sound() method.

2. Multiple Inheritance Using Interfaces:

In Java, a class can implement multiple interfaces, which allows for multiple inheritance. This is not
directly allowed with classes (as Java supports single inheritance for classes), but interfaces can be
combined to achieve multiple inheritance.

interface Animal {

void sound();

interface Mammal {
 void walk();

class Dog implements Animal, Mammal {

public void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

public void walk() {

System.out.println("Dog walks");

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog dog = new Dog();

dog.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

dog.walk(); // Output: Dog walks

Explanation:

 The Dog class implements both Animal and Mammal interfaces, thus inheriting the methods
sound() and walk() from both interfaces.

 The Dog class provides its own implementations for both methods.

C) Definition of Polymorphism and Explanation of Runtime Polymorphism

1. What is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism is one of the core concepts of Object-Oriented Programming. It allows an object to

take on multiple forms. The term "polymorphism" comes from the Greek words "poly" (many) and
"morph" (form). In Java, polymorphism enables objects to be treated as instances of their parent
class, allowing for flexibility and reusability in the code.

Polymorphism is primarily achieved in two ways:

 1. Compile-time polymorphism (Method Overloading): The method to be invoked is
determined at compile time.

2. Runtime polymorphism (Method Overriding): The method to be invoked is determined at

runtime.

2. Runtime Polymorphism:

Runtime polymorphism, also known as dynamic method dispatch, occurs when a method in a
subclass overrides a method in the parent class, and the method that gets called is determined at
runtime. This is achieved using method overriding, and it allows different subclasses to provide
specific implementations of the same method.

Example of Runtime Polymorphism:

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

class Cat extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Cat meows");

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

 Animal animal1 = new Dog(); // Upcasting to Animal type

Animal animal2 = new Cat(); // Upcasting to Animal type

animal1.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

animal2.sound(); // Output: Cat meows

Explanation:

 In the example, Animal is the parent class with a method sound().

 Dog and Cat classes override the sound() method.

 At runtime, when we call the sound() method on an Animal reference (which can point to
objects of type Dog or Cat), Java determines the correct method to invoke based on the
actual object type (either Dog or Cat).

 This is an example of runtime polymorphism because the method that gets called is
determined dynamically at runtime.

Key Points:

 Inheritance allows classes to inherit properties and behaviors from other classes, providing
benefits like code reusability, method overriding, and maintainability.

 Preventing inheritance can be achieved using the final keyword.

 Hierarchical inheritance involves multiple classes inheriting from a single parent class or
interface, while multiple inheritance involves a class implementing multiple interfaces.

 Polymorphism enables objects to take on multiple forms, and runtime polymorphism is

achieved via method overriding, where the method invoked is determined at runtime.

Q. 5 Solve Any two of the following.

A) Difference Between Error and Exception in Java

In Java, both errors and exceptions are events that disrupt the normal flow of the program. However,
they are fundamentally different in terms of their nature, causes, and how they should be handled.

1. Error:

An error is a serious issue that occurs in the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) or in the environment in
which the application is running. Errors are usually external to the application, and they are typically
not recoverable. They usually represent problems that cannot be handled by the program.

 Examples of errors:

o OutOfMemoryError: When the JVM runs out of memory.

 o StackOverflowError: When the stack memory exceeds its limit (usually due to deep
recursion).

Errors cannot be caught or handled by the program. They are usually fatal and terminate the
program.

Example of an Error:

public class ErrorExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Simulating an OutOfMemoryError

try {

int[] largeArray = new int[Integer.MAX_VALUE]; // This will likely cause OutOfMemoryError

} catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {

System.out.println("Caught an error: " + e.getMessage());

In the above example, the OutOfMemoryError cannot be handled meaningfully, and the program
may crash.

2. Exception:

An exception is a condition that occurs during the execution of a program, but it is typically caused
by issues in the code or data. Exceptions are used to signal that something unexpected has
happened, and they can be caught and handled by the program using exception handling
mechanisms (try, catch blocks).

 Types of exceptions:

o Checked exceptions: These are exceptions that are checked at compile-time (e.g.,
IOException, SQLException).

o Unchecked exceptions: These are exceptions that occur at runtime (e.g.,

NullPointerException, ArithmeticException).

Exceptions can be caught and handled by the program.

Example of an Exception:

public class ExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

int result = 10 / 0; // ArithmeticException

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
 System.out.println("Caught an exception: " + e.getMessage());

In this example, an ArithmeticException occurs when dividing by zero. The exception is caught, and
the program continues to run smoothly.

B) Difference Between final, finally, and finalize in Java

In Java, final, finally, and finalize are three distinct keywords, each serving a different purpose.

1. final:

The final keyword is used to define constants, prevent method overriding, and prevent inheritance.

 Final variable: A variable declared as final cannot be reassigned after initialization.

 final int x = 10;

 x = 20; // This will cause a compile-time error

 Final method: A method declared as final cannot be overridden by subclasses.

 class Parent {

 final void display() {

 System.out.println("This method cannot be overridden.");

 }

 }

 class Child extends Parent {

 // This will cause a compile-time error

 void display() {

 System.out.println("Trying to override");

 }

 }

 Final class: A class declared as final cannot be subclassed.

 final class Parent { }

 class Child extends Parent { } // This will cause a compile-time error

2. finally:
The finally block is used to execute code that must run, whether an exception is thrown or not. It is
typically used for cleanup operations, like closing files or database connections. The finally block will
always execute, even if an exception is caught, unless the JVM terminates unexpectedly.

 Syntax:

 try {

 // Code that may throw an exception

 } catch (ExceptionType e) {

 // Exception handling code

 } finally {

 // Code to clean up resources, always executed

 }

 Example:

 public class FinallyExample {

 public static void main(String[] args) {

 try {

 System.out.println("In try block");

 int result = 10 / 0; // ArithmeticException

 } catch (ArithmeticException e) {

 System.out.println("Exception caught: " + e.getMessage());

 } finally {

 System.out.println("This is the finally block");

 }

 }

 }

Output:

In try block

Exception caught: / by zero

This is the finally block

The finally block is always executed after the try and catch blocks, regardless of whether an exception
occurs.

3. finalize:
The finalize() method is used in Java to perform cleanup operations before an object is garbage
collected. It is called by the JVM just before an object is discarded by the garbage collector. It is part
of the Object class.

 Note: The use of finalize() is discouraged in modern Java programming, as there is no

guarantee of when it will be called. Instead, it is better to use try-with-resources or other
cleanup mechanisms.

 Example:

 class MyClass {

 @Override

 protected void finalize() throws Throwable {

 System.out.println("Finalize method is called");

 super.finalize();

 }

 }

 public class FinalizeExample {

 public static void main(String[] args) {

 MyClass obj = new MyClass();

 obj = null; // Object becomes eligible for garbage collection

 System.gc(); // Suggests JVM to run garbage collection

 }

 }

Output:

Finalize method is called

The finalize() method is invoked when the object is about to be garbage collected. However, the
actual invocation is not guaranteed, and calling System.gc() is just a suggestion to the JVM to perform
garbage collection.

C) Explanation of try, catch, and finally Blocks

In Java, the try, catch, and finally blocks are used to handle exceptions and ensure that resources are
cleaned up properly.

1. try Block:

The try block is used to wrap the code that may throw an exception. It is the first block to be
executed, and it contains the code that might cause an exception.
2. catch Block:

The catch block follows the try block and is used to handle the exceptions thrown in the try block.
You can have multiple catch blocks to handle different types of exceptions.

3. finally Block:

The finally block is optional but recommended when you need to clean up resources (e.g., closing
files or database connections). It always executes after the try and catch blocks, regardless of
whether an exception occurred or not.

Syntax:

try {

// Code that may throw an exception

} catch (ExceptionType e) {

// Exception handling code

} finally {

// Code that will always be executed

Example:

public class TryCatchFinallyExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

System.out.println("In try block");

int result = 10 / 0; // ArithmeticException

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Caught exception: " + e.getMessage());

} finally {

System.out.println("This will always be executed");

Output:

In try block

Caught exception: / by zero

This will always be executed

  Explanation:

o The try block contains code that throws an ArithmeticException (division by zero).

o The exception is caught in the catch block, which prints the error message.

o The finally block executes regardless of the exception, ensuring that cleanup or
additional code always runs.

Summary:

 Error: Typically caused by system-level issues (e.g., memory issues) and cannot be caught or
handled by the program.

 Exception: Occurs due to programmatic issues (e.g., dividing by zero) and can be caught and
handled using try-catch blocks.

 final: Used to prevent modification (variables, methods, classes).

 finally: Used for code that must execute regardless of whether an exception occurs.

 finalize(): Used for cleanup before an object is garbage collected.

 try-catch-finally: A combination of blocks used to handle exceptions and ensure cleanup,

with finally being used to execute code regardless of an exception.

A) What is Exception Handling and the Benefits of Exception Handling in Java? Explain Java
Exception Handling Keywords.

1. What is Exception Handling in Java?

Exception handling in Java refers to the process of responding to the runtime errors (exceptions) in
the program, so that the normal flow of the program can be maintained. It is used to handle
exceptional conditions (such as runtime errors) in programs, ensuring that the program can recover
from unexpected events and continue execution.

The basic mechanism in Java involves the use of try, catch, throw, throws, and finally blocks to catch,
handle, and respond to exceptions.

 try: Defines a block of code that is to be tested for exceptions.

 catch: Defines a block of code to handle the exception if thrown in the try block.

 throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.

 throws: Declares an exception to be thrown by a method.

 finally: A block that will execute regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not, used
for cleanup tasks.

2. Benefits of Exception Handling in Java:

 Graceful Recovery: Exception handling allows the program to recover from errors and
continue execution without terminating.

 Code Clarity: It helps in separating error-handling code from regular code, making the
program easier to understand and maintain.
  Prevents Program Termination: Without exception handling, when an error occurs, the
program would terminate abruptly. Exception handling allows the program to continue after
handling errors.

 Centralized Error Handling: Java allows central handling of errors using the try-catch blocks,
which makes the program robust and modular.

 Error Propagation: The use of throws allows an exception to propagate to the calling method
or class, making it easier to handle errors in a higher-level class.

3. Java Exception Handling Keywords:

 try: Block of code where exceptions might occur.

 try {

 // Code that may throw an exception

 }

 catch: Block that handles exceptions thrown in the try block.

 try {

 // Code that may throw an exception

 } catch (ExceptionType e) {

 // Exception handling code

 }

 throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.

 throw new Exception("Custom exception message");

 throws: Used in method signatures to declare exceptions that the method might throw.

 public void myMethod() throws IOException {

 // Method code

 }

 finally: Block of code that always executes, whether an exception is thrown or not.

 try {

 // Code that may throw an exception

 } catch (Exception e) {

 // Exception handling code

 } finally {

 // Code that always executes

 }
B) What is a Package? Write a Program to Create a User-Defined Package in Java.

1. What is a Package?

In Java, a package is a namespace that organizes a set of related classes and interfaces. Packages are
used to avoid class name conflicts, and they also make the program easier to maintain. A package is
like a directory in the file system that holds related classes and interfaces.

Java has two types of packages:

 Built-in Packages: These are provided by Java, like java.util, java.io, etc.

 User-defined Packages: These are created by the programmer to group related classes and
interfaces together.

2. Creating a User-Defined Package:

To create a user-defined package, you need to follow these steps:

1. Use the package keyword at the top of the Java source file.

2. Save the class in a directory structure that matches the package name.

Example Program:

 Step 1: Create a Package:

Create a file named MyPackage.java to define a package called mypackage.

// File: MyPackage.java

package mypackage;

public class Hello {

public void displayMessage() {

System.out.println("Hello, this is a user-defined package!");

 Step 2: Access the User-Defined Package in Another Class:

Create a file named TestPackage.java to import and use the mypackage package.

// File: TestPackage.java

import mypackage.Hello;

public class TestPackage {

public static void main(String[] args) {

 Hello helloObj = new Hello();

helloObj.displayMessage(); // Output: Hello, this is a user-defined package!

Explanation:

 The Hello class is placed in a package called mypackage.

 The TestPackage class imports mypackage.Hello and calls the displayMessage() method.

Note:

 When you compile and run this program, make sure the mypackage directory structure is
maintained, or specify the correct path while compiling and running.

C) How to Declare Variables in JavaScript? Write a JavaScript Program to Add Two Numbers Using
Onclick Event, Form, and Text Box.

1. Declaring Variables in JavaScript:

In JavaScript, variables can be declared using three main keywords:

 var: Declares a variable, but its scope is function-level (deprecated in modern JavaScript).

 let: Declares a block-scoped variable that can be reassigned.

 const: Declares a constant, which cannot be reassigned once initialized.

Example of Declaring Variables:

let a = 5; // Declares a variable 'a' with a value of 5

const b = 10; // Declares a constant 'b' with a value of 10

2. JavaScript Program to Add Two Numbers Using Onclick Event, Form, and Text Box:

The following example demonstrates how to add two numbers entered by the user in HTML form
text boxes and display the result when a button is clicked.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Add Two Numbers</title>

<script type="text/javascript">

function addNumbers() {
 // Get the values from the text boxes

var num1 = parseFloat(document.getElementById('num1').value);

var num2 = parseFloat(document.getElementById('num2').value);

// Add the numbers

var sum = num1 + num2;

// Display the result

document.getElementById('result').innerHTML = "The sum is: " + sum;

</script>

</head>

<body>

<h2>JavaScript Addition Example</h2>

<form>

<label for="num1">Number 1: </label>

<input type="text" id="num1"><br><br>

<label for="num2">Number 2: </label>

<input type="text" id="num2"><br><br>

<button type="button" onclick="addNumbers()">Add Numbers</button>

</form>

<p id="result"></p>

</body>

</html>

Explanation:
  The HTML form contains two text input fields (num1 and num2) where the user can enter
numbers.

 When the "Add Numbers" button is clicked, the addNumbers() JavaScript function is called.

o The parseFloat() function is used to convert the input values (which are strings) into
numbers.

o The sum of the two numbers is calculated and displayed in the result paragraph.

Output Example:

Number 1: [ 5 ]

Number 2: [ 10 ]

[ Add Numbers ]

The sum is: 15

Key Concepts Used:

 onclick event handler: Executes the addNumbers() function when the button is clicked.

 parseFloat: Converts string input to a floating-point number.

 innerHTML: Updates the content of the result paragraph with the sum.

Summary:

1. Exception Handling: Exception handling in Java helps manage runtime errors, allowing the
program to recover and continue. Benefits include code clarity, error propagation, and
graceful recovery. Key Java keywords are try, catch, throw, throws, and finally.

2. Packages: A package is a collection of related classes. User-defined packages help organize

code logically. Example includes creating and using a custom package in Java.

3. Variables in JavaScript: Variables in JavaScript are declared using let, const, or var. A simple
program shows how to add two numbers using HTML form elements and JavaScript.

A) What is the Difference Between Error and Exception? Explain With the Help of Example

In Java, both errors and exceptions represent problems that occur during the execution of a
program, but they differ in their causes and how they are handled.

1. Error:

An error is a serious problem that typically occurs in the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) or system-level
issues. These are usually not caused by the program itself and cannot be handled or recovered by the
program. Errors are typically external to the application, and most errors are fatal and lead to
program termination.

Examples of Errors:

 OutOfMemoryError: Occurs when the JVM runs out of memory.

  StackOverflowError: Occurs due to deep recursion that exhausts the stack memory.

Example of Error:

public class ErrorExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// This will likely cause an OutOfMemoryError

int[] largeArray = new int[Integer.MAX_VALUE];

In this example, the program may crash with an OutOfMemoryError. Such errors cannot be caught
and handled by the program.

2. Exception:

An exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. Exceptions are typically
caused by issues in the code (e.g., dividing by zero, accessing null objects) and can be caught and
handled by the program using try-catch blocks.

Types of Exceptions:

 Checked exceptions: These exceptions must be either caught or declared to be thrown, like
IOException or SQLException.

 Unchecked exceptions: These exceptions do not need to be declared or caught, like

NullPointerException or ArithmeticException.

Example of Exception:

public class ExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

int result = 10 / 0; // ArithmeticException

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Caught an exception: " + e.getMessage());

In this example, an ArithmeticException is caught and handled in the catch block, allowing the
program to continue running.

Key Differences Between Error and Exception:

Aspect Error Exception

Serious issues that occur in the JVM or Issues in the program that can be
Definition
environment. handled.

Can be caught and handled by the

Recoverability Cannot be recovered from by the program.
program.

ArithmeticException,
Example OutOfMemoryError, StackOverflowError
NullPointerException

Handling Cannot be handled by the program. Can be handled using try-catch blocks.

B) How to Create a User-Defined Exception? (Application)

In Java, a user-defined exception can be created by extending the Exception class or one of its
subclasses (like RuntimeException for unchecked exceptions). User-defined exceptions allow you to
define custom error messages or behaviors for specific conditions in your program.

Steps to Create a User-Defined Exception:

1. Define a new class that extends the Exception class.

2. Use constructors to pass custom error messages or handle specific situations.

3. Throw the exception using the throw keyword in your code.

Example:

// Define a user-defined exception

class InvalidAgeException extends Exception {

public InvalidAgeException(String message) {

super(message); // Pass the custom message to the parent class (Exception)

public class UserDefinedExceptionExample {

public static void checkAge(int age) throws InvalidAgeException {

if (age < 18) {

throw new InvalidAgeException("Age must be 18 or older.");

} else {

System.out.println("Valid age.");

}
 }

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

checkAge(15); // This will throw the exception

} catch (InvalidAgeException e) {

System.out.println("Caught Exception: " + e.getMessage());

Explanation:

 The InvalidAgeException is a user-defined exception that extends the Exception class.

 The checkAge() method throws this exception if the input age is less than 18.

 In the main() method, we call checkAge(15), which throws the InvalidAgeException, and it is
caught and handled in the catch block.

Output:

Caught Exception: Age must be 18 or older.

C) Write an HTML Page and JavaScript for Accepting a User ID and Password from the User to
Ensure That the Input is Not Empty

This example shows how to create a simple HTML page with a form to accept a User ID and Password
from the user, and then validate that neither field is empty using JavaScript.

Example HTML and JavaScript:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Login Form</title>

<script type="text/javascript">

function validateForm() {

// Get the user ID and password values

 var userId = document.getElementById('userId').value;

var password = document.getElementById('password').value;

// Check if the fields are empty

if (userId === "" || password === "") {

alert("User ID and Password must not be empty!");

return false; // Prevent form submission

return true; // Allow form submission

</script>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Login Form</h2>

<form onsubmit="return validateForm()">

<label for="userId">User ID:</label>

<input type="text" id="userId" name="userId"><br><br>

<label for="password">Password:</label>

<input type="password" id="password" name="password"><br><br>

<button type="submit">Submit</button>

</form>

</body>

</html>

Explanation:

 The HTML form contains two fields: one for the User ID and one for the Password.

 The onsubmit event calls the validateForm() function before the form is submitted.
  The validateForm() function checks whether either the User ID or Password field is empty. If
either field is empty, an alert is shown, and the form submission is prevented by returning
false.

 If both fields are filled, the form is submitted normally.

Output Behavior:

 If the user tries to submit the form with empty fields, an alert will appear, stating that the
User ID and Password must not be empty.

 If both fields are filled, the form is submitted as expected.

Summary of Answers:

1. Difference Between Error and Exception:

o Errors are serious issues that cannot be handled by the program, such as
OutOfMemoryError. Exceptions are problems that can be caught and handled in the
program, such as ArithmeticException.

2. Creating a User-Defined Exception:

o You can create a user-defined exception by extending the Exception class. The
custom exception can be thrown and caught using standard exception handling
techniques.

3. HTML and JavaScript for Form Validation:

o An HTML page with a form to accept a User ID and Password can be validated using
JavaScript to ensure the fields are not empty before submission.