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Demography

The document provides an overview of key concepts in demography, focusing on measures of mortality, including crude death rates, infant mortality rates, and maternal mortality rates. It explains various mortality statistics, their formulas, and the significance of understanding different causes of death. Additionally, it covers indirect standardization methods and fetal mortality metrics, emphasizing the importance of these measures for public health and demographic analysis.

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3 views

Demography

The document provides an overview of key concepts in demography, focusing on measures of mortality, including crude death rates, infant mortality rates, and maternal mortality rates. It explains various mortality statistics, their formulas, and the significance of understanding different causes of death. Additionally, it covers indirect standardization methods and fetal mortality metrics, emphasizing the importance of these measures for public health and demographic analysis.

Uploaded by

mahrabkabir041
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Demography: Lectures 20, 21, and 22

Your Name
February 12, 2025

Lecture 20: Measures of Mortality


1. What is Mortality?
• Mortality refers to the study of death in a population.

• Death is defined as the permanent disappearance of all signs of life after birth. This excludes fetal
deaths (like miscarriages and abortions).

2. Uses of Mortality Statistics


• Mortality statistics help us understand:
– The current demographic status of a population.
– Public health needs and policies.
– Population growth and changes over time.

3. Sources of Mortality Data


• Vital Registration System: Records births, deaths, and other vital events.
• Population Registers: Less common, but used in some countries.

• Alternative Sources: In countries with poor registration systems, data can come from national
censuses or surveys.

4. Crude Death Rate (CDR)


• Formula:
Number of Deaths in a Year
CDR = × 1000
Mid-Year Population
• This is the simplest measure of mortality, showing the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.
• Example: If a country has 10,000 deaths and a population of 1,000,000, the CDR is 10 deaths
per 1,000 people.

5. Age-Specific Death Rates


• Formula:
Deaths in a Specific Age Group
Age-Specific Death Rate = × 1000
Population in that Age Group

• This measures the death rate for specific age groups (e.g., 0-1 year, 1-4 years, etc.).

• Example: If 100 infants die in a population of 10,000 infants, the infant death rate is 10 per 1,000.

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6. Cause-Specific Death Rates
• Formula:
Deaths from a Specific Cause
Cause-Specific Death Rate = × 100, 000
Total Population

• This measures how many people die from a specific cause (e.g., heart disease, accidents) per 100,000
people.
• Example: If 500 people die from heart disease in a population of 1,000,000, the cause-specific
death rate is 50 per 100,000.

7. Endogenous and Exogenous Mortality


• Endogenous Mortality: Deaths caused by internal factors like genetics or chronic diseases (e.g.,
heart disease, cancer).
• Exogenous Mortality: Deaths caused by external factors like infections or accidents.
• These are calculated separately to understand preventable vs. non-preventable deaths.

Lecture 21: Infant Mortality and Maternal Mortality


1. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
• Formula:
Infant Deaths (under 1 year)
IMR = × 1000
Live Births
• This measures the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.
• Example: If 50 infants die out of 1,000 live births, the IMR is 50.

2. Neonatal and Post-Neonatal Mortality


• Neonatal Mortality Rate: Deaths of infants under 28 days old.
Deaths under 28 days
× 1000
Live Births

• Post-Neonatal Mortality Rate: Deaths of infants between 28 days and 1 year.


Deaths between 28 days and 1 year
× 1000
Live Births

3. Cause-Specific Infant Mortality


• Endogenous Causes: Deaths due to genetic or birth-related issues (e.g., birth defects).
• Exogenous Causes: Deaths due to external factors like infections or accidents.
• These are calculated separately to understand preventable vs. non-preventable infant deaths.

4. Maternal Mortality Rate


• Formula:
Deaths due to Pregnancy or Childbirth
Maternal Mortality Rate = × 100, 000
Live Births

• This measures the risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
• Example: If 10 women die from childbirth complications out of 100,000 live births, the maternal
mortality rate is 10.

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Lecture 22: Indirect Standardization and Fetal Mortality
1. Indirect Standardization
• What is it? A method to adjust death rates when age-specific death rates are not available.
• Steps:
1. Use age-specific death rates from a standard population.
2. Apply these rates to the age distribution of the population you’re studying.
3. Calculate the expected number of deaths.
4. Compare the expected deaths to the actual deaths to get an adjusted death rate.
• Example: If the expected deaths are 1,000 and the actual deaths are 1,200, the adjusted death
rate is higher than the standard.

2. Fetal Mortality
• Fetal Death: The death of a fetus before birth.
• Fetal Death Ratio:
Fetal Deaths
× 1000
Live Births
• This measures the number of fetal deaths per 1,000 live births.

• Fetal Death Rate:


Fetal Deaths
× 1000
Live Births + Fetal Deaths
• This measures the risk of fetal death relative to all births (live births + fetal deaths).

3. Perinatal Mortality
• Perinatal Mortality Ratio:
Fetal Deaths + Infant Deaths under 1 week
× 1000
Live Births

• This measures the risk of dying around the time of birth (just before, during, or just after).
• Perinatal Mortality Rate:
Fetal Deaths + Infant Deaths under 1 week
× 1000
Live Births + Fetal Deaths

• This measures the risk of perinatal death relative to all births.

Key Takeaways
• Mortality Measures: Crude Death Rate (CDR), Age-Specific Death Rates, Cause-Specific Death
Rates.

• Infant Mortality: IMR, Neonatal and Post-Neonatal Mortality, Endogenous vs. Exogenous
Causes.
• Maternal Mortality: Risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes.
• Fetal Mortality: Fetal Death Ratio and Rate, Perinatal Mortality.

• Indirect Standardization: Adjusting death rates when age-specific data is missing.

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How to Memorize
• Mortality Rates: Think of them as ”deaths per X people.”
– CDR: Total deaths per 1,000 people.
– IMR: Infant deaths per 1,000 live births.
– Maternal Mortality: Pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births.
• Fetal Mortality: Think of it as ”deaths before birth.”
– Fetal Death Ratio: Fetal deaths per 1,000 live births.
– Perinatal Mortality: Deaths around birth (fetal + early infant deaths).

• Indirect Standardization: Think of it as ”borrowing” death rates from another population to


adjust your own.

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