‫‪1200‬‬

‫نظري‬

‫‪00‬‬ ‫ملحق مســــــائل‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫المحاضرة الثالثة‬
‫‪30/04/2024‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫د‪.‬خزامى عمار‬

‫‪Ex 1: Fourier series‬‬

‫)𝑡(𝑥‬ ‫ليكن لدينا اإلشارة التالية ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪T=2s‬‬ ‫ولدينا‬

‫والمطلوب ‪:‬‬
‫𝑡‬ ‫إيجاد أمثال فورييه ‪:‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪𝐴0 ⁡, 𝐴1‬‬ ‫‪𝐵0 , 𝐵1‬‬

‫الحل ‪:‬‬
‫نالحظ ان )𝑡(𝑥‪ 𝑥 (−𝑡) = −‬أي ان اإلشارة ))‪:((odd‬‬
‫𝑇‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬
‫𝑡𝑑)𝑡 ‪𝐴𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡). cos⁡(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ⁡ = ⁡∫ 𝑥 (𝑡). cos(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡). cos⁡(𝑛𝜔0‬‬
‫𝑇‬ ‫‪2 −2‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫𝑇‪−‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑡𝑑)𝑡 ‪𝐴𝑛 = ∫0 𝑥 (𝑡). cos⁡(𝑛𝜔0‬‬ ‫ان تكامل من ‪ −1 → 1‬يكافئ تكامل من ‪ 0 → 2‬فيكون‬

‫‪ 𝑡: 1 → 2‬يكون ‪𝑥 (𝑡) = −1‬‬ ‫‪(b‬‬ ‫⟸ ‪ 𝑡: 0 → 1 (a‬يكون ‪𝑥 (𝑡) = 1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫𝑡𝑑 )𝑡 ‪𝐴𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡). cos(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡). cos(𝑛𝜔0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫𝑡𝑑)𝑡 ‪= ∫ cos⁡(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − ∫ cos⁡(𝑛𝜔0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)𝑡 ‪sin(𝑛𝜔0‬‬ ‫)𝑡 ‪sin(𝑛𝜔0‬‬
‫[=‬ ‫[ ‪] ⁡−‬‬ ‫]‬
‫‪𝑛𝜔0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫𝜔𝑛‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
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sin(𝑛𝜔0 ) sin(0) sin(2𝑛𝜔0 ) sin(𝑛𝜔0 )

= (⁡ − )−( − )
𝑛𝜔0 𝑛𝜔0 𝑛𝜔0 𝑛𝜔0
sin(𝑛𝜔0 ) sin(2𝑛𝜔0 ) sin(𝑛𝜔0 )
= −0− +
𝑛𝜔0 𝑛𝜔0 𝑛𝜔0
2. sin(𝑛𝜔0 ) sin(2𝑛𝜔0 )
=⁡ −
𝑛𝜔0 𝑛𝜔0
2π 2π
𝜔0 = ⇒ 𝜔0 = = π ‫نعوض‬
𝑇 2

2. sin(𝑛π) sin(2𝑛π)
𝐴𝑛 = ⁡ −
𝑛π 𝑛π
sin(0) = sin(π) = 0
0 0
𝐴𝑛 = 2.
𝑛π
− 𝑛π
=0 sin(𝑛π) = sin(π) = sin(2π) = ⋯ = 0
sin(𝑛π) = sin(2𝑛π) = 0
: 𝐵𝑛 ‫ لحساب‬-
𝑇 2
2
𝐵𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡). sin(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡). sin(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
0 1

1 2

= ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡). sin(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡). sin(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

0 1
1 2

= ∫ sin(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ∫ − sin(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0 1
cos(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡)
∫ sin(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡) = − ‫لكن نعلم‬
𝑛𝜔0
1 2
cos(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡) cos(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡)
= [− ] +[ ]
𝑛𝜔0 0
𝑛𝜔 0 1

cos(𝑛𝜔0 ) cos(0) cos(2𝑛𝜔0 ) cos(𝑛𝜔0 )

=− + + −
𝑛𝜔0 𝑛𝜔0 𝑛𝜔0 𝑛𝜔0

1 2cos(𝑛𝜔0 ) cos(2𝑛𝜔0 )
= − +
𝑛𝜔0 𝑛𝜔0 𝑛𝜔0
1 2cos(𝑛π) cos(2𝑛π)
= − +
𝑛π 𝑛π 𝑛π

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2 ‫ فهي تبقى من مضاعفات ل‬، 𝑛 ‫ مهما تكن قيمة‬cos(2𝑛π) ‫نهمل‬

2𝑛π = 2π = 0 :‫أي‬
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡cos(2𝑛π) = cos(2π) = cos(0) = 1

1 2cos(𝑛π) cos(2𝑛π)
𝐵𝑛 = − +
𝑛π 𝑛π 𝑛π

1 1 2cos(𝑛π) 2 2cos(𝑛π)
𝐵𝑛 = + − = −
𝑛π 𝑛π 𝑛π 𝑛π 𝑛π

2
= (1 − cos(𝑛π)) …
𝑛π
∞ ∞
𝐴0
𝑥 (𝑡 ) = + ∑ 𝐴𝑛 cos(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡) + ∑ 𝐵𝑛 . sin(𝑛𝜔0 𝑡)
2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴0 = 0
𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝐵1 . sin(𝜔0 𝑡) +𝐵2 . sin(2𝜔0 𝑡) + 𝐵3 . sin(3𝜔0 𝑡) …
𝜔0 = π
𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝐵1 . sin(π𝑡) +𝐵2 . sin(2π𝑡) + 𝐵3 . sin(3π𝑡) …⁡⁡

2 2 4
𝐵1 . sin(π𝑡) = (1 − cos π). sin(π𝑡) = ⁡ (2) sin(π𝑡) = ⁡ sin(π𝑡)
π π π

2 2 1
𝐵2 . sin(π𝑡) = (1 − cos(2π)). sin(2π𝑡) = ⁡ sin(π𝑡) = (1 − 1)⁡ sin(2π𝑡) = 0
2π 2π π

4 4 4
𝑥 (𝑡 ) = ⁡ sin(𝜔𝑡) + 0 + ⁡ sin(3π𝑡) + 0 + ⁡ sin(5π𝑡) + ⋯
π 3π 5π
Fundamental harmanic

‫𝑓 قيمة تمثل امثال الحد االول‬0 ‫هنا‬

‫ قيمة امثال الحد الثاني‬2𝑓0

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Ex 2: Fourier Transform

Find the fourier transform of 𝑥 (𝑡) which is a rectangular pulse of the form :

1, −𝑇0 < 𝑡 < ⁡ 𝑇0

𝑥 (𝑡 ) =
0, otherwise
⁡⁡⁡⁡−𝑇0 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑇0

Note that the signal is of finite length

∞

𝑥(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡). 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡

−∞
+∞
1 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑇0
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − [𝑒 𝑑𝑡]−𝑇 ⁡
𝑗𝜔 0
−∞
1 −𝑗𝜔𝑇 1 𝑗𝜔𝑇
𝑥 (𝜔 ) = − [𝑒 0 − 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑇0 ] = [𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑇0 ]
𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔

Wil multiply with 2/2 and apply format

2 1
𝑥(𝜔) = . [𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑇0 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑇0 ]
𝜔 2𝑗
2 sin(𝜔𝑇0 )
𝑥 (𝜔 ) = sin(𝜔𝑇0 ) = 2𝑇0
𝜔 𝜔𝑇0
sin(π𝑥)
Define the sin(c) function 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑥 = and 𝜔 = 2πf
πx

𝜔𝑇0 𝑥(𝜔)
𝑥(𝜔) = 2𝑇0 sinc⁡(2𝑓𝑇0 ) = 2𝑇0 sinc ( )
π 2𝑇0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡

We can see that 𝑥 (𝜔) is continuous in

frequency .
And the pulse width decreases , 𝜔

−π π
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑇0 𝑇0
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Ex 3: Fourier Transform

Find the Fourier transform of 𝑥 (𝑡) which is a rectangular pulse of the form:

−𝑇 𝑇
1, < 𝑡 <⁡
2 2
𝑥 (𝑡 ) =
0, otherwise
−𝑇 𝑇
+∞ ⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
2 2

𝑥(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡). 𝑒 −𝑗2π𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡

−∞
𝑇
0 2 +∞

𝑥(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑓 ). 𝑒 −𝑗2π𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑥(𝑓 ). 𝑒 −𝑗2π𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑥(𝑓 ). 𝑒 −𝑗2π𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡

−∞ −𝑇 𝑇
2 2
𝑇
2

𝑥(𝑓 ) = 0 + ∫ 𝐴. 𝑒 −𝑗2π𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0
−𝑇
2
𝑇
𝐴 𝐴
= [𝑒−𝑗2π𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡]−𝑇
2
= [𝑒−𝑗2π𝑓𝑡 − 𝑒𝑗2π𝑓𝑡 ]
−𝑗2π𝑓 2
−𝑗2π𝑓
𝐴 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
𝑥 (𝑓 ) = sin(𝜋𝑓𝑡) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡sin(𝜃) =
π𝑓 2𝑗
sin(𝜋𝜆)
Will multiply with T/T and apply the sinc function sinc(𝜆) =
𝜋𝜆

sin(𝜋𝑓𝑇)
𝑥(𝑓 ) = 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 (𝑓𝑇)
π𝑓𝑇
To draw the signal spectrum we need to define ;
• Peak amplitude AT
• Xaxis crassing points based an k values =3 ± 2 ± 1 ±
𝑥(𝑓 ) = 𝐴𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑓𝑇) = 0 ⟹ ⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 (𝑓𝑇) = 0
sin(𝜋𝑓𝑇)
⇒ =0
π𝑓𝑇
⇒ sin(𝜋𝑓𝑇) = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⇒ π𝑓𝑇 = 𝑘π

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𝑘
𝑓= crossing points
𝑇
K=0,1, 2, Are integer values of π
For Peak amplitude AT: we set 𝑓 to 0 or 𝑓0
sin(0)
𝑓 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥(𝑓 ) = 𝐴𝑇⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(0) = 𝐴𝑇⁡
0
𝑥 (𝑓) = 𝐴𝑇 Peak amplitude
sin(𝜃)
Where lim =1
𝜃→0 θ

Ex 4: Inverse Fourier Transform

Find the Fourier transform of 𝑥 (𝑡) which is a rectangular pulse of the form:
𝑥(𝜔)
1, −𝜔𝑐 < 𝜔0 < ⁡𝜔𝑐
𝑥 ( 𝜔) =
0, else

−𝜔𝑐 𝜔𝑐
Solution:
+∞ +𝜔𝑐
1 1
𝑥 (𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔⁡
2π 2π
−∞ −𝜔𝑐

1 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐𝑡 1 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑐𝑡

𝑥 (𝑡 ) = ( − )= ( − )
2π 𝑗𝑡 𝑗𝑡 πt 2𝑗 2𝑗
sin(𝜔𝑐𝑡) 𝜔𝑐 𝜔𝑐𝑡
𝑥 (𝑡 ) = = sin ( )
πt πt πt

𝑥(𝜔)
𝜔𝑐
π

−π π
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝜔𝑐 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝜔𝑐

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Ex 5: DTFT

Find; Discrete Fourier transform 𝑥(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) or 𝑥 (𝜔)⁡for 𝑥 (𝑛) = 𝛿(𝑛)

where 𝛿(𝑛) is the: unit I pulse sequence

1, 𝑛 ≠ 0
𝑥 ( 𝜔) =
0, 𝑛 = 0
Solution:
−∞

𝑥(𝜔) = ∑ 𝑥[𝑛]. 𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔

+∞
−∞

𝑥(𝜔) = ∑ 𝛿[𝑛]. 𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔

+∞

𝑥 (𝜔 ) = ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯

⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑒 −𝑗𝑛𝜔0 = 1
𝑥 (𝜔 ) = 1

Time Response
• In the time domain, a linear system is described in terms of its impulse response ℎ(𝑡)
• ℎ(𝑡) which is defined as the response of the system (with Zero intimal conditions)
to 𝑥(𝑡) function which is applied (at time 𝑡 =0) to the input of the system
• The system can be illustrated as below 𝑥 (𝑡) ⁡ ⟶ ⁡ℎ(𝑡) ⁡⁡ ⟶ ⁡𝑦(𝑡)

𝑦 (𝑡 ) = 𝑥 (𝑡 ) ∗ ℎ (𝑡 )
+∞
convolution
𝑦(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥 (𝜏)ℎ(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏
−∞

Frequency Response
Frequency response 𝐻 (𝑓) can be described as Fourier transform of the output signal 𝑦(𝑡)
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐻 (𝑓). 𝑋(𝑓) multiplication

- Bad times make you more

appreciative of the good times
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Frequency Response
Proof
• A complex exponential input, 𝑥 (𝑡),⁡of unit amplitude and frequency
𝑓 is 𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 a output 𝑦(𝑡) can be obtained as
+∞

𝑦(𝑡) = ∫ ℎ(𝜏)𝑒 𝐽2𝜋𝑓(𝑡−𝜏) 𝑑𝜏

−∞
+∞

= 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 ∫ ℎ(𝜏)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝜏 𝑑𝐽

−∞

Let the Fourier transform of the system transfer function be defined as:
+∞
⁡𝐻(𝑓 ) = ∫−∞ ℎ(𝜏)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 thus 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐻(𝐹)⁡𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡
𝑦(𝑡)
Thus 𝐻(𝑓 ) =
𝑥(𝑡)

The inverse Fourier transform of an arbitrary signal 𝑥(𝑡)

+∞

𝑥(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑓)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡

−∞

Or can be written as
+∞

𝑥(𝑡) = lim ∑ 𝑥(𝑓) 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 ⁡Δ𝑓

Δ𝑓→0
𝑘=−∞

𝑓 = 𝑘Δ𝑓
+∞

𝑦(𝑡) = lim ∑ 𝐻(𝑓) × (𝑓) 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 ⁡Δ𝑓

Δ𝑓→0
𝑘=−∞
+∞

= ∫ 𝐻(𝑓) × (𝑓)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡

−∞

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So the Fourier transform of the output signal 𝑦(𝑡) is therefore

𝑦(𝑓 ) = 𝐻(𝑓 ). 𝑥(𝑓)

Imp. Rule

A linear time-invariant system thus be described quite simply in the frequency

domain by ........*

Ex:
1) find the frequency response 𝐻(𝑓) for the following system where the Time (impulse)
response is:
ℎ(𝑡) = 2𝑒 −3𝑡 ⁡⁡⁡; 𝑡 ≥ 0
2) if we applied 𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑡)⁡to system output y(t) ?
Solution:
+∞
1-we apply Fourier trans form or h(t): 𝐻(𝑓 ) = ∫0 2𝑒 −3𝑡 . 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡
+∞
2
𝐻(𝑓 ) = 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡(3+𝑗2𝜋𝑓) 𝑑𝑡 = [𝑒 −𝑡(3+𝑗2𝜋𝑓) ]+∞
0
−(3 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 )
0
2
𝐻 (𝑓 ) =
3+𝑗2𝜋𝑓

1+cos(4𝑡)
2- 𝑥(𝑡) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑡) ⇒ 𝑥(𝑡) = 2 [ ] = 1 + cos(4𝑡)
2

𝑒 4𝑗𝑡 𝑒 4𝑗𝑡
𝑥 (𝑡 ) = 1 + + According in Euler formula
2 2

we calculate x(f) based on frequency shift probably of FT

𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓0𝑡 → 𝑥(𝑓 − 𝑓0 )

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒⁡𝑗2𝜋𝑓0𝑡=𝑗4𝑡
2
𝜋𝑓0 = 2 ⇒ 𝑓0 =
𝜋

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 ‫ اسم الدكتور‬.‫االتصاالت الرقمية| د‬

1 2 1 2
𝑥(𝑓 ) = 𝛿 (𝑓 ) + 𝛿 (𝑓 − ) + 𝛿 (𝑓 + )
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
Convolution propriety 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) ∗ ℎ(𝑡) ⇒ 𝑦(𝑓 ) = 𝑋(𝑓 ) ∗ 𝐻(𝑓 )
2 1 2 1 2
𝑦 (𝑓 ) = [𝛿 (𝑓 ) + 𝛿 (𝑓 − ) + 𝛿 (𝑓 + )]
3 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 2 𝜋 2 𝜋
We move from 𝑦(𝑓 ) to 𝑦(𝑡) by apply IFT:
2 1 2 1
𝑦 (𝑡 ) = 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋(𝜋)𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗4𝑡
3 3 + 4𝑗 3 − 4𝑗

- If you aren't brave,

don't even think about success.

The END

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