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Gomezetal2021

The study investigates the taphonomy of the invasive bivalve Corbicula fluminea in the Upper Rio de la Plata, Uruguay, focusing on shell attributes such as fragmentation, presence of periostracum, corrasion, bioerosion, and bioencrustation. Significant differences were found in corrasion and fragmentation between samples, with the umbonal sector being the most affected due to higher exposure to corrasive agents. The research provides insights into the taphonomic processes of this species over a documented time frame of 35 years since its introduction.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views8 pages

Gomezetal2021

The study investigates the taphonomy of the invasive bivalve Corbicula fluminea in the Upper Rio de la Plata, Uruguay, focusing on shell attributes such as fragmentation, presence of periostracum, corrasion, bioerosion, and bioencrustation. Significant differences were found in corrasion and fragmentation between samples, with the umbonal sector being the most affected due to higher exposure to corrasive agents. The research provides insights into the taphonomic processes of this species over a documented time frame of 35 years since its introduction.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Boletín de la Sociedad Zoológica del Uruguay, 2021
Vol. 30 (2): e30.2.3
ISSN 2393-6940
https://journal.szu.org.uy
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26462/30.2.3

TAPHONOMY OF A DEATH ASSEMBLAGE OF THE INVASIVE BIVALVE Corbicula fluminea (MÜLLER,


1774), UPPER RIO DE LA PLATA, URUGUAY

María Cecilia Gómez , Alejandra Rojas y Sergio Martínez* .

Dpto. de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Fecha de recepción: 15 de junio de 2021


Fecha de aceptación: 27 de octubre de 2021

ABSTRACT bioerosión y bioincrustación, en cuatro sectores de la


valva: umbonal, anterior, central y posterior. Las
The bioinvader bivalve Corbicula fluminea (Müller, frecuencias de estos atributos se compararon mediante el
1774) is known in the Río de la Plata River since about 35 test de Χ2, encontrándose diferencias significativas
years ago. This time lapse fills a gap in taphonomical solamente en la corrasión del sector umbonal y en la
studies, that comprises usually strictly contemporaneous fragmentación de los sectores central y posterior. El
or at best centuries-old phenomena. We sampled shells of sector umbonal fue el más afectado, atribuyéndose esto a
this species in one locality in two occasions with the same su mayor exposición a los agentes corrasivos (i.e.,
methodology. Fragmentation, presence of periostracum, impacto de clastos) en comparación con otras áreas de la
corrasion, bioerosion and bioencrustation were studied valva. No se registró bioerosión ni bioincrustación,
externally in four sectors of the valve: umbonal, anterior, seguramente debido a la ausencia de los organismos
central, and posterior. We tested the differences in the habitualmente implicados, debido a la baja salinidad en la
frequencies of the attributes between the two samples by que se desarrolla esta especie.
means of Χ2, resulting only significantly different corrasion
in the umbonal sector and fragmentation in the central and Palabras clave: Tafonomía Actualista, Corbicula
posterior areas.The umbonal area was the most affected fluminea, Río de la Plata, Uruguay
sector, and it was attributed to a higher exposition to
corrasive agents (i.e., moving clasts) compared to other
areas of the valve. Neither bioerosion nor bioencrustation INTRODUCTION
was recorded, being this attributed to the less prevalence
of these taphonomic features in the low salinity conditions Molluscan shells are one of the most frequent
of the study area.
protagonists in the study of taphonomical processes,
because of their abundance in present and past
Key words: Actualistic Taphonomy, Corbicula assemblages along with their high preservation
fluminea, Río de la Plata, Uruguay potential (e.g., Parsons and Brett, 1991; Powell,
Stanton, Logan and Craig, 1992; Best and Kidwell,
2000 a, b; Erthal and Ritter, 2017). One of the core
RESUMEN
questions about these taphonomic processes is their
Tafonomía de una concentración de valvas del
duration, i.e., how much time is needed to reach a given
bivalvo invasor Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), Río taphonomic condition? Until now, the answers have
de la Plata superior, Uruguay. El bivalvo invasor come mainly from two sources: experimental
Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) es conocido en el Río de taphonomy, and the evaluation of death assemblages.
la Plata desde hace 35 años. Los estudios tafonómicos Time averaging in death assemblages comprises at
que impliquen un lapso de este rango son relevantes, ya best hundreds of years (Kidwell and Bosence, 1991;
que usualmente se tiene acceso a información Flessa, 1993; Flessa, Cutler and Meldahl, 1993;
estrictamente contemporánea o como muy cercano al Meldahl, Flessa and Cutler, 1997; Kosnik, Hua,
presente, de cientos de años de antigüedad. Para este Kaufman and Wüst, 2009), and on the other hand,
trabajo muestreamos en dos ocasiones y con la misma experimental taphonomy (i.e., artificial conditions) in
metodología bioclastos de C. fluminea en una localidad real-time implies months or a few years of duration
del Río de la Plata superior. Se estudiaron externamente (e.g., Flessa and Brown, 1983; Briggs, 1995;
la fragmentación, presencia de periostraco, corrasión, Chattopadhyay, Rathie and Das, 2013).

Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2021. Vol. 30 (2): e30.2.3 ISSN 2393-6940
GÓMEZ ET AL. 2

Fig. 1. Sampling location, indicated by the asterisk.

Fig 2. A. Sectors of the valves. 1: umbonal, 2: anterior, 3: central, 4: posterior. B. Shells of C. fluminea illustrating the taphonomic
grades employed: a) grade 0 of fragmentation, periostracum and corrasion.; b) grade 1 of periostracum and corrasion; c) grade 2 of
periostracum and corrasion. Scale bar: 1cm.

The use of a bioinvader with a well-documented Uruguay. Now, we are showing the first results of a
time of arrival let us to witness natural taphonomic similar research but focusing on a bivalve: Corbicula
processes in action in an up to present not accessible fluminea (Müller, 1774). The first populations of
time scale when the time of arrival of the invader Corbicula fluminea in Uruguay were signaled by
species is well documented. Martínez, Rojas, Cabrera Olazarri (1986), 35 years ago. Thus, we have a decadal
and Antuña (2020) (see also Antuña et al., this volume) scale resolution for the taphonomic processes implied,
published for the first time the evaluation from a being the present one the first study of this kind in
taphonomic point of view of shells of the invader bivalves.
gastropod Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) in

Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2021. Vol. 30 (2): e30.2.3 ISSN 2393-6940
Actualistic taphonomy of Corbicula fluminea

Fig. 3. Frequencies of the

Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2021. Vol. 30 (2): e30.2.3 ISSN 2393-6940
taphonomic attributes. A.
umbonal sector, B. anterior
sector, C. central sector, D.
posterior sector. For each
sector, there are shown
sample 1 and sample 2.
3
GÓMEZ ET AL. 4

Table 1. Number and percentage (in brackets) of bioclasts according to their taphonomic condition.

San Pedro1 San Pedro2


G.0 G. 1 G. 2 Abs. G. 0 G. 1 G. 2 Abs.

Umbo
Fragmentation 245 (77) 47 (15) 14 (4) 12 (4) 194 (64) 53 (17) 19 (6) 37 (12)
Periostracum 1 (0) 3 (1) 302 (95) 12 (4) 1 (0) 9 (3) 256 (84) 37 (12)
Corrasion 0 (0) 6 (2) 300 (94) 12 (4) 3 (1) 20 (7) 243 (80) 37 (12)
Anterior
Fragmentation 246 (77) 44 (14) 17 (5) 11 (3) 204 (67) 62 (20) 14 (5) 23 (8)
Periostracum 8 (3) 23 (7) 276 (87) 11 (3) 12 (4) 23 (8) 245 (81) 23 (8)
Corrasion 2 (1) 14 (4) 291 (92) 11 (3) 8 (3) 22 (7) 250 (83) 23 (8)
Center
Fragmentation 265 (83) 36 (11) 14 (4) 3 (1) 192 (63) 94 (31) 13 (4)4 (1)
Periostracum 9 (3) 22 (7) 284 (89) 3 (1) 12 (4) 25 (8) 262 (86) 4 (1)
Corrasion 3 (1) 13 (4) 299 (94) 3 (1) 8 (3) 22 (7) 269 (89) 4 (1)
Posterior
Fragmentation 265 (83) 36 (11) 14 (4) 3 (1) 187 (62) 47 (16) 25 (8) 44 (15)
Periostracum 9 (3) 22 (7) 284 (89) 3 (1) 15 (5) 20 (7) 224 (74) 44 (15)
Corrasion 3 (1) 13 (4) 299 (94) 3 (1) 8 (3) 21 (7) 230 (76) 44 (15)

MATERIAL AND METHODS Fragmentation. 0: more than 80% of the section of


the valve is present, 1: between 80% and 20% of the
Sampling was carried out in a Rio de la Plata beach section of the valve is present, 2: less than 20% of the
known as Barrancas de San Pedro (34° 21' 1'' S, 57° section of the valve is present. Presence of
54' 60'' W) (Fig. 1). According to López Laborde (2005) periostracum. 0: periostracum is present in at least
this zone is part of the upper and intermediate Rio de la 80% of the surface, 1: periostracum is present in 80 to
Plata, being its coast part of the “Southwest littoral” 20% of the surface, 2: periostracum is present in less
landscape (Evia and Gudynas, 2000). The locality is than 20% of the surface. Corrasion. 0: less than 20% of
characterized by the presence of sedimentary cliffs, the surface has signs of corrasion, 1: 80% to 20% of the
and the beach is composed by coarse sand and gravel. surface has signs of corrasion, 2: more than 80% of the
Except during storms, the current and waves have low surface has signs of corrasion. Bioerosion and
energy, but the wind-dominated tides are sometimes bioencrustation. 0: less than 20% of the surface has
very wide, reaching the base of the cliffs. signs of bioerosion or bioencrustation, 1: 80% to 20%
All bioclasts of C. fluminea larger than 10 mm were of the surface has bioerosion or bioencrustation, 2:
collected by hand in a rectangle limited by the low tide more than 80 of the surface has bioerosion or
line up to 5 m towards the cliffs, along 30 m parallel to bioencrustation.
the water line, in two occasions (April 2016, 318 Data (Table 1) was summarized in histograms, and
bioclasts, and May 2018, 303 bioclasts). compared for independence by a X2 test, with a p< 0.05
The following taphonomic attributes were significance level. The software used was PAST,
evaluated: fragmentation, presence of periostracum, version 3.26 (Hammer and Harper, 2006).
corrasion, bioerosion and bioencrustation. Corrasion
represents the combination of mechanical abrasion
and biogeochemical corrosion. Bioerosion refers to the RESULTS
traces left by the action of organisms that remove parts
of the shell. Bioencrustation is recognized as the The most frequent section of the valve was the
incorporation of biological material to the shell. For this central one, being present in ca. 99% of the bioclasts,
study we only considered as bioencrustation the followed by the anterior (97% and 92%), and the
presence of calcareous remains on the bioclasts. posterior (95% and 85%) ones. The umbonal area was
These attributes were registered separately in each of the less frequent, with 65% and 88% of representation,
the four areas previously delimited in the valves, respectively.
named umbonal, anterior, central, and posterior (Fig. The umbonal sector exhibit scarce variation (Fig.
2A), following a three-state scale (Fig 2B): 3A), being present in 96% and 88% of the shells in the

Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2021. Vol. 30 (2): e30.2.3 ISSN 2393-6940
5 Actualistic taphonomy of Corbicula fluminea

Table 2. X2 and probability (in brackets) values for the comparison between the two samples.

Fragmentation Periostracum Corrasion

Umbo 4.661 (0.12) 4.0145 (0.13) 13.792 (0.001)


Anterior 6.0378 (0.05) 1.4056 (0.05) 7.2584 (0.03)
Center 3.183 (8.43 E-09) 1.0903 (0.58) 5.7585 (0.06)
Posterior 12.687 (0.002) 1.0903 (0.58) 5.7585 (0.06)

first and second sample, respectively. Grade 0 was by posterior sectors. The anterior sector did not exhibit
far the most frequent (77% and 64%), followed by significant differences.
grade 1 and grade 2. The periostracum was absent in
most cases, being grade 2 the most frequent (ca. 95%
and 84%). Grade 0 was the less frequent, being less DISCUSSION
than 1% in both samples. Corrasion followed the same
trend as the periostracum, being grade 2 far more Globally, the taphonomic attributes observed in C.
frequent than the others (94% and ca. 80%), and grade fluminea showed scarce variability as depicted by the
0 the less frequent (0% and 1%). Bioerosion and two samples studied. The Χ2 test only showed
bioencrustation were not recorded in this valve area. significant differences with respect to corrasion in the
The anterior sector (Fig. 3B) was preserved in 97% umbonal sector, and regarding fragmentation in the
and 92% of the first and second samples, respectively. central and posterior sectors. These results indicate
Grade 0 of fragmentation predominated in this sector in that the conclusions are reliable, although further
both samples (77% and 67%), followed by grades 1 sampling would permit refining the discussion and
and 2. Periostracum presence exhibited grade 2 mostly conclusions.
(87% and 81%), followed by grades 1 and 0. In the As referred to in Results, the umbonal sector was
same trend, grade 2 predominated widely regarding the less frequent sector in the samples, and by the
corrasion (92% and 83%), followed by grades 1 and 0. contrary, the most frequent was the central one. Similar
Bioerosion and bioencrustation were not recorded in results were obtained for other freshwater bivalves,
this valve area. such as Unio sp. (Newell, Gower, Benton and
The central section (Fig. 3C) was present in the Tverdokhlebov, 2007). The preponderant damaging
99% of the bioclasts. In this area, grade 0 mechanism proposed by these authors are bedload
predominated regarding fragmentation (83% and currents, being the umbo the tallest and most exposed
63%), grade 1 was in second place (31% and 11%), zone to the particle impact, and in consequence the
and grade 2 was in both samples in only around 4% of first one to be abraded. Subsequently, with increasing
the bioclasts. Periostracum presence was represented abrasion, the shell becomes more prone to
in most cases by grade 2 (89% and 86%), with low fragmentation. Although in general this sequence is not
records of grades 1 and 0. Similar frequencies were impossible in our case, the different lifestyles of the
obtained for the corrasion, with grade 2 being the 94% species of Unio and Corbicula preclude to adopt it
and 89%, followed by grade 1, and by grade 0 with straightforward; for the moment it can be considered a
extremely low percentages. Bioerosion and plausible hypothesis to test. Partly different results
bioencrustation were not recorded in this valve section. were obtained by Kotzian and Simões (2006) in a work
The posterior sector (Fig. 3D) was present in 99% globally concerning the molluscan death assemblages
and 85% of the first and second samples, respectively. of the Touro Passo river in Southern Brazil. Despite as
In this area grade 0 predominated regarding in our case these authors found a general pattern of
fragmentation (83% and 62%), followed by grades 1 scarce fragmentation, the most fragmented sector was
and 2. Periostracum presence was represented mostly the posterior one. Contrary to our findings, they
by grade 2 (89% and 74%), followed by grades 1 and 0. reported small levels of corrasion, but this contradiction
Corrasion followed the same trend, being grade 2 the must be taken with caution, since the identification of
most frequent (94% and 76%), followed by grade 1, corrasion in both works was not done in the same way.
and an extremely low representation of grade 0. Periostracum loss and corrasion followed the same
Bioerosion and bioencrustation were not recorded in trends, what is expectable, since the periostracum is
this valve sector. the first barrier against abrasion and corrosion (Taylor
The frequencies obtained for both samples were and Kennedy, 1969; Harper, 1997, among others). The
compared by means of a Χ2 test (Table 2). A significant correlation between the size of the clasts, periostracum
difference was obtained for corrasion in the umbonal loss, and corrasion (specifically corrosion) has been
sector, and for fragmentation in the central and signaled many times (e.g., Pereira, Fornari, Erthal,

Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2021. Vol. 30 (2): e30.2.3 ISSN 2393-6940
GÓMEZ ET AL. 6

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