Strength of Materials

▪ Course Code CIV 112

Prerequisite: CIV111

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

 Strength of Materials

Strength of Materials is the study of the behavior of a known

geometry structure subjected to various types of loading.

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
▪ Course Data
Course Aims
Master a wide spectrum of Rigid and deformable body
mechanics , stress and strain knowledge

▪ Mechanical sectional properties ▪ Normal and Shear Stresses

Sectional Properties
Mechanical Properties

Homogeneous Material
Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
▪ Course Data
Course Learning Outcomes CLOs
▪ Identify rigid and deformable bodies & sectional area properties

▪ Solve straining action problems using the concept of stress & strain and
Hooke’s law.
▪ Solve normal and shear stresses problems by applying solid mechanics
fundamentals
▪ Use statistical analyses for thin-walled sections & Shear Flow and
Torsion of circular shafts
▪ Develop conclusions for transformation of Plane, Combined
Stresses, Bending Deflection and Buckling
Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Course Contents ▪ Course Data
Lecture Topic Title
Course Introduction & Outline, Rigid and deformable bodies, Review
1
of Internal forces
2,3 Sectional Area Properties
4,5 Straining Action
6 Concept of stress & strain, Hooke’s law
7 MID-TERM (March 26)
8,9,10 Normal Stresses
11,12 Shear stresses
13 Thin-walled sections & Shear Flow
14 Torsion of circular shafts
Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed
15,16 Transformation of Plane; Combined Stresses; Bending Deflection; Buckling
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
▪ Course Data
Grading System
Attendance ----
Quizzes 12
Assignments 8

Project 20

Mid-term Exam 20

Final Exam 40
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Lecture 1
 Do not enter without your calculator

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assignment cost 20% Penalty per 3 days
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials

TODAY, Agenda
-Introduction and Definition of Materials Mechanics
-Sectional Properties
* Area
* Centroid Or Center of Gravity CG
* Moment of Inertia I
Announcement
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 Strength of Materials
Introduction to Materials Mechanics
Materials mechanics is a branch of mechanics that studies the internal effects of stress
and strain in a solid body. Stress is associated with the strength of the material from which

the body is made, while Strain is a measure of the deformation of the body

Materials mechanics is one of the fundamental applied engineering sciences. It is used

to describe, explain, and predict many of the physical phenomena around us. Thorough
understanding of the fundamentals of material mechanics is vital for the design of any
structure.

Materials mechanics is a widely subject. One reason for this is the wide range of
materials steel, wood, foam, plastic, textiles, concrete, and so on. Another reason is the
mechanical properties of these materials. For example, the hot and cold condition of
Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed
the same material.
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Introduction to Materials Mechanics
Materials mechanics is old subject, generally dated
from the work of Galileo, he was the first to
attempt to explain the behavior of members under
tension a compression. He studied the beams used
in construction of hull of ships for Italian navy.
Galileo (1564–1642)

The meaning of engineering structure design is determining the specific

physical sizes to the parts of the structure. These parts must be properly
proportioned to withstand the actual or probable forces that may be
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carried by them, withEl-Sayed
adequate parts deformation.
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Introduction to Materials Mechanics

For example, the floors of a building must be sufficiently strong for its
intended purpose. Likewise, the parts of a composite structure must be
rigid enough so as not to deflect excessively causes cracking of a
plaster ceiling attached underneath under the imposed loads.

Also, a member may be so thin or slender that, upon being subjected

to compressive loading, it will collapse through buckling. The ability
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to determine El-Sayed
the maximum load that a slender column can carry
before buckling occurs is of great practical importance.
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Introduction to Materials Mechanics
Mechanics is a branch of the physical sciences that is concerned with the state of rest or
motion of bodies that are subjected to the action of forces.
In general, Mechanics can be subdivided into three branches:
Rigid-body mechanics, Deformable-body mechanics, and Fluid mechanics.
Rigid-body mechanics is a basic requirement for the study of the mechanics of deformable
bodies and the mechanics of fluids.
Rigid-body mechanics is essential for the design and analysis of many types of structural
members encountered in engineering.
Rigid-body mechanics is divided into two areas: statics and dynamics.
We can consider statics as a special case of dynamics, in which the acceleration is zero;
however, statics deserve separate treatment in engineering education since many objects are
Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed
designed with the intention that they remain in equilibrium.

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Introduction to Materials Mechanics
Rigid and deformable bodies
Rigid body, an ideal material that the distance between any two
particles remains fixed under loading, a good approximation in some
applications. These are ideal materials that do not deform at all.

Internal forces
(Straining actions)
External forces External forces
(acting forces,

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reaction, and
body weight)
Mechanics of Newton’s Laws
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Introduction to Materials Mechanics
Rigid and deformable bodies
Deformable bodies, bodies of finite dimensions that deform under
loads. In mechanics of deformable bodies, we go one step further by
determining the stresses and strains inside real bodies.
Shear Stresses

Normal Stresses

External forces (acting forces, External forces Internal forces

reaction, and body weight) (Straining actions)

The behavior of a member subjected to forces depends not only on the fundamental
laws of Newtonian mechanics that govern the equilibrium of the forces but also on the
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mechanical
Lecture 1
properties of the materials.
 Strength of Materials
Introduction to Materials Mechanics
Solid Body forces
A body can be subjected to both surface forces and body forces.
External forces
Surface loads that act on a small area of contact are reported by concentrated forces,
while distributed loadings act over a larger surface area of the body. When the loading
is coplanar.

body forces
A body force is developed when one body exerts a force on another body without direct
physical contact between the bodies. Examples include the effects caused by the earth’s
gravitation or its electromagnetic field.
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In the caseAhmed El-Sayed
of gravitation, this force is called the weight W of the body and acts through
the body’s center of gravity.
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Introduction to Materials Mechanics
The main problem of engineering mechanics of solids is determining the
internal resistance (forces) of a body, that is, the nature of forces set up
within a body to balance the effect of the externally applied forces.
For now, we could call this force Internal forces (Straining actions),
and the Mechanical sectional properties of the loaded section.

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Review of Axial & shear forces, and bending moment
Relation between Load, shear, and bending moment
w Σ FY= 0 Q – w(x) Δx – (Q + ΔQ) = 0
Q – w(x) Δx – (Q + ΔQ) = 0
Δ𝑄 𝑑𝑄
= −𝑤(𝑥) Δx ≡ 0 = −𝑤(𝑥)
Δ𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dQ = w(x) dx
w(x) 𝑄 = න −𝑤 𝑥 dx
M M+ΔM
𝛥𝑥
Q Q + ΔQ Σ M= 0 M + ΔM + w(x) Δx 2
- Q Δx- M = 0
Δx
Δ𝑀 𝛥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑀
= 𝑄(𝑥) - w(x) Δx ≡ 0 = 𝑄(𝑥)
Δ𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
dM = Q(x) dx
𝑀 = න 𝑄 𝑥 dx

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Review of Axial & shear forces, and bending moment
Example Determine the internal forces at c
15 KN. m

4 KN/m 15 KN 15 KN
a c b
15

5m 5m 1m 15 15
10 10
Static Equilibrium Σ Ma= 0
20 ∗ 7.5 20 ∗ 2.5
equations Yb= 21.5 KN
10 10
Σ FY= 0
Ya= 13.5 KN
Σ FX= 0
Xa= 0

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Review of Axial & shear forces, and bending moment
Example Determine the internal forces at c
4 KN/m
0 Xc Mc
a c
13.5 5m Yc

Static Equilibrium Σ FX= 0 Σ FY= 0 Σ Mc= 0

equations Xc= 0 Yc= 20-13.5 = 6.5 KN Mc= 13.5*5- 20*2.5=17.5 KN. m

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Review of Axial & shear forces, and bending moment
Example
2 KN/m 8 KN 4 KN

3m

4 KN

3m

4m 3m 3m 2m

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Ahmed El-Sayed
the internal force diagrams (N.F.D., S.F.D. & B.M.D.)

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Review of Axial & shear forces, and bending moment
Example
4 KN 8 KN. m
8 KN
(2)*4=8 KN

8 ∗3 8 ∗7
3m 10 10

8 ∗8 8 ∗2
4 KN 10 10

4 KN
8 KN 3m
8 8
4 KN 10 10
12 KN.m
4m 3m 3m 2m
12 KN Or by Static
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Reactions
Equilibrium equations

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Review of Axial & shear forces, and bending moment
Example
4 8 3
8 8
5 5

0 0
3 4 12
8 8
5 5

2 KN/m 8 KN 4 KN

4.8
4 KN

8 KN

12
12 KN

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

N.F.D.

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Review of Axial & shear forces, and bending moment
Example
4 8 3
8 8
5 5 4 4

3 4
8 8
5 5 8 8
0
6.4 2 KN/m 8 KN 4 KN

4 KN

8 KN

4
12 KN

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

S.F.D.

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Review of Axial & shear forces, and bending moment
Example
8

16

16 16 𝑃𝑙 0
4
12 2 KN/m 8 KN 4 KN
2
𝑤𝑙
8
4 KN

8 KN

12
12 KN

B.M.D.
Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Review of Axial & shear forces, and bending moment
Example
C Σ Mc= 0
Ɵ XA= 40 KN
3m
Σ FX= 0
XC= 40 KN
A B

C
30 KN 40
4m FCB sin Ɵ

FCB
FCB cos Ɵ

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Sectional Properties
The main problem of engineering mechanics of solids is the

determining of the internal resistance (forces) of a body, that is,

the nature of forces set up within a body to balance the effect
of the externally applied forces, for now we could call

this force Internal forces (Straining actions), and the Mechanical

sectional properties of the loaded section.

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Sectional Properties
w
Geometry Properties

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Sectional Properties
▪ Area A
▪ Centroid Or Center of Gravity

▪ Moment of Inertia I (Second Moment of Area )

▪ Polar Moment of Inertia I (Ip )

▪ Radius of Gyration (r )

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ProductEl-Sayed
Moment of Inertia Ixy
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Sectional Properties
▪ Area A
Is the size of a surface; or the amount of space inside the boundaries.

Rectangle Circle Triangle Circle with hollow

Width mm

Length mm
A = W . L = mm2
Trapezoidal Trapezoidal with hollow

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Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Sectional Properties
▪ Centroid Or Center of Gravity CG
Is the point through which the resultant of the weight of all the particles of
the body and forces act.

Symmetrical Non-symmetrical

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Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Sectional Properties
▪ Centroid Or Center of Gravity CG y
z x

By determine the First Moment of Area S

The first moment of area assumes that if all
the masses, forces, and other reacting physics z'
y' x'
quantities are acting on the centroid, their
total value would be zero. C.G.

Mx= Sx = න y dA My= Sy = න x dA

‫ ׬‬y dA y'
Mx= Sx = න y dA = yCG A 𝑦𝐶𝐺 =
𝐴
σ 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖
𝑦𝐶𝐺 =
𝐴 xCG
‫ ׬‬x dA C.G. yCG x'
My= Sy = න x dA = xCG A σ 𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed 𝑥𝐶𝐺 =
𝐴 𝑥𝐶𝐺 =
yi xi

𝐴 dAi
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Sectional Properties
▪ Centroid Or Center of Gravity CG
σ 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖
𝑦𝐶𝐺 =
Example y 𝐴
A = A1- A2
10mm
A = 30*70 - 20*10 =
20mm
2 1900 mm2
x
σ 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 𝐴1 𝑦1 - 𝐴2 𝑦2
40mm 33.4 C.G.
1
σ Ai yi =30∗70∗35 −
Datum (x’) 20∗10∗50=63500mm3
3*10mm

63500
yCG = =33.42 mm
Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed 1900

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Sectional Properties
▪ Centroid Or Center of Gravity CG σ Ai yi
yCG =
Example y A
10 mm A = A1- A2 +A3 -A4-A5
10 mm 4 A = 40*40 - 20*20 +
0.5*60*30 – 0.5*20*10
10 mm 3 5
– 10*20 = 1800 mm2
10 mm x σ Ai yi =A1 y1 - A2 y2 + A3 y3
C.G. - A4 y4 - A5 y5
20 mm
30.37 σ Ai yi =40∗40∗20 -
2
20∗20∗20 +
10 mm 1 0.5∗60∗30∗50 -
Datum (x’) 0.5∗20∗10∗53.33 - 3
20∗10∗45= 54667mm
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6*10 mm El-Sayed 54667
yCG = =30.37 mm
1800
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Sectional Properties
Example ▪ Centroid Or Center
y of Gravity CG
σ Ai yi
I.P.E 300 yCG =
A

x A = A1+A2 = 2*5380= 10760 mm2

C.G. σ Ai yi =A1 y1 + A2 y2
Web thickness (s)
σ Ai yi =5380∗150 +
Flange thickness 5380∗(300+0.5∗7.1)
(t) Datum (x’) = 2440099mm3
b
I Beam with parallel 2440099
yCG = =226.775 mm
flange I.P.E 300 10760
A=5380 mm2
h=300 mm b=150mm
t=10.7 mm s=7.1 mm
Asst.Prof. Ahmed
The acronym IPE indicatesEl-Sayed
I = I-section beam,
P = parallel flanges, E = European
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
Sectional Properties
▪ Centroid Or Centery of Gravity CG
Example
5 mm

20 mm
x
C.G.

5 mm

5 mm
10 mm 10 mm

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials

Summary
-Introduction and Definition of Materials Mechanics
-Sectional Properties
* Area
* Centroid Or Center of Gravity CG

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials
References
• Engineering Mechanics Statics, R. C. Hibbeler 14th
Edition 2016
• F.B. Beer, E.R. Johnston, J.T. DeWolf, and D.F.
Mazurek, Mechanics of Materials, Seventh Edition,
McGraw-Hill Education, NY, 2015.]
• Mary Attenborough, Engineering Mathematics,
McGraw-Hill Book Company Europe, 1994.
Tutorial
● Review on Draw NFD, SFD, and BMD for beams
● Determine section properties.
Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed
Lecture 1
 Strength of Materials

Thanks
Questions

Asst.Prof. Ahmed El-Sayed

Lecture 1