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EE 11 Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of basic electrical principles, including the structure of atoms, the role of valence electrons in conductivity, and the definitions of electric charge, current, electromotive force, and resistance. It classifies materials based on their electrical properties and discusses factors affecting resistance. Additionally, it includes sample problems to illustrate the concepts presented.

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balanaymichaelangelo015
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1 views

EE 11 Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of basic electrical principles, including the structure of atoms, the role of valence electrons in conductivity, and the definitions of electric charge, current, electromotive force, and resistance. It classifies materials based on their electrical properties and discusses factors affecting resistance. Additionally, it includes sample problems to illustrate the concepts presented.

Uploaded by

balanaymichaelangelo015
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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29/08/2022

Chapter 1
Definition, Symbols and Circuit Parameters

Electricity: Basic Principles


Electron Theory of Electricity
All matter, whether a gas, a liquid, or a
solid, is composed of atoms which in tern, are
made up of subatomic particles called protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
Orbital electrons – all negatively charged electrons revolved about the
positive nucleus in definite orbits that depend upon certain energy
relationships. As electron revolves it possesses three types of energy: (1) The
energy required to displace the electron from the nucleus so that it may
revolve at some fixed radius from the atomic center. (2) the energy
represented by its motion around the nucleus and (3) the energy that results
from its spin on its own axis.

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Valence Electrons and Conductivity in Solid


Atoms can combine in orderly and repetitively
arrangements to form the kinds of solid use in electric circuits.
The geometric pattern of the crystal – the crystal lattice – Is
maintained by the bonding action of the electrons in the outer
shell, which are called valence electrons. They are in conductors
generally free to move from atom to atom, and it is this electron
mobility. That is responsible for the conduction process. From the
standpoint of electrical conductivity, solid materials may be
classified as conductors, insulators, and semiconductors.
Moreover, such properties will depend upon the number of
valence electrons.
Good conductor – Less than 4 Valence electrons, i.e., Cu, Al
Poor Conductor (insulators) – More than 4 Valence electrons, i.e., Phosphorus
Semiconductor – 4 valence electrons, i.e., Ge, Si

Electric Charge and Electric Current


Electric current is represented by a transfer of electric charge (electrons)
Electric charge – a body is said to be charged if it has either an excess or
deficit of electrons from its normal values due to sharing. The magnitude
of the charge is commonly given in coulombs and for each negatively
charged electron it is 1.59 × 10−19 coulomb.
One coulomb of electric charge continuously passes a given point every
second, electric current is said to be 1 ampere, named after French
physicist and mathematician, Andre M. Ampere.
𝑄
𝐼=
𝑡

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Electromotive Force (EMF)


• Electric pressure
• Is the characteristic of a device or machine that tends to create
electron flow.
• When applied to the ends of a conductor, it is proper to refer to the
existence of a potential difference between such ends.
• Voltage – the existence of force that tends to create a current.
• Volt (V)- unit of potential difference which is equal to 1 Joule of work
done per one column of charge. Named after Italian physicist,
Alessandro C. Volta(1754-1827) who invented the first electric
battery.

Electrical Resistance and Resistivity


Electrical resistance or Resistance
• reciprocal of conductance
• A tendency to oppose current
• Resistor – material possessing this property.
• The unit of resistance is the international ohm (𝛀) and is defined as
the resistance at zero degrees centigrade of a column of mercury of
Uniform Cross section having a length of 106.3 centimeters and a
mass of 14.4521 grams.

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Electrical Resistance and Resistivity


The resistance of a conductor of electricity of homogeneous and
symmetrical construction depends upon four factors:
1. Kind of material
2. Length
3. Cross-sectional Area
4. Temperature

Resistance (𝑹) and Resistivity (𝝆)


𝑳
𝑹=𝝆
𝑨
Where: 𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑜ℎ𝑚 − 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
• Specific resistance (𝜌) – resistance offered by a unit cube of the of the
material

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Resistivity in Circular-mil-foot Units


• Since electric conductors are generally round and have rather small
diameters that are conveniently expressed in mils (0.001 in. = 1 mil).
It is desirable to use circular units rather than square units to denote
the cross-sectional area.
• Circular mil (CM) – area of a circle having a diameter (d) of one mil.
• 𝐶𝑀 = 𝑑 2

Elements Alloys
Resistivity of Silver 9.9 Brass 42
common Copper, annealed 10.37 German silver 199

elements Copper, hard drawn 10.65 Manganin 265

and alloys at Gold, pure 14 Lucero 280

200 𝐶 Aluminum
Magnesium
17
28
Advance
Constantan
294
302
Tungsten 33 Excello 550
Zinc 36 Nichrome 600
Nickel 47 Nichrome II 660
Iron, Cast 54 Chromel 625-655
Platinum 60
Iron, commercial 75
Lead 132
Mercury 577

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Sample Problems
1. A positively charged dielectric has a charge of 2 coulombs. If 12.5 ×
1018 free electrons are added to it. What will be the net charge on
the said dielectric.
2. A battery can deliver 10 joules of energy to move 5 coulombs of
charge. What is the potential difference between the terminals of
the battery?
3. A cloud of 2.5𝑥1019 electrons move past a given point every 2
seconds. How much is the intensity of the electron flow?
4. The current in an electric lamp is 5 amperes. What quantity of
electricity flows towards the filament in 6 minutes?

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Sample Problems
5. The substation bus bar is made up of 2-inches round copper bars 20
ft long. What is the resistance of each bar if resistivity is 1.724 ×
10−6 Ω − 𝑐𝑚.
6. Using the given particulars calculate the resistance of the following
conductors at 200 𝐶:
(a) 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑢, 𝑙 = 1000𝑓𝑡, A = 3220 𝐶𝑀
(b) 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝑙, 𝑙 = 4 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑑 = 164 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠
(c) 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑙 = 486 𝑖𝑛, d = 0.0159

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END!

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