DOUBLE INTEGRALS

Preliminaries

The next definition generalizes integration by allowing

partitions to be irregular (that is, not all subintervals
have the same width):

Need to define 𝑃𝑃 – the norm of the partition – as the

largest of all the ∆xi
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DEFINITION
For any function f defined on the interval [a, b], the
definite integral of f on [a, b] is

provided the limit exists and is the same for all choices of
the evaluation points ci ∈ [xi−1, xi ], for i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
In this case, we say that f is integrable on [a, b].
ǁPǁ (the norm of the partition) is the largest of all the
xi ’s.
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Double Integrals over a Rectangle

For a function f (x, y), where f is continuous and f (x, y) ≥ 0
for all a ≤ x ≤ b and c ≤ y ≤ d, we wish to find the volume of
the solid lying below the surface z = f (x, y) and above the
rectangle R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b and c ≤ y ≤ d} in the xy-plane.
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Double Integrals over a Rectangle

 DOUBLE INTEGRALS

EXAMPLE Approximating the Volume Lying Beneath a Surface

Approximate the volume lying beneath the surface

and above the rectangle R = {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 6, 0 ≤ y ≤ 6}.

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EXAMPLE Approximating the Volume Lying Beneath a Surface

Solution
Choose the evaluation points
(ui, vi ) to be the centers
of each of the four squares,
that is,
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EXAMPLE Approximating the Volume Lying Beneath a Surface

Solution
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EXAMPLE
Repeat the previous worked example but this time partition
the area into nine 2x2 rectangles
Approximate the volume lying beneath the surface

and above the rectangle R = {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 6, 0 ≤ y ≤ 6}.

[Ans: 280]
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS

DEFINITION
For any function f defined on the rectangle
R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b and c ≤ y ≤ d}, we define the double
integral of f over R by

provided the limit exists and is the same for every choice
of the evaluation points (ui, vi ) in Ri , for i = 1, 2, . . . , n.

When this happens, we say that f is integrable over R.

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Double Integrals as Iterated Integrals

 DOUBLE INTEGRALS

THEOREM (Fubini’s Theorem)

Suppose that f is integrable over the rectangle
R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b and c ≤ y ≤ d}.

Then we can write the double integral of f over R as

either of the iterated integrals:
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EXAMPLE Double Integral over a Rectangle

 DOUBLE INTEGRALS

EXAMPLE Double Integral over a Rectangle

Solution
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EXAMPLE Double Integral over a Rectangle

Solution Show that you get the same value by integrating first with
respect to y, that is, that:
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Double Integrals over General Regions

inner partition
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Double Integrals over General Regions

Define the norm of the inner partition ǁPǁ to be the length

of the largest diagonal of any of the rectangles R1, R2, … Rn.
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS
DEFINITION
For any function f defined on a bounded region R ⊂ ,
we define the double integral of f over R by

provided the limit exists and is the same for every choice
of the evaluation points (ui, vi) in Ri , for i = 1, 2, . . . , n.

In this case, we say that f is integrable over R.

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THEOREM
Suppose that f is continuous
on the region R defined by
R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b and
g1(x) ≤ y ≤ g2(x)}, for
continuous functions g1 and
g2, where g1(x) ≤ g2(x), for all x
in [a, b].
Then,
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EXAMPLE Evaluating a Double Integral

Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of y = x, y = 0
and x = 4. Evaluate
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS

EXAMPLE Evaluating a Double Integral

Solution
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EXAMPLE Approximate Limits of Integration

Evaluate , where R is the region bounded
by the graphs of y = cos x and y = x2.

[Ans: 3.659765588]
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THEOREM
Suppose that f is continuous
on the region R defined by
R = {(x, y)|c ≤ y ≤ d and
h1(y) ≤ x ≤ h2(y)}, for
continuous functions h1 and
h2, where h1(y) ≤ h2(y), for all
y in [c, d].
Then,
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EXAMPLE Integrating First with Respect to x

Write

as an iterated integral, where R is the region bounded by

the graphs of x = y2 and x = 2 − y.
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EXAMPLE Integrating First with Respect to x

Solution
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EXAMPLE Evaluating a Double Integral

Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of ,
x = 0 and y = 3.

Evaluate

[Ans: 314.3]
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THEOREM
Let f and g be integrable over the region R ⊂ and let c
be any constant.
Then, the following hold:
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THEOREM
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES
Let us try to solve what may appear a relatively
easy integral ∬𝑅𝑅 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 with what we
have learnt so far.
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

Suppose the region R can be written in the form:

R = {(r, θ) | α ≤ θ ≤ β and g1(θ) ≤ r ≤ g2(θ)}
where 0 ≤ g1(θ) ≤ g2(θ) for all θ in [α, β]
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

Area of a Polar Region

dA = r dr dθ
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

THEOREM (Fubini’s Theorem)

Suppose that f (r, θ) is continuous on the region

R = {(r, θ)|α ≤ θ ≤ β and g1(θ) ≤ r ≤ g2(θ)}, where
0 ≤ g1(θ) ≤ g2(θ) for all θ in [α, β].

Then,

x = rcosθ y = rsinθ dA = rdrdθ

 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

EXAMPLE Computing Area in Polar Coordinates

Find the area inside the curve defined by r = 2 − 2 sin θ.
Solution
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

EXAMPLE Evaluating a Double Integral in Polar Coordinates

[Ans: 20π]
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EXAMPLE Finding Volume Using Polar Coordinates

Find the volume inside the

paraboloid z = 9 − x2 − y2,
outside the cylinder x2 + y2 = 4
and above the xy-plane.
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

EXAMPLE Finding Volume Using Polar Coordinates

Solution
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

EXAMPLE Changing a Double Integral to Polar Coordinates

[Ans: π/16]
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EXAMPLE Finding Volume Using Polar Coordinates

Find the volume cut out of

the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 4
by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 2y.
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

EXAMPLE Finding Volume Using Polar Coordinates

Solution
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

EXAMPLE Finding Volume Using Polar Coordinates

Solution
 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

EXAMPLE Finding the Volume Between Two Paraboloids

Find the volume of the solid bounded by z = 8 − x2 − y2 and

z = x2 + y2.

[Ans: 16π]