International Journal on Engineering, Science and Technology

Volume 4, Issue 2, 2022 ISSN: 2642-4088

Understanding the Key Features of Wi-Fi 6 and Exploring the Effect of

Modulation Scheme on Throughput Rate
Mohammed Shakir Mahmood
Scholarships and Cultural Relations Directorate, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research,
Baghdad, Iraq

Maad Modher Khalil

University of Diyala, Iraq, [email protected]

Abstract: Today, the number of smart devices and applications are increasing day by day, whereas the older
versions of Wi-Fi stander, i.e., n/a/g cannot meet the greed and need of these devices. Thus, the development of
applications and devices has called to design of a new Wi-Fi version. Hence, a new Wi-Fi 6 vision has been
promoted based on 802.11 IEEE stander. The scope of this paper has focused on the study and overview of Wi-
Fi 6 features. As well as, exploring the simulation tools that can be used to implement 802.11ax. A simulation
has been done by using NS-3 to measure the effect of modulation and coding schemes on the throughput rate.
Where a scenario of the network model was taken on a single AP with a node and the MCS value range is (0 to
7), the channel width (20, 40, 80 or 160 MHz) and the guard interval (800ns, 1600ns or 3200ns). The time of
simulation was set to 10 seconds. Hence, the output results explained that the change of modulation properties
can increase/reduce the throughput rate.

Keywords: wi-fi 6, 802.11ax, modulation and coding schemes, throughput rate

Introduction
Wi-Fi has become the world’s omnipresent technology. It offers free Wi-Fi for thousands of devices and
provides a growing number of users with Internet access. Wi-Fi is also replacing wired internet connectivity
unwaveringly [D. López-Pérez]. Each version of 802.11 standards significantly enhances the broadband speed
in order to adapt to new service applications and reduce the gap in wireless network bandwidth [D. López-
Pérez], [G. Naik]. A broader range of Wi-Fi access terminals is used in the form of video conferencing, wireless
interactive VR, mobile teaching and other service applications [L. G. Giordano]. Further- more, the
advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) offers more and more smart home terminals. Improvements in Wi-
Fi networks that handle different types of terminals are therefore crucial. This fulfils device bandwidth
requirements for various types of terminal applications [A. Yang].

On the other side, the low performance of Wi-Fi net-works resulting from connections to multiple terminals
needs to be tackled in the next generation Wi-Fi standard. Hence, 802.11ax proposes to fix this gap, and in 2019
the 802.11ax standard was ratified [D. López-Pérez], [A. Yang]. Moreover, by implementing innovations such
as uplink MU-MIMO, multi-access orthogonal frequency division (OFDMA), and high-order 1024-QAM
coding, 802.11ax is designed to address network capacity and transmission efficiency concerns from factors
such as usage of spectrum resources and multi-user access [M. Yang]. Compared to IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5),
802.11ax seeks to achieve a fourfold increase in total user throughput and more than threefold increase in
concurrent user numbers in dense user environments [M. Yang]. The new 802.11ax stander contains new
features that have been adopted in other older standards such as n , p, v, ah, etc. All features are present in
802.11ax, although only a few of these features were present in older standards [L. G. Giordano], [A. Yang].
The integration of all the features is what makes 802.11ax unique. The High Efficiency (HE) acronym, as
opposed to the Very High Throughput (VHT) acronym, clearly shows where the heart of the technology lies.
Dedicated to performance, maximum throughput numbers can be taken seriously [E. Khorov].

In more details, the Orthogonal Frequency Multiple Access Division (OFDMA) is the most important of the
new functions [H. Mishra], [A. Kiryanov]. The other most important feature along with Beamforming is its
default approval for MU- MIMO 8x8, uplink, and downlink. This together with an- other feature, BSS
colouring, promises more efficient spatial reuse by mitigating interference from the co-channel (especially for
80/160 MHz channels). Standard MCS 10 and 11 support for up to 1024 QAM also helps to enhance maximum
throughput [D. López-Pérez], [H. Mishra]. The new improvement in power-saving emerges from Target Wake

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Time (TWT), which is quite advantageous for mobile and IoT devices. In outdoor scenarios, longer guard
intervals make the signal more robust [A. Kiryanov].

For more information, Table I explores the differences between IEEE stander related to 802.11n, 802.11ac and
802.11ax and the new features of Wi-Fi 6 [D. López-Pérez], [G. Naik], [H. Mishra]–[D. G. Filoso]. The Wi-Fi 6
features will provide for user and companies a unique experience related to the network environment of Wi-Fi.
For instance, the enhanced functionality would increase the performance of batteries on smartphones, tablets
and IoT computers [D. López-Pérez], [H. Mishra]. Better Wi-Fi coverage and 2.4 GHz support make the
802.11ax ideal for IoT devices [R. P. F. Hoefel], [J. S.-C. Hsin].

In brief, the IEEE 802.11 specifications set certain specific stipulations and on which the wireless devices are
approved by the Wi-Fi alliance [D. López-Pérez]. The new 802.11ax standard, the 11ac standard’s replacement,
aims to address all of our concerns by improving the way Wi-Fi operates. While promising higher velocities, it
also promises more efficiency [H. Mishra]. Moreover, the 802.11ax standard aims to accommodate a large
number of simultaneous connections, respectively. It enhances the user experience in a crowded network
environment for both upload and download operations [A. Kiryanov]. It also promises significant power
efficiency improvements that will boost IoT and Portable devices [R. P. F. Hoefel].

The motivation of this study is to explore new IEEE standard 80.211ax related to WiFi 6 and discuss the new
features and characteristics. Also, to know the simulations tools that can be used to simulate 802.11ax. Finally, a
simulation experiment by NS-3 has been done to explain the impact of modulation and coding schemes in the
throughput rate.

Table 1. 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ax Comparison

IEEE 802.11n 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) 802.11ax(Wi-
stand (Wi-Fi 4) Fi 6)
er
Properti
es
2.4 GHZ, 5 GHz, 6
Frequency bands 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz 5 GHz only
GHz
20, 40, 80, 80 + 80, and 20, 40, 80, 80 +
Channel size (MHz) 20,40
160 80, and 160
Frequency OFDM and
OFDM OFDM
multiplexing OFDMA
OFDM symbol
3.2 3.2 12.8
Time (µs)
Guard interval
.04 or .08 .04 or .08 .08, 1.6, or 3.2
(µs)
Binary Phase-Shift BPSK, QPSK,
BPSK, QPSK,
Keying (BPSK), 16-QAM,
256-QAM
Modulation Quadrature PhaseShift 64-QAM,
16-QAM,
Keying (QPSK), 16- 256-QAM,
64-QAM,
QAM, 64-QAM 1024-QAM
MU-MIMO N/A DL DL and UL
OFDMA N/A N/A DL and UL

Why New IEEE AX Stander

Wi-Fi service’s primary function was to deal with high- density networks such as large public spaces. The high-
density keyword refers to many users, i.e. 20 devices that need to win a high-quality connection simultaneously
[D. López-Pérez], [M. Yang]. Onward this represents a challenge for companies to address all of this request, in
particular the nature of different applications. On the other hand, due to the emerging IoT applications and
devices that can increase the complexity of the Wi-Fi network task [J. S.-C. Hsin], [D.-J. Deng]. For example,
there are many IoT devices in the university, home, company and the other parts, which expects more Wi-Fi
challenges.

In more, Wi-Fi 6 addresses the efficiency of wireless networks through many dimensions [H. Mishra]. Although

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Wi- Fi innovation has traditionally concentrated on achieving higher data peak rates for a consumer, Wi-Fi 6
does this with a radically different focus. Onward, Wi-Fi 6 has been designed to increase both overall efficiency
and capacity. This move from speed to capability and reliability in priority aligns with the broader macro trends
towards ever higher average data rates per device as networks compete with more users’ device and higher
deployments of densities.

In summary, Wi-Fi 6 improvements in the performance 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band. Also, the throughput average
increases per station by at least four times in dense deployment scenarios. About the indoor and outdoor
operations, the IEEE 802.11ax stander enhancement environments maintenance and improvement of power
efficiency in stations. The new Wi-Fi 6 features also play on enhancement the traffic management an efficient
way in a variety of environments.

802.11AX Components Enhancement

802.11ax has strengthened communication through the rapid advancement of the working theory of Wi-Fi net-
works. We’ll review some of the most significant features and characteristics in this section.

OFDMA
OFDMA is a function put in 11ac. OFDMA is currently working in the LTE (long term evolution) 4G cellular
standard [D. López-Pérez], [D. Weller]. By creating more subcarriers (Resource Units) to support different
clients with varying bandwidth requirements, OFDMA makes better use of the frequency spectrum. OFDMA is
a multiuser variant of the multiplexing single-user orthogonal frequency division (OFDM), where users are
allocated sub-sets of carriers known as sub-carriers [D.-J. Deng], [D. Weller]. The radios of 11 ax also support
OFDM for backward compatibility with clients of a, g, n and ac [D. Weller].

In fact, OFDMA is extracted from OFDM simply by assigning the sub-channels to different users at the same
time interval, while in OFDM all the bandwidth is as- signed to one user at each time interval [D. López-Pérez],
[H. Mishra], [D. Weller]. The discrepancy between OFDM and OFDMA is depicted in Fig. 1 a and b [D.
López-Pérez]. The smaller allocations of frequencies are called resource units. They allow an access point to
synchronize contact with multiple clients allocated to separate resource units (both up-link and down-link) [B.
Bellalta]. The data may be transmitted to several users by subdividing the channels into smaller sub-carriers [D.
López-Pérez]. This simultaneous transmission enjoys reduced MAC overheads [B. Bellalta]. It is also benefiting
from decreased overhead medium contention [K. Wang]. It is also benefiting from decreased overhead medium
contention [D. López-Pérez]. The access point may decide to assign the entire channel to a single client, or
partition it to serve multiple clients as shown in Fig. 1 b, depending on the client request. OFDMA leads to
better frequency reuse and reduced overall latency making it more efficient [M. Yang].

Figure 1. Difference between ODFM and OFDMA Frequency Allocation over Time

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Subcarriers

Subcarriers are a smaller canal of bandwidth [H. Mishra]. The wireless a, g, n, ac OFDM subcarriers were 312.5
kHz wide so the subcarriers are orthogonal, thereby preventing inter- channel interference [D. Weller]. The 20
MHz channel is set to more symbol times of 12,8 us, thereby reducing the spacing to 78,125 kHz and raising the
total number of subcarriers to 256, as shown in Fig. 2 [D. López-Pérez], [H. Mishra], [D. Weller].

There are three types of sub-companies: data sub-companies, pilot sub-companies and unused sub- companies.
Sub-carriers of data are used to relay data [A. Yang],[R. P. F. Hoefel]. The pilot subcarriers are used for the
synchronization of step details and monitoring of other parameters between the access point and client. Unused
subcarriers are used against interference from neighboring channels or sub-channels as guard band subcarriers,
or null subcarriers. With Uplink-OFDMA the manufacturer reports a better range of 80.

Figure 2. OFDM vs OFDMA Subcarriers

Resource Units

Once an 802.11n / ac AP transmits to 802.11n / ac users on an OFDM Channel, the whole channel frequency
space is used for any channel transmission autonomous down-link [K. Wang]. When using an OFDM with 20
MHz Both subcarriers are used as channels for each individual trans- mission [D. López-Pérez], [H. Mishra],
[K. Wang]. In other words, for the connection among the AP and a single OFDM client, the intact 20 MHz
channel is required. The same applies to any uplink communication between a single 802.11n / ac client and the
802.11n / ac AP [D. Weller]. For client communication to the AP, the intact 20 MHz OFDM channel also is
required [B. Bellalta]. An OFDMA channel, as shown in Fig. 3, comprises a total of Subcarriers 256 [D.
Weller]. These sub-carrying companies can be divided into smaller Subchannels known as resource units (RUs)
[H. Mishra]. Once dividing a 20 MHz channel, the 26, 52, 106, and 242 subcarrier RUs can designate by an
802.11ax AP, approximately equivalent to 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 20 MHz, respectively [D. López-Pérez],
[D. Weller].

The 802.11ax AP defines how to use multiple RUs in a 20 MHz path, which can be used with in multiple
combinations [D. Weller]. The AP can delegate just one client at a time to the whole channel, or it can break the
channel to serve multiple clients at the same time. For example, an 802.11ax AP can communicate (up-link or
down-link) using an 8 MHz sub-channel simultaneously with a single 802.11ax client and three other 802.11ax
clients using 4 MHz sub-channels [D. Weller].

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Figure 3. OFDM vs OFDMA Subcarriers

MU-MIMO

Multi-user, multiple-input multiple-output (MU- MIMO) is a system that allows multiple users to operate at the
same time Transfer or receive data from an AP, rather than round-robin [A. Kiryanov]. As shown in Fig. 4, the
main factor is the inclusion of multiple antennas, which can help achieve multiplexing and spatial diversity [D.
López-Pérez], [A. Kiryanov], [D. Weller]. When several antennas exist, they can be used to transmit the same or
different data set depending on what one is trying to accomplish. Thus an access point with N antennas is able to
communicate simultaneously with N devices instead of one device at a time [A. Kiryanov]. In more, the
802.11ax draught amendment proposes several major MU-MIMO improvements including grouping of data
frames and other frames among multiple users to minimize overhead and improve the response time for uplink
[A. Kiryanov]. It will also use trigger frames to signal 802.11ax clients cooperate in MU-MIMO messaging
uplinks [D. Weller]. 802.11ax is made to enable up to 8x8x8 MU-MIMO in both downlink and uplink, allowing
for simultaneous operation of up to eight users and substantially higher data throughput [D. López-Pérez], [A.
Kiryanov].

Figure 4. Multi-user Multiple Input Multiple Output Concept

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Spatial Reuse

Wi-Fi typically uses CSMA-CA (Carrier Sense with Multiple Access collision avoidance) to ensure that at any
given time only one radio is transmitting in the channel. When the 802.11 radio hears PHY preamble of some
other radio at a 4 dB (4 dB higher than Noise Floor) signal detection threshold, it defers transmission [H.
Mishra]. This overhead conflict becomes a big problem when there are so many Wi-Fi access points
surrounding it, such as in an apartment complex or in any public space with several APs [E. Khorov], [H.
Mishra].

This is commonly referred to as Co-Channel Interference, which is called Overlapping Basic Service Sets
(OBSS), where each point of entry is a Basic Service Set (BSS) [D. G. Filoso]. This phenomenon greatly
impacts perceived data volumes [A. Kiryanov], [D. G. Filoso]. The data rate is about 55-65 percent of what the
advertised rates are due to all the postponed transmission and waiting [D. Weller]. By giving a numerical
identifier called BSS Color to each BSS, 802.11ax proposes to fix this issue. The BSS colour allows a receiving
station to distinguish the activity in order to increase efficiency [D. López-Pérez]– [L. G. Giordano]. Uses the
correct channel access rules for spatial reuse BSS from which a PPDU originates so that the station [K. Wang].
In a word, the bit of colouring is discovered by the colouring of BSS for physical header related to the frame of
802.11ax [K. Wang]. In more, the client of 802.11a/b/g/n is unable to understand the bits of colour bits due to
they are applying a strange physical header format [D. López-Pérez], [K. Wang]. Thus, the access of channel
relies on detecting of colour. The operation of carrier sense can be arranged by new IEEE 802.11ax stander that
depended on the foundation of the colour of the BSS which improves the performance [D. Weller].

Target Wake Time

The need for regular scheduling in the new scheduling framework called Take Wake Time (TWT) [K. Wang]. It
greatly decreases beaconing and may use TWT setup frames between the client and the access point where the
client is able to negotiate a scheduled TWT [B. Bellalta]. For various kinds of traffic asks each client has up
to 8 scheduled wake-ups. For instance, VoIP can be scheduled more frequently than weather forecasts, messages
can be scheduled more frequently than emails, etc [D. López-Pérez], [H. Mishra]. The access point generates a
wake-up schedule and delivers on a TWT broadcast procedure to the clients.For instance, VoIP can be
scheduled more frequently than weather forecasts, messages can be scheduled more frequently than emails, etc
[D. Weller]. The access point generates a wake-up schedule and delivers on a TWT broadcast procedure to the
clients [Q. Chen].

On a standard wake schedule, stations can agree with the AP to allow them to awaken only when appropriate,
thus reducing energy usage and contention within the Basic Service Set (BSS), i.e. the wireless network defined
by the AP and associated stations. Two are the key concepts in order to illustrate how TWT operates [Q. Chen].
The length of the TWT session or Session Period (SP) is the period during which the information is collected or
transmitted by the wake station [D. López-Pérez], [H. Mishra], [A. Kiryanov], [Q. Chen]. The TWT Agreement
is the final agreement to specify the particulars of the TWT SPs to which the station will belong, such as the
time(s) for the station to awaken [Q. Chen], obtained after an agreement between the AP and the station. Indeed,
one TWT arrangement allows the station to participate in the routine awakening of many TWT SPs [Q. Chen].
The TWT feature in IEEE 802.11ax is therefore based on the implementation of IEEE 802.11ah. It also
includes, besides the individual TWT, the Broadcast TWT. This new type of arrangement should allow the
efficiency of the TWT service to be enhanced and the new IEEE 802.11ax multi-user capabilities to be better
utilized.

Effect of Modulation and Coding Schema on Data-rate

The Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) index values can be used to set the required data rate for access to
the Wi-Fi network [D. López-Pérez], [H. Mishra], [D. Weller]. The value of the MCS is essentially the secret to
recapitulating the number of spatial streams [A. Kiryanov]. In the meantime, during connection to the wireless
AP, the modulation and coding rate styles become possible [D. Weller]. In reality, the initial MSC value relies
on the resource of variables, which refers to the nature of the hardware and local interference [A. Kiryanov].
More precisely, if the Wi-Fi connection or wireless connection can not be sustained due to an error connection,
such as multiple CRC errors on the link, then MSC value can be decreased to reduce the error rate [K. Wang].

More acceptable form of modulation / coding rate selection will effectively contribute to lowering the error

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price. However, this method may have a direct effect on the transition of the average data rate. In fact, the MSC
can detect the type of link, i.e., wireless or Wi-Fi, but this does not reflect the actual [D. G. Filoso]. As an
example, the table below will explore the range of MCS index values [M. Yang], [A. Kiryanov]. In more,
various features may have a direct impact on the data rate [M. A. Rahman], [M. A. Rahman]. The 802.11ax
modulation and coding rate that can decide how data is transmitted over the air can reach up to 1024-QAM [A.
Kiryanov], [D. G. Filoso], [D. Weller]. In comparison, the 802.11n max range can exceed 64-QAM. Using a
simple modulation like BPSK, on the other hand, will help repair the error-link connection. Furthermore, the
frequency range has also expanded from 20MHz to 160MHz[L. G. Giordano]. However, the frequency of the
channels in 802.11n / ac can not exceed 80MHz. The Guard Interval (GI) is called a short pause time [D.
Weller].

This time can be set between the transmissions of the packet to allow any incorrect information to be dropped.
Similarly, the data rate is mainly influenced by the intensity and distance of the received signal (SNR) [A.
Kiryanov]. There- fore, for greater data-rate reliability, several variables have to be taken into account.

Simulation Tools
Firstly, MATLAB and NS-3 are the simulation tools that can use for 802.11ax. MATLAB has developed to be
able to deal with new stander. MATLAB provides many functions such as waveform generation for high-
efficiency (HE) Wi-Fi formats, OFDMA, etc., which make easy to simulate Wi-Fi 6. In contrast, NS-3 is open-
source soft- ware. NS-3 in version 3.30 starts support 802.11ax stander. It provides spatial reuse features and
other functions. For more details, the next section provides a simple scenario to explorer the effect of
modification Modulation and Coding Schema on the date-rate average.

Performance Evaluation
The scenario of the network model is considered that there is a single AP with a node. the MCS value is belong
to (0 to 7), the channel width (20, 40, 80 or 160 MHz) and the guard interval (800ns, 1600ns or 3200ns). The
time of simulation is set 10 seconds. To enable the stander 802.11ax in NS-3, that needs to call a specific
function as explained below:
i f ( frequency == 5 . 0 ) {w i f i . SetStandard (WIFI_PHY_STANDARD_80211ax_5GHZ ) ;}
else if (frequency==2.4) {wifi.SetStandard (WIFI_PHY_STANDARD_80211ax_4GHZ ) ;}

This code shows how to set the 802.11ax and how it can change the frequency range. The change of MSC
index, GI, and channel width can fluctuate with throughput. To enhance the throughput, that needs to select the
suitable MSC index. It clears that the range of throughput increase with change MSC index, which means
changes the modulation type, frequency, code rate. According to that, the new wi-fi version can get higher
throughput rate comparing to the older Wi-fi version. Thus, the Table 2 explores how the throughput rate can
effect with different value of guard interval, and channel width related to MSC. Thus, the change of MSC index
value and properties has a direct impact on throughput rate.

Table 2 Effect of Varies MSC on throughput Rate

Channel GI Throughput rate (mbit/s) with MSC index
width MCS = 0 MCS = 1 MCS = 2 MCS = 3 MCS = 4 MCS = 5, MCS = 6 MCS = 7
20 MHz 3200 6.62047 13.2975 19.9568 26.6656 40.0278 53.463 60.0435 66.85
20 MHz 1600 7.31643 14.8048 22.186 29.6755 44.4886 59.3181 66.7369 74.1476
20 MHz 800 7.72623 15.6374 23.4719 31.4772 47.0734 62.8838 70.8279 78.5589
40 MHz 3200 13.2409 26.609 39.9383 53.463 80.0556 105.793 118.455 131.017
40 MHz 1600 14.7388 29.5931 44.3896 59.351 89.0266 117.02 130.869 144.817
40 MHz 800 15.5714 31.3889 46.9438 62.9545 94.0714 123.5 138.14 152.631
80 MHz 3200 27.7855 55.8159 83.6567 110.789 162.226 211.191 235.277 258.771
80 MHz 1600 30.8461 61.983 92.9833 122.51 178.795 232.211 258.573 284.341
80 MHz 800 32.5901 65.6736 98.1271 129.237 188.489 244.427 271.976 299.08
120 MHz 3200 55.5403 110.541 161.583 210.993 302.245 385.188 428.267 466.895
120 MHz 1600 61.6756 122.164 178.103 232.063 331.03 420.552 466.697 508.391
120 MHz 800 65.3815 128.792 19.9568 244.477 347.847 440.83 488.657 530.945

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Conclusion
This paper discusses in details Wi-Fi 6 features and functions to overcome on Wi-Fi challenges in the old
versions. A compare between Wi-Fi 6 and old versions is placed to identify the different characteristics between
them. Simulation tools have gotten much interest in this research by implement NS-3 to design a simple network
topology that includes the features of WI-FI 6. The simulations design focuses on the study and analysis of the
effect the type of modulation and coding on Wi-Fi 6 throughput performance. The results discovered that the
throughput rate could achieve the performance with dynamically change with the change of modulation features
compare to the old Wi-Fi versions.

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