Programming for Problem Solving (PPS)

USING

Functions {C}
Programming

Prof. Jhalak Dutta

Computer Science & Engineering Department,
Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata
What is Function?
 A function is a group of statements that perform a specific task.
 It divides a large program into smaller parts.
 A function is something like hiring a person to do a specific job for you.
 Every C program can be thought of as a collection of these functions.
 Program execution in C language starts from the main function.
Syntax
void main()
{
// body part
}

 Why function ?
 Avoids rewriting the same code over and over.
 Using functions it becomes easier to write programs and keep track of what they doing.

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 2

Types of Function
Function

Library Function User Defined Function (UDF)

Predefined or inbuilt Created by User

Declarations inside header files Programmer need to declare it
Eg. printf() – stdio.h Eg. findSimpleInterest()
pow() – math.h areaOfCircle()
strcmp() – string.h

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Program Structure for Function
 When we use a user-defined function program structure is divided into three parts.
Function Structure
void func1(); Function Prototype

void main()
{
....
func1(); Function call
}

void func1()
{
.... Function definition
//function body
....
}

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 4

Function Prototype
 A function Prototype also know as function declaration.
 A function declaration tells the compiler about a function name and how to call the
function.
 It defines the function before it is being used or called.
 A function prototype needs to be written at the beginning of the program.

Syntax Example
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …); void addition(int, int);

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 6

Function Definition
 A function definition defines the functions header and body.
 A function header part should be identical to the function prototype.
 Function return type
 Function name
 List of parameters
 A function body part defines function logic.
 Function statements

Syntax Example
return-type function-name (arg-1, arg 2, …) void addition(int x, int y)
{ {
//... Function body printf("Addition is=%d“,(x+y));
} }

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 7

WAP to add two number using add(int, int) Function
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Addition is = 11
2 void add(int, int); // function declaration
3
4 void main()
5 {
6 int a = 5, b = 6;
7 add(a, b); // function call
8 }
9
10 void add(int x, int y) // function definition
11 {
12 printf("Addition is = %d", x + y);
13 }

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 8

Actual parameters and Formal parameters
 Values that are passed to the called function from the main function are known
as Actual parameters.
 The variables declared in the function prototype or definition are known as Formal
parameters.
 When a method is called, the formal parameter is temporarily "bound" to the
actual parameter.

Actual parameters Formal parameters

void main() void add(int x, int y) // x and y are
{ formal parameters.
int a = 5, b = 6; {
add(a, b); // a and b are the printf("Addition is = %d", x + y);
actual parameters in this call.
} }

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 9

Return Statement
 If function is returning a value to calling function, it needs to use the keyword
return.
 The called function can only return one value per call.

Syntax
return;
Or

return (expression);

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 10

WAP to find maximum number from two number
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Max value is : 200
2 int max(int a, int b);
3 void main()
4 {
5 int a = 100;
6 int b = 200;
7 int maxvalue;
8 maxvalue = max(a, b);
9 printf("Max value is : %d\n",
10 maxvalue);
11 }
12 int max(int a, int b)
13 {
14 if (a > b)
15 return a; // return a
16 else
17 return b; // return b
18 }

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 11

WAP to calculate the Power of a Number
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter any number : 5
2 int power(int, int); Enter power of number : 3
3 void main() 5's power 3 = 125
4 {
5 int num, pow, res;
6 printf("Enter any number : ");
7 scanf("%d", &num);
8 printf("Enter power of number : ");
9 scanf("%d", &pow);
10 res = power(num, pow);
11 printf("%d's power %d = %d", num, pow, res);
12 }
13 int power(int n, int p)
14 { int r = 1;
15 while (p >= 1)
16 {
17 r = r * n;
18 p--;
19 }
20 return r;}

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 12

WAP to find Factorial of a Number
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Enter the number :
2 int fact(int); 5
3 int main() factorial = 120
4 {
5 int n, f;
6 printf("Enter the number :\n");
7 scanf("%d", &n);
8 f = fact(n);
9 printf("factorial = %d", f);
10 }
11 int fact(int n)
12 {
13 int i, fact = 1;
14 for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
15 fact = fact * i;
16 return fact;
17 }

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 13

WAP to check Number is Prime or not
Program Program contd.
1#include <stdio.h> 14 int checkPrime(int n1)
2int checkPrime(int); 15 {
3void main() 16 int i = 2;
4{ 17 while (i <= n1 / 2)
5 int n1, prime; {
6 printf("Enter the number :");
18 if (n1 % i == 0)
7 scanf("%d", &n1); 19 return 0;
8 prime = checkPrime(n1); 20 else
9 if (prime == 1) 21 i++;
10 printf("The number %d is a prime 22 }
number.\n", n1); 23 return 1;
11 else 24 }
12 printf("The number %d is not a prime
number.\n", n1);
13 }

Output
Enter the number :7
The number 7 is a prime number.

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 14

Category of Function
(1) Function with no argument and but no return value
No
void main() Input void fun1()
{ {
..... .....
No return
fun1(); .....
value
..... .....
} }

(2) Function with no argument and returns value

No
void main() Input int fun1(void)
{ {
..... .....
a = fun1() Function .....
..... result return b;
} }

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Category of Function cont.
(3) Function with argument and but no return value
Value of
void main() Argument void fun1(int f)
{ {
..... .....
fun1(a); No Return .....
..... value .....
} }

(4) Function with argument and returns value

Value of
void main() Argument int fun1(int f)
{ {
..... .....
b = fun1(a); Function .....
..... Result return e;
} }

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 16

Function with argument and with return type
#include <stdio.h>
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
int main() {
int x, y;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &x, &y);
int result = add(x, y);
printf("Sum = %d\n", result);
return 0;
}
Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 17
Function without argument and with return type
#include <stdio.h>
int add() {
int a, b;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
return a + b;
}
int main() {
int result = add();
printf("Sum = %d\n", result);
return 0;
}
Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 18
Function with argument and without return type
#include <stdio.h>
void add(int a, int b) {
printf("Sum = %d\n", a + b);
}
int main() {
int x, y;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &x, &y);
add(x, y);
return 0;
}

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 19

Function without argument and without return type
#include <stdio.h>
void add() {
int a, b;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
printf("Sum = %d\n", a + b);
}
int main() {
add();
return 0;
}

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 20

Storage Classes
 Storage class decides the scope, lifetime and memory allocation of variable.
 Scope of a variable is the boundary within which a variable can be used.

Storage Initial
Storage Scope Life Example
Specifier Value

Automatic int a;
Stack Garbage Within block End of block
{auto} auto int a;

Register CPU Garbage Within block End of block

register int var;
{register} register

External Data Global Till end of

Zero extern int var;
{extern} segment Multiple file program

Till end of
Static Data Zero Within block static extern int var;
program
{static} segment static int var;

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 21

Static Example
Program Output
1 #include <stdio.h> Counter = 1
2 int incrementCounter(); Counter = 2
3
4 void main()
5 {
6 printf("Counter = %d \n", incrementCounter());
7 printf("Counter = %d \n", incrementCounter());
8 }
9
10 int incrementCounter()
11 {
12 static int count = 0; // static variable
13 count++;
14 return count;
15 }

Prof. Jhalak Dutta(M:8017687140) (PPS) – Functions 22

Advantages of Function
 Using function we can avoid rewriting the same logic or code again and again in a
program.
 We can track or understand large program easily when it is divide into functions.
 It provides reusability.
 It help in testing and debugging because it can be tested for errors individually in
the easiest way.
 Reduction in size of program due to code of a function can be used again and
again, by calling it.

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Practice Programs
1) WAP to count simple interest using function.
2) WAP that defines a function to add first n numbers.
3) WAP using global variable, static variable.
4) WAP that will scan a character string passed as an argument and convert all
lowercase character into their uppercase equivalents.
5) Build a function to check number is prime or not. If number is prime then
function return value 1 otherwise return 0.
6) Write a program to calculate nCr using user defined function. nCr = n! / (r! * (n-
r)!)
7) Create a function to swap the values of two variables.
8) Write a function which takes 2 numbers as parameters and returns the gcd of the
2 numbers. Call the function in main().

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

Thank you