Welcome to Chemistry

General Chemistry 1 CHEM 1341

Instructor: Jeff McVey

Introduction
Section 1.1

Chemistry
the study of matter and its properties, the changes that matter undergoes, and the energy associated with those changes

Matter
the physical material of the universe; anything that occupies space and has mass

How Small is an Atom

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) Image

71.3 Angstrom

Components of Every Atom

Formation of the Elements

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Introduction
Section 1.1

Chemistry
the study of matter and its properties, the changes that matter undergoes, and the energy associated with those changes

Matter
the physical material of the universe; anything that occupies space and has mass

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States of Matter
Section 1.2

Gas
has no fixed volume or shape conforms to the volume and shape of its container compressible

Liquid
has a fixed volume, but no fixed shape conforms to the shape of its container

Solid
has a fixed volume and a fixed shape

Kinetic Energy
kinetic (k -n t k, k -) adj. Of, relating to, or produced by motion.

Kinetic Energy is the energy that comes from Motion. The Faster something is moving the higher the kinetic energy.

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States of Matter
Section 1.2

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Changes in States of Matter

Section 1.2

Movie

Pure Substance (or Substance)

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Section 1.2

Matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties; pure substances contain only one kind of matter
elements compounds

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Classification of Substances
Section 1.2

Elements
substances that can not be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means

Compounds
composed of two or more elements; can be decomposed by chemical means

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Periodic Table
Section 1.2

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Diatomic Molecules
Section 1.2

Elements which exist naturally as a combination of two atoms

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

Cl

Cl

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Compounds
Section 1.2

Compounds are a combination of two or more elements

A molecule of water, H2O, contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

O
H H

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Summary
Section 1.2

Molecules are structures consisting of two or more atoms that are chemically bound together and behave as an independent unit.

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Examples
Section 1.2

H2 H2O NaCl Ar C6H12O6

molecule compound compound atom compound

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Properties
Section 1.3

Physical Properties
those that we can measure without changing the basic identity of the substance

Chemical Properties
describes the way a substance may change or react to form another substance

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Properties
Section 1.3

Intensive Properties
characteristics of substances whose values do not depend on the amount of material chosen

Extensive Properties
characteristics of substances whose values do depend on the amount of material chosen

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Changes in Substances
Section 1.3

Physical Changes
changes in the physical appearance of a substance but not the basic identity

Chemical Changes
changes where a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance

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Combinations of Substances
Section 1.3

Mixtures
combinations of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity and its own properties
homogeneous mixtures heterogeneous mixtures

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Types of Mixtures
Section 1.3

Homogeneous Mixtures
characterized by being uniform throughout the sample

Heterogeneous Mixtures
characterized by not having the same composition, properties, and appearance throughout

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Separating Mixtures
Section 1.3

Methods of Separating Mixtures

filtration distillation chromatography

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Filtration
Section 1.3

Filtration is used to separate heterogeneous mixtures.

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Distillation Apparatus
Section 1.3

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Measurements
Section 1.4

SI Units Mass Length Time Electric Current Temperature Luminous Intensity Amount of Substance kilogram (kg) meter (m) second (s or sec) ampere (A) Kelvin (K) candela (cd) mole (mol)

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Metric System Prefixes

Section 1.4

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E-Instruction
Which of the following is an extensive property? A. B. C. D. E. boiling point volume color density temperature

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E-Instruction
Which of the following is not a homogeneous mixture? A. B. C. D. E. hot tea salt and water sugar and water sand and water cherry Kool-Aid

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E-Instruction

Which of the figures represents molecules of a compound?

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Metric conversions
To convert meters to millimeters
1 mm 10-3 m 1000 mm 1m

or

Which unit is larger? Give that unit the 1.

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E-Instruction
How many centimeters are in a meter? A. B. C. D. E. 1 0.01 100 1000 0.001

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Scientific Notation
0.000135 1.35 x 10-4
Number between 1 and 10

18900000

1.89 x 107
Number between 1 and 10

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Mass
Section 1.4

Mass
a measure of the amount of material in an object

Weight
a measure of the attraction between the sample and a gravitational field

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Measurements
Section 1.4

Volume 1 mL = 1 cc = 1 cm3 Density

Density = mass volume

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Understanding Density
Section 1.4

Contains 10 mL of distilled H2O

Contains 10 mL of Hg

10.0 g 0.0

136.0 g 0.0

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Example
Section 1.4

A sample of carbon tetrachloride, a liquid once used in dry cleaning, has a mass of 39.75 g and a volume of 25.0 mL. What is its density?

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Example
Section 1.4

The density of magnesium is 1.74 g/cm3. What is the volume of 275 g of this metal?

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Temperature
Section 1.4

A measure of the hotness or coldness of an object

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

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Conversions
Section 1.4

C =

5 ( F - 32) 9 9 ( C) + 32 5

F =

K = C + 273.15

Comparison of Temperature Scales

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Section 1.4

100

100

180

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Example
Section 1.4

Perform the following conversion: 72 F to C and K

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Numbers
Section 1.5

Exact Numbers
those numbers whose values are known exactly; obtained by counting or by definition

Inexact Numbers
those numbers whose values have some uncertainty; obtained by measurement

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Recording Numbers
Section 1.5

Precision
a measure of how closely individual measurements agree with one another

Accuracy
refers to how closely individual measurements agree with the correct or true value

Comparison of Precision and Accuracy

Good accuracy Good precision Poor accuracy Good precision Poor accuracy Poor precision

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Uncertainty in Measurements

10

0.1

beaker

graduated cylinder buret

47 mL

36.4 mL

20.38 mL

There is a sign that says 150,000 gallons/second of water flows over Niagra Falls
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1opPtgB6d4&feature=related

The sign also says that 567,810 L/s flows over the falls

This is a gross misuse of significant figures. There is an inherent uncertainty in the initial measurement that implies an approximate flow of 140,000 to 160,000 gal/s or +/- 10,000 gal. How can you then convert your original measurement to a number that is plus or minus 10 L which about the volume of your average toilet tank.

Rules for Counting Significant Figures

All nonzero digits are significant. (1,5,9,2) Zeros between nonzero digits are significant. (5.007) Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. (0.00027) Zeros that fall both at the end of a number and to the right of the decimal point are significant. (0.00250) When a number ends in zeros but contains no decimal point, the zeros may or may not be significant. (5200)

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E-Instruction
Which of the following numbers has three significant figures? A. B. C. D. E. 0.001 0.0460 100 3.0 x 102 7.246

Significant Figures and Calculations

Multiplication/Division
the result must be reported as having no more significant figures than the measurement with the fewest significant figures (23.40 x 0.560 = 13.1)

Addition/Subtraction
the result should be reported to the same number of decimal places as that of the term with the least number of decimal places (23.40 + 0.560 = 23.96)

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E-Instruction
Complete the following calculation to the correct number of significant figures: 7.87 16.1 8.44

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Dimensional Analysis
Section 1.6

A method of problem solving in which units are carried through all calculations. Dimensional analysis ensures that the final answer of a calculation has the desired units.

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Example
Section 1.6

How many seconds are there in 18 hours? How many kilometers are in 26 miles? (1 mile = 5,280 feet, 1 inch = 2.54 cm) How many kg/m3 are in 1.74 g/cm3?