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Chapter 4 Determinants

Chapter 4 discusses the properties and calculations of determinants for square matrices, including methods for finding determinants and their significance in linear equations. Key concepts include the effects of row operations on determinants, the definition of minors and cofactors, and conditions for a matrix to be singular or non-singular. The chapter also covers the relationship between determinants and the solutions of systems of linear equations.

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Chapter 4 Determinants

Chapter 4 discusses the properties and calculations of determinants for square matrices, including methods for finding determinants and their significance in linear equations. Key concepts include the effects of row operations on determinants, the definition of minors and cofactors, and conditions for a matrix to be singular or non-singular. The chapter also covers the relationship between determinants and the solutions of systems of linear equations.

Uploaded by

yishaan4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Key Notes

Chapter-4

Determinant

• Determinant of a matrix A = [a11 ]1×1 is given by | a11 |= a11

a11 a12
• Determinant of a matrix A is given by
a 21 a 22

a11 a12
| A |= = a11 a 22 − a12 a 21
a 21 a 22

a1 b1 c1
• Determinant of a matrix A a 2 b2 c2 is given by (expanding along ( R1 )
a3 b3 c3

a1 b1 c1
b c2 a c2 a b2
| A |= a 2 b2 c 2 = a1 2 − b1 2 + c1 2
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
a3 b3 c3

• For any square matrix A, the |A| satisfy following properties.

• |A′| = |A|, where A′ = transpose of A.

• If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then sign of determinant changes.

• If any two rows or any two columns are identical or proportional, then value of determinant
is zero.

• If we multiply each element of a row or a column of a determinant by constant k, then value of


determinant is multiplied by k.

• Multiplying a determinant by k means multiply elements of only one row (or one column) by
k.

• If A=  aij  , then |k. A| =k 3 | A |


3×3

• If elements of a row or a column in a determinant can be expressed as sum of two or more


elements, then the given determinant can be expressed as sum of two or more determinants.

Material Downloaded From SUPERCOP


Key Notes
• If to each element of a row or a column of a determinant the equimultiples of corresponding
elements of other rows or columns are added, then value of determinant remains same.

• Area of a triangle with vertices ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) is given by

x1 y1 1
1
∆ = x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

• Minor of an element aij of the determinant of matrix A is the determinant obtained by

deleting i th row and jth column and denoted by Mij

• Cofactor of aij of given by Aij = (– 1)i+ j Mij

• Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by sum of product of elements of a row (or a


column) with corresponding cofactors. For example, |A| = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 .

• If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of elements of any other row
a11 A21 + a12 A22 + a13 A23 = 0
(or column), then their sum is zero. For example,

A ( adj A) = ( adj A) A = A I,
• where A is square matrix of order n.

A = 0 or A | ≠ 0.
• A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as

• If AB = BA = I, where B is square matrix, then B is called inverse of A. Also


−1
A−1 = B or B −1 = A and hence A−1 ( ) = A.

• A square matrix A has inverse if and only if A is non-singular.

1
A −1 = (adj A)
• |A|

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1


• If

a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 z = d 2
•

a 3 x + b3 y + c 3 z = d 3
•

• then these equations can be written as A X = B, where

Material Downloaded From SUPERCOP


Key Notes
a1 b1 c1 x   d1 
A = a2 b2 c2 = X  y  and B = d 2 
 
a3 b3 c3  z   d3 
•
−1
• Unique solution of equation AX = B is given by X = A B, where | A| 0 ≠ 0 .

• A system of equation is consistent or inconsistent according as its solution exists or not.

• For a square matrix A in matrix equation AX = B

• | |A | ≠ 0, there exists unique solution

• |A| = 0 and (adj A) B ≠ 0, then there exists no solution

|A | = 0 and ( adj A) B = 0,
• then system may or may not be consistent.

Material Downloaded From SUPERCOP

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