INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY – VNU-HCM

SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

FINAL EXAMINATION
Course Title: Principles of Electrical Engineering LAB

Course Code: BM054IU

Semester: S2-2024-2025

Instructor: Dr. Tan-Nhu Nguyen

Duration: 180 minutes (13h30 – 16h30)

Allowed Materials: Calculator, personal notes, textbooks, Multisim/Proteus simulation files,

personal computer

Group Members (write all names clearly):

Name: Nguyễn Thị Huỳnh Giao Student ID: BEBEIU23010

Name: Nguyễn Kỳ Phương Anh Student ID: BEBEIU23071

Name: Trần Tuyết Mẫn Student ID: BEBEIU23061

Name: Trần Ngọc Huy Student ID: BEBEIU23014

Instructions
- Answer all four questions.
- Be clear and concise in your calculations and justifications.
- Ensure all simulations and experiment data are documented and labelled properly.
- Component values must be selected and justified by students, where applicable.
Question 1: Theoretical Analysis (25 points)
An RLC circuit is connected in series to an AC voltage source. The resistor (R), inductor (L), and
capacitor (C) values are chosen by you. Provide your component values and all necessary
formulas and steps.

1. Derive the condition for resonance in the RLC series circuit. (Write down your answer below.)
2. Compute the resonance frequency at which the inductive reactance (XL) equals the capacitive
reactance (XC). (Write down your answer below.)
3. Explain why, at this frequency, the voltage across the resistor Vr is maximised. (Write down
your answer below.)

Answer :

Component Values:

Chosen component values:

• Resistor (R) = 100 Ω

• Inductor (L) = 10-3 H

• Capacitor (C) = 10-6 F

1. Derive the condition for resonance in the RLC series circuit:

In a series RLC circuit, resonance occurs when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive
reactance:
XL= XC
Where:
XL = ωL = 2πfL
XC = 1 / (ωC) = 1 / (2πf C)

Solving for f (resonant frequency):

f = 1 / (2π√(LC))
2. Compute the resonance frequency at which the inductive reactance (XL) equals the
capacitive reactance (XC):

Using the formula derived above:

f₀ = 1 / (2π√(LC))
Choose L = 10 mH = 10⁻³ H, C = 100 nF = 10⁻6 F
Then:
f₀ = 1 / (2π√(10⁻³ × 10⁻6 ) = 5032.92121 ~ 5.033 kHz

 Final answer:
f₀ = 5.033 kHz

3. Explain why, at this frequency, the voltage across the resistor Vr is maximised:

At resonance, XL= XC , so the total reactance becomes zero and the circuit impedance Z = R.
This makes the current I = V / R reach its maximum value.
Since the voltage across the resistor is Vr = IR, it is also maximized at resonance.

Figure 1. Actual circuit board and sine axis image displayed on oscilloscope

Question 2: Simulation (25 points)

Using Multisim or Proteus, simulate your RLC series circuit based on the component values
chosen in Question 1.
1. Show the voltage source, R, L, C, and measurement points in your simulation. (Write down
your answer below.)
2. Sweep the frequency and plot the voltage across the resistor (Vr). (Write down your answer
below.)
3. Verify that Vr reaches maximum at the theoretical resonance frequency. (Write down your
answer below and submit screenshots of the simulation results and plots.)
Answer:

2.1:

Figure 2: Series RLC Circuit

2.2:

Figure 3: Amplitude and phase response of the voltage across the resistor with frequency.

2.3:

Figure 4: Simulation data verifying maximum Vr at approximately 4.4668 kHz (resonance)

 | |
% Error = ×100%

| 𝟓.𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝟒.𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟖 |
× 100% = 0,11%
𝟓.𝟎𝟑𝟑

Question 3: Experimental Calculation (25 points)

You are to experimentally compute the resonance frequency based on practical values of R, L,
and C. You may assume access to a function generator and oscilloscope.
1. Describe the method you would use to determine the resonance frequency from physical
measurement. (Write down your answer below.)
2. Explain how you would verify that the frequency is correct using the Vr measurement. (Write
down your answer below.)
3. Present a sample data table and sketch of the setup.

Answer:

3.1:

- To experimentally determine the resonance frequency of an RLC series circuit, the following
steps are used:

- Setup the Circuit: Connect a resistor (R = 100 Ω), inductor (L = 10 mH), and capacitor (C = 100
μF) in series with a function generator as the AC voltage source. Use an oscilloscope to measure
the voltage across the resistor (VR) by placing a probe across it, and another probe across the
function generator to monitor the input voltage (Vin).

- Set the Function Generator: Configure the function generator to output a sinusoidal waveform
with a fixed amplitude (e.g., 5 V peak-to-peak). Start at a low frequency, such as 50 Hz, which is
below the expected resonance frequency.

- Sweep the Frequency: Gradually increase the frequency in small increments (e.g., 10 Hz or 50
Hz steps initially, then 1 Hz steps near the resonance). At each frequency, record the RMS
voltage across the resistor (VR) using the oscilloscope.

- Identify Resonance: The resonance frequency (fr) occurs when VR is maximized, as this
corresponds to the maximum current in the circuit (impedance is minimized, equal to R).

- Fine-Tune: Narrow down the frequency range around the peak VR to precisely determine fr.

3.2:

To verify the resonance frequency:

- Measure VR at Resonance: At the identified resonance frequency, V_R should equal the input
voltage V_in (e.g., 5 V RMS) because the impedance is purely resistive (Z = R).
- Check Phase Alignment: Use the oscilloscope to compare the phase of V R and V_in. At
resonance, they should be in phase, confirming that the reactive components (X L and XC) cancel
each other out.

- Compare Nearby Frequencies: Measure V_R at frequencies slightly above and below f_r. V_R
should decrease on either side, confirming the peak occurs at the resonance frequency.

3.3:

Frequency (Hz) V_R (V, RMS) Notes

200 0.25 Increasing

400 0.52 Increasing

600 0.65 Increasing

800 0.95 Increasing

1000 1.12 Increasing

1200 1.30 Near maximum

1400 0.95 Decreasing

1600 1.12 Increasing

1800 1.30 Increasing

2000 1.49 Increasing

From the table, the resonance frequency is approximately 159 Hz, where V_R peaks at 4.9 V
(close to the 5 V RMS input).

Experimental Steps to Determine Resonance Frequency in a Series RLC Circuit:

1. Set Up the Circuit: Connect the resistor (R), inductor (L), and capacitor (C) in series
with a function generator providing a sinusoidal input.

2. Connect Instruments: Attach Channel A of the oscilloscope across the resistor to

measure VRV_RVR.

3. Sweep Frequency: Increase the input frequency gradually from a low starting point (e.g.,
100 Hz) in small steps.

4. Monitor VRV_RVR: At each frequency, observe and record the voltage across the
resistor.
 5. Identify Resonance: The frequency where VRV_RVR is at its maximum is the
resonance frequency—this is when inductive and capacitive reactances cancel, resulting
in purely resistive impedance and peak current.

Question 4: Op-Amp Amplifier Design (25 points)

Design an amplifier circuit using an ideal operational amplifier (Op-Amp) to amplify the voltage
across the resistor (Vr) to 5V peak at the resonance frequency computed.
1. Input signal: 5 mV peak, at the resonance frequency from Question 1.
2. Output signal: 5 V peak at the same frequency.
Tasks:

- Choose an appropriate amplifier configuration (e.g., inverting, non-inverting). (Write down

your answer below.)
- Compute the necessary gain and select resistor values accordingly. (Write down your answer
below.)
- Draw the complete circuit diagram and explain the design rationale. (Write down your
answer below.)
- Fabricate the circuit and capture your designed circuit. (Write down your answer below.)
- Compute the accuracy of your fabricated circuit. (Write down your answer below.)
Answer:

Figure 5 : Oscilloscope displaying the measured

waveform from the RLC circuit experiment