THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT

SIMPLE SALT-I Ammonium Chloride

I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. PHYSICAL TEST:-
a) Colour: Colourless Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+,
Mn2+ are absent.
b) Smell: Ammonia like smell
NH4+ may be present
Soluble
c) Solubility: May be SO42-, NO3-,
Salt + Water. Cl- or (NH4)2CO3
2. Action of Heat: White sublimation is Presence of NH4+ is
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 formed on the inner identified.
Salt  >
sides of the test tube
3. Flame Test: No characteristic Absence of Cu2+, Ca2+
Salt + conc. HCl  Paste. Shown coloured flame. and Ba2+.
into the non-luminous part of the
Bunsen flame.
4. Action of NaOH: Pungent smelling gas Presence of
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕
Salt + NaOH  > forming dense white Ammonium, NH4+.
fumes with a glass rod
dipped in conc. HCl
and also turns red
Litmus paper blue.

II. TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS

5. Action of dil. H2SO4: No characteristic Absence of S2-, SO32-
Salt + dilute H2SO4 change. NO2- & CO32-.
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 Colourless gas is Presence of Cl- is
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 evolved with pungent identified.
smell which gives
white precipitate with
AgNO3 solution
7. Copper Turnings Test:
Salt + Copper Turnings + Conc. No reddish brown gas
Absence of NO3 -
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 is evolved.
H2SO4  >
8. Ester test: No fruity smell Absence of CH3COO-
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + ethanol
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test:
No canary yellow
Salt + Conc. HNO3 + Ammonium Absence of PO43-
colour/ ppt
molybdate solution.
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml
of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called
“SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT”.
10. Barium Chloride Test: No white precipitate. Absence of SO42-
 Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl + BaCl2
solution.
11. Silver Nitrate Test: A curdy white Presence of Chloride,
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HNO3 + precipitate, soluble in Cl-
AgNO3 solution. excess of NH4OH.
NH4Cl + AgNO3  AgCl + NH4NO3
(White precipitate)
12. Chromyl Chloride Test: Orange / red fumes of Chloride, Cl- is
Na2CO3 extract + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. Chromyl chloride confirmed.
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 turns NaOH solution
H2SO4 >
 yellow in colour which
form yellow ppt with
lead acetate solution.
4 NH4Cl + K2CrO7 + 3H2SO4  2(NH4)2SO4 + K2SO4 +
CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
Chromyl Chloride
(Red-Orange fumes)
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH  Na2CrO4 + 2H2O + 2NaCl
Sodium Chromate
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb  PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
Lead Chromate
(Yellow Precipitate)
IV. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in Water.

V. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
1. Original solution + NaOH + Reddish brown Presence of Zero
Nessler’s reagent. precipitate. Group, (NH4+)
2. Original solution + dilute HCl. No characteristic Absence of First
precipitate. Group (Pb2+).
3. Original solution + dilute HCl + H2S No characteristic Absence of Second
gas. precipitate. Group (Cu2+).
4. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH. No characteristic Absence of Third
precipitate. Group (Al3+).
5. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No characteristic Absence of Fourth
+ H2S gas. precipitate. Group (Zn2+).
6. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No characteristic Absence of Fifth
+ (NH4)2CO3. precipitate. Group (Ca2+ and
Ba2+).
7. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No characteristic Absence of Sixth
+ Na2HPO4. precipitate. Group (Mg2+).

VI. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

Zero group - Ammonium
1. Original solution + NaOH + Reddish brown Ammonium, NH4+ is
Nessler’s reagent. precipitate. confirmed.
2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH  HgO.Hg(NH2)I + 7KI + 2H2O
Nessler’s Amidoiodomercury
reagent (Iodide of Millon’s base)
(Brown Precipitate)
RESULT:
The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : Ammonium, NH4+
2. Acid Radical : Chloride, Cl-

The given simple salt is : Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl

 THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT
SIMPLE SALT-II Ammonium Carbonate
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. PHYSICAL TEST:-
a) Colour: Colourless Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+,
Mn2+ are absent.

b) Smell: Ammonia like smell NH4+ may be present

Soluble May be SO42-, NO3-,

c) Solubility: Cl- or (NH4)2CO3
Salt + Water.
2. Action of Heat: Colourless gas May be CO32-
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 turning Lime water
Salt  >
milky.
3. Flame Test: No characteristic Absence of Cu2+, Ca2+
Salt + conc. HCl  Paste. Shown into coloured flame. and Ba2+.
the non-luminous part of the Bunsen
flame.
4. Action of NaOH: Pungent smelling Presence of
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕
Salt + NaOH  > gas forming dense Ammonium, NH4+.
white fumes with a
glass rod dipped in
conc. HCl and also
turns red Litmus
paper blue.

II. TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS

5. Action of dil. H2SO4: Brisk effervescence Presence of CO32- is
Salt + dilute H2SO4 occurs. Colourless identified.
gas turning Lime
water milky.
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 No characteristic Absence of Cl- or Br-
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 change.
7. Copper Turnings Test:
Salt + Copper Turnings + Conc. No reddish brown
Absence of NO3 -
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 gas is evolved.
H2SO4  >
8. Ester test: No fruity smell Absence of CH3COO-
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + ethanol
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test:
No canary yellow
Salt + Conc. HNO3 + Ammonium Absence of PO43-
colour/ ppt
molybdate solution.
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml
of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called
“SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT”.
 10. Barium Chloride Test: White precipitate Presence of CO32- is
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl + BaCl2 dissolves in dil. HCl. confirmed.
solution. (NH4)2CO3 + BaCl2  BaCO3 + 2NH4Cl
(White Precipitate)
11. Silver Nitrate Test: No curdy white Absence of Cl-
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 precipitate.
solution.

IV. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION

The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in Water.

V. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
1. Original solution + NaOH + Reddish brown Presence of Zero
Nessler’s reagent. precipitate. Group, (NH4+)
2. Original solution + dilute HCl. No characteristic Absence of First
precipitate. Group (Pb2+).
3. Original solution + dilute HCl + H2S No characteristic Absence of Second
gas. precipitate. Group (Cu2+).
4. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH. No characteristic Absence of Third
precipitate. Group (Al3+).
5. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No characteristic Absence of Fourth
+ H2S gas. precipitate. Group (Zn2+).
6. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No characteristic Absence of Fifth
+ (NH4)2CO3. precipitate. Group (Ca2+ and
Ba2+).
7. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No characteristic Absence of Sixth
+ Na2HPO4. precipitate. Group (Mg2+).

VI. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

Zero group - Ammonium
1. Original solution + NaOH + Reddish brown Ammonium, NH4+ is
Nessler’s reagent. precipitate. confirmed.
2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH  HgO.Hg(NH2)I + 7KI + 2H2O
Nessler’s Amidoiodomercury
reagent (Iodide of Millon’s base)
(Brown Precipitate)

RESULT:
The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : Ammonium, NH4+
2. Acid Radical : Carbonate, CO32-
s
The given simple salt is : Ammonium chloride, (NH4)2CO3
 THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT
SIMPLE SALT- III Lead Nitrate
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. PHYSICAL TEST:-
a) Colour: Colourless Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+,
Mn2+ are absent.
b) Smell:
Odourless Absence of NH4+

c) Solubility: May be SO42-, NO3-,

Salt + Water Soluble Cl- or (NH4)2CO3
2. Action of Heat: Decripitation May be NO3-
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 occurs with
Salt  >
evolution of reddish
brown gas.
3. Flame Test: No characteristic Absence of Cu2+, Ca2+
Salt + conc. HCl  Paste. Shown into coloured flame. and Ba2+.
the non-luminous part of the Bunsen
flame.
4. Action of NaOH: No Pungent smelling Absence of
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕
Salt + NaOH  > gas. Ammonium, NH4+.

II. TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS

5. Action of dil. H2SO4: No characteristic Absence of S2-, SO32-
Salt + dilute H2SO4 change. NO2- & CO32-.
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 Brown fumes are Presence of NO3- is
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 evolved. identified.
7. Copper Turnings Test:
Salt + Copper Turnings + Conc. Reddish brown
Presence of NO3-
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 fumes are evolved.
H2SO4  >
8. Ester test: No fruity smell Absence of CH3COO-
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + ethanol
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test:
No canary yellow
Salt + Conc. HNO3 + Ammonium Absence of PO43-
colour/ ppt
molybdate solution.
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml
of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called
“SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT”.

10. Barium Chloride Test: White precipitate Absence of SO42-

Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl + BaCl2 which dissolves in
solution. dil. HCl.
11. Silver Nitrate Test: No characteristic Absence of Cl-
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 precipitate
 solution.
12. Brown ring Test: A dark brown ring is Presence of NO3- is
Na2CO3 extract + Conc. H2SO4 + formed at the junction of confirmed.
freshly prepared FeSO4 is added along the two layers.
the sides of the test tube. Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4  PbSO4 + 2HNO3
6FeSO4 + 2HNO3 + 3H2SO4  3Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NO + 4H2O
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O  [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4
(Brown ring complex)
IV. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in Water.

V. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
1. Original solution + NaOH + Nessler’s No Reddish brown Absence of NH4+
reagent. precipitate.
2. Original solution + dilute HCl. White precipitate. Presence of First
Group (Pb2+).

VI. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

First group - Lead
1. Original solution + KI solution Yellow precipitate Lead(Pb2+) is
soluble in hot water confirmed.
which reappears as
golden yellow
spangles on cooling.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI  PbI2  + 2KNO3
(Yellow Precipitate)

RESULT:
The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : Lead, Pb2+
2. Acid Radical : Nitrate, NO3-

The given simple salt is : Lead Nitrate, Pb(NO3)2

 THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT
SIMPLE SALT- IV Aluminium Sulphate
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. PHYSICAL TEST:-
a) Colour: Colourless Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+,
Mn2+ are absent.
b) Smell:
Odourless Absence of NH4+

c) Solubility: May be SO42-, NO3-,

Salt + Water. Soluble Cl- or (NH4)2CO3
2. Action of Heat: No characteristic Absence of CO32-,
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕
Salt  > change. NO3-, NH4+ and Zn2+.
3. Flame Test: No characteristic Absence of Cu2+, Ca2+
Salt + conc. HCl  Paste. Shown into coloured flame. and Ba2+.
the non-luminous part of the Bunsen
flame.
4. Action of NaOH: No Pungent smelling Absence of NH4+.
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 gas
Salt + NaOH >


II. TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS

5. Action of dil. H2SO4: No characteristic Absence of S2-, SO32-
Salt + dilute H2SO4 change. NO2- & CO32-.
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 No characteristic Absence of Cl- or Br-
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 change.
7. Copper Turnings Test:
Salt + Copper Turnings + Conc. No reddish brown
Absence of NO3 -
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 gas is evolved.
H2SO4  >
8. Ester test: No fruity smell Absence of CH3COO-
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + ethanol
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test:
No canary yellow
Salt + Conc. HNO3 + Ammonium Absence of PO43-
colour/ ppt
molybdate solution.
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml
of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called
“SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT”.
10. Silver Nitrate Test: No curdy white Absence of Cl-
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 precipitate
solution.
11. Lead Acetate Test: Pale Yellow precipitate Presence of SO42-
Na2CO3 extract + Pb(CH3COO)2 sparingly soluble in
solution. NH4OH.
 12. Barium Chloride Test: White precipitate Presence of SO42- is
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl + BaCl2 insoluble in dil. confirmed.
solution. HCl.
Al2(SO4)3 + 3BaCl2  3BaSO4 + 2AlCl3
(White Precipitate)
IV. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in Water.

V. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
1. Original solution + NaOH + No Reddish brown Absence of Zero
Nessler’s reagent. precipitate. Group, (NH4+)
2. Original solution + dilute HCl. No characteristic Absence of First
precipitate. Group (Pb2+).
3. Original solution + dilute HCl + H2S No characteristic Absence of Second
gas. precipitate. Group (Cu2+).
4. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH. Gelatinous White Presence of Third
precipitate. Group (Al3+).

VI. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

Third group - Aluminium
1. Original solution + NH4OH + A bright red lake. Aluminium, Al3+ is
Aluminon reagent. confirmed.
Al2(SO4)3 + 6NH4OH  2Al(OH)3 + 3(NH4)2SO4
(white gelatinous precipitate)
Insoluble Al(OH)3 ppt + Aluminon reagent  A bright
red lake

RESULT:
The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : Aluminium, Al3+
2. Acid Radical : Sulphate, SO42-

The given simple salt is : Aluminium Sulphate, Al2(SO4)3

 THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT
SIMPLE SALT- V Zinc Sulphate
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. PHYSICAL TEST:-
a) Colour: Colourless Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+,
Mn2+ are absent.
b) Smell:
Odourless Absence of NH4+

c) Solubility: Soluble May be SO42-, NO3-,

Salt + Water. Cl- or (NH4)2CO3
2. Action of Heat: The white salt turns May be Zinc.
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 yellow on heating.
Salt  >
3. Flame Test: No characteristic Absence of Cu2+, Ca2+
Salt + conc. HCl  Paste. Shown into coloured flame. and Ba2+.
the non-luminous part of the Bunsen
flame.
4. Action of NaOH: No Pungent smelling Absence of NH4+
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 gas.
Salt + NaOH >


II. TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS

5. Action of dil. H2SO4: No characteristic Absence of S2-, SO32-
Salt + dilute H2SO4 change. NO2- & CO32-.
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 No characteristic Absence of Cl- or Br-
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 change.
7. Copper Turnings Test:
Salt + Copper Turnings + Conc. No reddish brown
Absence of NO3 -
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 gas is evolved.
H2SO4  >
8. Ester test: No fruity smell Absence of CH3COO-
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + ethanol
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test:
No canary yellow
Salt + Conc. HNO3 + Ammonium Absence of PO43-
colour/ ppt
molybdate solution.
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml
of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called
“SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT”.

10. Silver Nitrate Test: No curdy white Absence of Cl-

Na2CO3 extract + dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 precipitate.
solution.
11. Lead Acetate Test: Pale Yellow precipitate Presence of SO42- is
Na2CO3 extract + Pb(CH3COO)2 sparingly soluble in identified.
solution. NH4OH.
 12. Barium Chloride Test: White precipitate Presence of SO42- is
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl + BaCl2 insoluble in dil. confirmed.
solution. HCl.
ZnSO4 + BaCl2  BaSO4 + ZnCl2
(White Precipitate)
IV. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in Water.

V. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
1. Original solution + NaOH + No Reddish brown Absence of Zero
Nessler’s reagent. precipitate. Group, (NH4+)
2. Original solution + dilute HCl. No characteristic Absence of First
precipitate. Group (Pb2+).
3. Original solution + dilute HCl + H2S No characteristic Absence of Second
gas. precipitate. Group (Cu2+).
4. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH. No characteristic Absence of Third
precipitate. Group (Al3+).
5. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH Dirty white Presence of Fourth
+ H2S gas. precipitate. Group (Zn2+).

VI. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

Fourth group - Zinc
1. Original solution + Potssium White precipitate Zinc(Zn2+) is
Ferrocyanide solution soluble in excess of confirmed..
Sodium hydroxide
& insoluble in dilute
acid.
2ZnSO4 + K4[Fe(CN)6]  Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 2K2SO4
(Bluish white precipitate)

RESULT:
The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : Zinc, Zn2+
2. Acid Radical : Sulphate, SO42-

The given simple salt is: Ammonium chloride, ZnSO4

 THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT
SIMPLE SALT- VI Barium Chloride
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. PHYSICAL TEST:-
a) Colour: Colourless Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+,
Mn2+ are absent.
b) Smell:
Odourless Absence of NH4+

c) Solubility: Soluble May be SO42-, NO3-,

Salt + Water. Cl- or (NH4)2CO3
2. Action of Heat: No characteristic Absence of NH4+,
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕
Salt  > change. NO3- , CO32- and Zn2+.
3. Flame Test: Grassy green Presence of Ba2+.
Salt + conc. HCl  Paste. Shown into flame.
the non-luminous part of the Bunsen
flame.
4. Action of NaOH: No Pungent smelling Absence of NH4+.
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 gas.
Salt + NaOH >


II. TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS

5. Action of dil. H2SO4: No characteristic Absence of S2-, SO32-
Salt + dilute H2SO4 change. NO2- & CO32-.
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 Colourless gas is Presence of Cl- is
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 evolved with identified.
pungent smell which
gives white
precipitate with
AgNO3 solution
7. Copper Turnings Test:
Salt + Copper Turnings + Conc. No reddish brown
Absence of NO3 -
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 gas is evolved.
H2SO4  >
8. Ester test: No fruity smell Absence of CH3COO-
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + ethanol
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test:
No canary yellow
Salt + Conc. HNO3 + Ammonium Absence of PO43-
colour/ ppt
molybdate solution.
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml
of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called
“SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT”.
10. Barium Chloride Test: No white precipitate. Absence of SO42-
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl + BaCl2
solution.
 11. Silver Nitrate Test: A curdy white Presence of Chloride,
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 precipitate, soluble Cl-
solution. in excess of NH4OH.
12. Chromyl Chloride Test: Orange / red fumes of Chloride, Cl- is
Na2CO3 extract + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. Chromyl chloride confirmed.
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 turns NaOH solution
H2SO4  >
yellow in colour
which form
yellow ppt with lead
acetate solution.
2BaCl2 + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 → 2BaSO4 + K2SO4 +
2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
(Red Orange Vapours)
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH  Na2CrO4 + 4NaCl + 2H2O
Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2  PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
(Yellow Precipitate)
IV. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in Water.

V. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
1. Original solution + NaOH + No Reddish brown Absence of Zero
Nessler’s reagent. precipitate. Group, (NH4+)
2. Original solution + dilute HCl. No characteristic Absence of First
precipitate. Group (Pb2+).
3. Original solution + dilute HCl + H2S No characteristic Absence of Second
gas. precipitate. Group (Cu2+).
4. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH. No characteristic Absence of Third
precipitate. Group (Al3+).
5. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No characteristic Absence of Fourth
+ H2S gas. precipitate. Group (Zn2+).
6. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH White precipitate. Presence of Fifth
+ (NH4)2CO3. Group (Ca2+ or Ba2+).

VI. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

Fifth group - Calcium
1. Original solution + NH4OH + No White precipitate Absence of Calcium
Ammonium Oxalate solution. precipitate.
Fifth group - Barium
2. Original solution + K2CrO4 solution Yellow precipitate, Barium is confirmed.
soluble in acid.
BaCl2 + K2CrO4  BaCrO4 + 2KCl
(Yellow Precipitate)

RESULT:
The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : Barium, Ba2+
2. Acid Radical : Chloride, Cl-

The given simple salt is : Barium chloride, BaCl2

 THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT
SIMPLE SALT-VII Magnesium Sulphate
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. PHYSICAL TEST:-
a) Colour: Colourless Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+,
Mn2+ are absent.
b) Smell:
Odourless Absence of NH4 +

c) Solubility: Soluble May be SO42-, NO3 -,

Salt + Water. Cl- or (NH4)2CO3
2. Action of Heat: No characteristic Absence of CO 32-,
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 change. NO3-, NH 4+ and Zn2+.
Salt >

3. Flame Test: No characteristic Absence of Cu2+, Ca2+
Salt + conc. HCl  Paste. Shown into coloured flame. and Ba2+.
the non-luminous part of the Bunsen
flame.
4. Action of NaOH: No Pungent smelling Absence of NH4 +.
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 gas
Salt + NaOH >


II. TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS

5. Action of dil. H2SO4: No characteristic Absence of S2-, SO 32-
Salt + dilute H2SO4 change. NO2- & CO32-.
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 No characteristic Absence of Cl- or Br-
Salt + Conc. H2 SO4 change.
7. Copper Turnings Test:
Salt + Copper Turnings + Conc. No reddish brown
Absence of NO3 -
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 gas is evolved.
H2SO4 >

8. Ester test: No fruity smell Absence of CH 3COO-
Salt + Conc. H2 SO4 + ethanol
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test:
No canary yellow
Salt + Conc. HNO3 + Ammonium Absence of PO43-
colour/ ppt
molybdate solution.
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml
of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called
“SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT”.
10. Silver Nitrate Test: No curdy white Absence of Cl-
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 precipitate
solution.
11. Lead Acetate Test: Pale Yellow precipitate Presence of SO4 2-
Na2CO3 extract + Pb(CH3COO)2 sparingly soluble in
solution. NH4OH.
 12. Barium Chloride Test: White precipitate Presence of SO4 2- is
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl + BaCl2 insoluble in dil. confirmed.
solution. HCl.
MgSO4 + BaCl2  BaSO4 + MgCl2
(White Precipitate)
IV. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in Water.

V. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
1. Original solution + NaOH + No Reddish brown Absence of Zero
Nessler’s reagent. precipitate. Group, (NH4+)
2. Original solution + dilute HCl. No characteristic Absence of First
precipitate. Group (Pb2+).
3. Original solution + dilute HCl + H2S No characteristic Absence of Second
gas. precipitate. Group (Cu2+).
4. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH. No characteristic Absence of Third
precipitate. Group (Al3+).
5. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No characteristic Absence of Fourth
+ H2S gas. precipitate. Group (Zn2+).
6. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No characteristic Absence of Fifth
+ (NH4)2CO3. precipitate. Group (Ca2+ and
Ba2+).
7. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH White precipitate. Presence of Sixth
+ Na2HPO4. Group (Mg2+).

VI. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

Sixth group - Magnesium
1. Original solution + NaOH + Bluish Green Magnesium, Mg2+ is
Magneson reagent. precipitate. confirmed.
MgSO4 + 2NaOH  Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4
(White Precipitate)
Insoluble Mg(OH)2 ppt. + Magneson reagent  Blue
Precipitate

RESULT:
The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : Magnesium, Mg2+
2. Acid Radical : Sulphate, SO42-

The given simple salt is : Ammonium chloride, MgSO4

 THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT
SIMPLE SALT-VIII Lead Acetate
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. PHYSICAL TEST:-
a) Colour: Colourless Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+,
Mn2+ are absent.

b) Smell: Smell of Vinegar May be CH3COO-

May be CH3COO-,
c) Solubility: Soluble SO42-, NO3-, Cl- or
Salt + Water (NH4)2CO3
2. Action of Heat: No characteristic Absence of CO32-,
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕
Salt  > change. NO3-, NH4+and Zn2+
3. Flame Test: No characteristic Absence of Cu2+, Ca2+
Salt + conc. HCl  Paste. Shown into coloured flame. and Ba2+.
the non-luminous part of the Bunsen
flame.
4. Action of NaOH: No Pungent smelling Absence of
Salt + NaOH  >
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 gas. Ammonium, NH4+.

II. TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS

5. Action of dil. H2SO4: No characteristic Absence of S2-, SO32-
Salt + dilute H2SO4 change. NO2- & CO32-.
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 A colourless gas Presence of CH3COO-
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 smelling vinegar is is identified.
evolved .
7. Copper Turnings Test:
Salt + Copper Turnings + Conc. Reddish brown
Absence of NO3 -
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 fumes are evolved.
H2SO4  >
8. Ester test: Fruity smell. Presence of CH3COO-
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 +Heated + is confirmed.
ethanol. Pour the mixture into a CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O
(Fruity smelling ester)
beaker containing water.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test:
No canary yellow
Salt + Conc. HNO3 + Ammonium Absence of PO43-
colour/ ppt
molybdate solution.
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml
of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called
“SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT”.

10. Barium Chloride Test: White precipitate Absence of SO42-

Na2CO3 extract + dil. HCl + BaCl2 which dissolves in
solution. dil. HCl.
 11. Silver Nitrate Test: No characteristic Absence of Cl-
Na2CO3 extract + dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 precipitate
solution.
IV. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in Water.

V. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
1. Original solution + NaOH + Nessler’s No Reddish brown Absence of NH4+
reagent. precipitate.
2. Original solution + dilute HCl. White precipitate. Presence of First
Group (Pb2+).

VI. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

First group - Lead
1. Original solution + KI solution Yellow precipitate Lead(Pb2+) is
soluble in hot water confirmed.
which reappears as
golden yellow
spangles on cooling.
Pb(CH3COO)2 + 2KI  PbI2  + 2CH3COOK
(Yellow Precipitate)

RESULT:
The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : Lead, Pb2+
2. Acid Radical : Acetate, CH3COO-

The given simple salt is : Lead Acetate, Pb(CH3COO)2