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Chapter Four details the structural design and calculations for floor slabs, columns, and beams, including load data, material properties, and reinforcement requirements. It includes specific calculations for imposed loads, self-weights, and design loads for various structural elements. The chapter concludes with reinforcement specifications and checks for shear and moment capacities in beams.

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Abraham owino
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7 views

design

Chapter Four details the structural design and calculations for floor slabs, columns, and beams, including load data, material properties, and reinforcement requirements. It includes specific calculations for imposed loads, self-weights, and design loads for various structural elements. The chapter concludes with reinforcement specifications and checks for shear and moment capacities in beams.

Uploaded by

Abraham owino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. Structural design and drawing

4.1.1. Floor slabs


Data
Pcb = 7N/mm²
Pst = 230N/mm²
Imposed loads = 4.5
Partitions = 1.4
Finishes = 0.5
Density of concrete = 24kN/m²
Thickness of slab =150mm
Loadings
Imposed loads = 4.5
Partition = 1.4
Finishes = 0.5
Self-weight = 24 x 150/1000
=3.6
Total 10kN/m²
Staircase
Data
Concrete mix 1:2:4
Concrete density = 2.4kN/m³
Imposed load = 4.5kN/m²
Finishes = 0.7kN/m²
Risers =150mm
Pcb = 7N/mm²
Fy = 230N/m³
Waist =150mm
Effective length
½(1400 + 500) + 1900
=2.85
Angle between
= tan inverse of 150/320
Tan 26.57= x/1
X= 0.5m
Y = (0.5² +1²)
=1.12
Weight of the steps
½ x tread x riser x steps density
½ x 0.32 x 0.15 x 10 x 2.4
=5.76kN
Weight of waist /m
Risers /m
150/1000 = 0.15
Y x w/m x density
1.12 x 0.15 x 2.4
=0.4032kN
Imposed load/m
4.5 x 1
=4.5KN
Finishes/m
0.6 x 1 = 0.6
Total loading
5.76 + 0.4032 + 4.5 + 0.6
=11.26kN
Mmax = w1 x 1/8
(11.26 x 2.85 x 2.85)/8
=11.43kN/m
Loading factor method
D1 = (4 max /pcb x b)½
= (4 x 11,430,000/100 x 7)½
=255.57mm
D1 = d – y/₂ - cover
150 – 10/2 – 25
=120mm
La = ¾ x 120
=90mm
Ast = Mmax/fyla
=11,430,000/ (230 x 90)
= 552.17mm²
Provide 6 y12
Ast = 679mm²
Minimum area of sheet
= 0.12bd/100
= (0.12 x 1,000 x 150)/100
= 180mm²
Provide 4 y8 @ 250m C/C
As =210mm²

4.2. Design of Columns

4.2.1. Top Column


Roof load 2.0kN/m²
Wind load 1.2kN/m²
Finishes 0.8kN/m²
Imposed load 3.0kN/m²
Live load 3.5kN/m²
Dead load 6.0kN/m²
Pcs 125N/mm²
Pcc 5.3N/m
Mix 1:2:4
Density of concrete 24kN/m²
Effective length (le) = 3.8m
Le/2 = 3800/250 = 15.2 shut column
Assume a square column 200 x 200
Loadings
Roof load 3.4kN/m³
Wind load 1.2kN/m²
Finishes 0.5kN/m²
Imposed load 4.5kN/m²
Live load 4.0kN/m²
Dead load 6.0kN/m²
Total load 19.6kN/m²
Floor area 450.30m²
Designed load = (450.30 x 19.6)
= 8.83kN
Po = Pcc Acc + Psc Asc
Po = Po (Ag – Asc) + psc Asc
Pcc = 5.3 (250² - Asc) + 125Asc
8.83 x 10⁶ = 331,250 – 5.3= 125 Asc
8.83 x 10³ - 331,250 = 125 Asc
Asc = 710
Provide 4 y16 area (804)

4.2.3. Middle Column


Load from the top column = 8.83kN
Designed loads
Finishes 0.5kN/m²
Live loads 1.5kN/m²
Dead loads 3.0kN/m²
Total load 5kN/m²
Design load 21 x 5 = 105kN
Self-weight of rib = 0.2 x 0.2 x 24 x 3.5 = 3.36kN
Self-weight rib = 0.2 x 0.2 x 24 x 6 = 8.64kN
Self-weight of column = 0.2 x 0.2 x 2.6 x 24 = 2.5kN
Self-weight of slab = 0.15 x 21 x 24 = 75.6/198.18
Total load 609.78kN
Le = 2.6 short column
Po = Pcc Acc + Psc Asc
609.78 x 10³ = 5.3 (250² - Asc) + 125 Asc
(609.78 x 10) – 331,250 = 119.7 Asc
Asc =2326.9
~ say 2,327
4 y16mm area (3,220mm²)
Pitch 300mm
250mm
12 x 32 = 384
T take the least value
Pitch = 250
Links
No. of links 6mm
¼ x 25 = 6.25 take the heist value ˂ 8mm bars
No. of links = 250/50 + 1= 11.4 = 12
Provide 12 R10 @250 C/C
Pitch 250
300
10 x 16 = 192mm
Pitch is taken as 200mm
Links
16/2 = 8
Provide R8 @ 200C/C
No. of links = 2600/200 + 1 = 14 links
Provide 14 R 8 @ 200 C/C

4.2.4. Bottom Column


Finish 0.5kN/m²
Live loads 1.5kN/m²
Dead loads 3.0kN/m²
Total load 5kN/m²
Loading area 21 x 5 = 105kN
Self-weight of rib = 0.3 x 0.2 x 24 x 3.5 = 5.04kN
Self-weight of rib = 0.3 x 0.2 x 24 x 6 = 8.64kN
Self-weight of column = 0.25 x 0.25 x 2.6 x 24 = 3.90kN
Self-weight of slab = 0.15 x 21 x 24 = 75.6kN/198.18kN
Actual height = 4.3m
Assume it is fixed at both ends
Le = 0.7 x 4.3 = 3.07m
3010/250 = 12.04 design as short column
Po = Pcc x sectional area – Asc + Psc Asc
807.96 x 10³ = 5.3 (250²- Asc) + 125Asc
(807.96 x 10³) – 331,250 = 119.7 Asc
Asc = 3982.5
~ say 3,983mm²
Provide 4 y16mm (5,030)
Links 6mm
1/4 x 6.25 which is greater
Provide 8 mm 6 links pitch 300
250
Take the least 250mm
10 x 40
Provide R8 @ 250 C/C
No of links 4,300/250 + 1 = 18.2
~ say 19
Provide 19 R8 @ 250 C/C

4.2.5. Column Footing Base


Soil bearing capacity 200kN/m²
Axial load
Column size (200 x 200) mm
Pcb 7N/mm²
Pst 210N/mm²
Permissible shear stress 1.4N/mm²
Permissible local bond 1.25N/mm²
Assume 10% for self-weight
Self-weight = 10/100 x 807.96 = 80.796
Total design load = 807.96 + 80.8 = 888.76kN
Area = total load /soil bearing = 888.76/200 = 4.4
Footing size 4.4 = 1.0 x 1.0
Effective soil bearing capacity
888.76/ (1.0 x 1.0) = 888.76kN/m²
M = w1/2 = 888.76/2 x 0.987
=438.60kN/m²
Load factor method
D1² = 4m/pcb.b = (438.60 x 4 x10⁶)/7 x 1000
D1 = 2506.3
Punching shear approach
Shear perimeter 9250 = (2d1)4
Shear area = 250= 2d1)4 x ¾ d1
(250 + 2d1)3d1
Shear for force = (9250 + 2d1)3d1 x 1.4 =4.3d1
(250 + 2d1)
Punching area = [2,100 x 2,100 – 250 + 2d1²] x 201
53 x 10³/10⁶
4.2d1(250 – 2d1) = 4.41 x 10⁶ - (62,500=1000d1 + 4d1² x 438.60/10³
8.4d1² = 1,050d1= 4,347,500 – 1000d1 – 4d1² x 438.60/10³
8.4d1² = 1,050d1 = 8,761.68 – 438.60d1 – 0.806d1
= -9.21d1²/-9.21 – 1251.53d1/-9.21 = 876151.68/-9.2
D2 = 13589d1 – 95130.48
D1 = 13589 [135.89 – (4 x -95130.48)]½
2
D1 = -135.89 – 631. 65
D1 = 495.7
~ say d1 = 496
La = ¾ x 496 = 375 Mrt = Pst Ast la = 230 x Ast x 375
1750 x 10⁶ = 86,250 Ast
Ast = Po/w = Po = 888.76
Mrt = w1²/2 = (200 x 2,500 – 250)²/2/2 = 92.5
92.5 x 10⁶ = 86,250Ast
Ast = (92.5 x 10⁶)/86,250 =1,072
Provide y6 @ 175 C/C

4.3. Beams

4.3.1. L – Beams
From slab total load 10kN/m²
Imposed loadings (ws) = ½ x 10 x 6 = 30kN/m²
1/d ˃ 25
3500 / d
D˃140
Self-weight of the beam
Wd = 24 x 200/1000 x 350/1000
= 1.68kN/m
Wd = 1.68kN/m
Ws = 30.0kN/m
Near middle of end span

Wd1 + ws1 = 1.68 x 6 + 30 x 6


12 10 12 10
= 0.84 + 18
=18.84kN/m²
A support next to end span
Wd1/12 – wd/10 = (1.68 x 6)/10 – (30 x 6)/9
=1.01 – 20
= -18.99
At mid of interior span 3
Wd1/24 + ws1/12 = (1.68 x 6)/24 + (30 x 6)/12
=0.42 + 15
=15.42
At other interior support
Wd1/12 – ws1/9 = (1.68 x 2)/12 – (30 x 2)/9
= 0.28 – 6.67
=6.95
Taking maximum moment for sagging and hogging
Assume the diameter to be =20
Cover = 25
D1 = 350 – 20/2-25
= 315

4.3.2. L – Beams
1, br ˃ least of 1/6 x 3500
1i, br ˃ ½ x 6,000 or Br + 4d
=583 or 3,000 + 200 or 200 + 4 x 150
=583 or 3,200 or 800
=Mrc = rpcb.b.d2
B/br =583/150 = 3.89
D 1/d2 = 315/150 =2.1
R = 0.20 + 0.35 = 0.55/2 = 0.275
Pcb = 7 b = 583 d1 = 315
Mrc = r pcb. b.d1²
=0.275 x 7 x 583 x 315²
=162,929,930.6
Mrc ˃ Mmax
No need for compressive reinforcement
Design for tensile moment.
Mmax =18.84kN/m
Asr pst d1 – d2/2
(18.84 x 10⁶)/230 x 390
Ast = 210
Provide 478(210)
Top reinforcement (hogging moment)
Mmax =18.99kN/m
18.99 x 10⁶ = 230 x Ast X 315 – 150/2
Ast (18.99 x 10⁶)/230 x 390
=212
Provide 12 y12 (226)
Check for reinforcement.
226/brd x 100 = (226 x 100)/ (200 x 350)
= 0.38%
0.12˂ 0.25 ok
Check for shear.
Q = total shear
W = wd + ws = 3kN/m + 1.68kN/m
31.68kN/m
Q = 31.68 x 3.5/2
55.44kN

4.3.3. T – Beams
Loadings
Imposed loading 4.5
Partition 1.4
Finishes 0.5
Self-weight 24 x 200/100
= 4.8kN
Mrc = Rpcb. B.d
For T beams
b˃ least of 1/3 Le
br = 12d
br = least of 1/3 x 6000
= 2,000
B ˂ 2,000 or 3,500
B = 2,000
b/br = 2,000/3,500 = 10
D1/d2
Assume diameter to be 20
Cover 25
D1 = 350 – (20/2+25)
= 315
315/150 = 2.1
0.25 = 0.25 & = 0.25
Mrc = rpcb. b. di²
0.25 x 7 x 2,000 x 315²
= 347.29kN
Imposed loading on the beam
= 1/3 x 3.5 x 10 + ½ x 3.5 x 10
= 17.5 + 17.5
= 35kN/m
Self-weight of the beam
Span / depth = Le/d ˃ 25
3,500/d˃ 25
Self-weight
24 x 200/1,000 x 350/1,000 =1.68kN/m
Total loading
= (3.5 + 1.68) kN/m
= 36.68kN/m
M max = W1²/8
36.68/8 x 3.5²
Mrc ˃ Mmax = 56.17
No need for compressive reinforcement
Ast = (56.17 x 10⁶)/ (230 x ¾ x 315)
= 1,033.72
Say = 1,034mm
Provide 4716 (804)
Check for area of reinforcement
804/brd x 100%
(804/350 x 200) x 100% = 1.15%
Check for shear
Q = Q/ Bla
Q = 36.68 x 3.5/ 2
= 641.9
Q = (64.45 x 10³) 200 x ¾ x 315
=0.14
0.14 ˃ 4 x 0.7
0.94 ˃ 2.8

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