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Lec 6

The document discusses the evolution of biological classification systems, highlighting the contributions of E-Chatton, Robert Whittaker, and Margulis and Schwartz to the five-kingdom classification system. It also introduces the three-domain classification system proposed by Carl Woese, which categorizes life into Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya based on genetic and structural differences. The document outlines the basis for these classifications, including cellular organization and modes of nutrition.

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3 views

Lec 6

The document discusses the evolution of biological classification systems, highlighting the contributions of E-Chatton, Robert Whittaker, and Margulis and Schwartz to the five-kingdom classification system. It also introduces the three-domain classification system proposed by Carl Woese, which categorizes life into Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya based on genetic and structural differences. The document outlines the basis for these classifications, including cellular organization and modes of nutrition.

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hinashoukatlgs
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ARVO Topical BIOLOGY 9th

C) Five-Kingdom Classification System


1. Contribution of E-Chatton
In 1937, French biologist E-Chatton suggested the following terms:
 "Procariotique" to describe bacteria.
 "Eucariotique" to describe protista, fungi, animals, and plants.
2. Contribution of Robert Whittaker
In 1967, American ecologist Robert Whittaker introduced the five-kingdom
classification system.
Basis
The five-kingdom classification system is based on:
a. Cellular Organization
The levels of cellular organization:
 Prokaryotic (bacteria, archaea) The organisms which lack a
 Unicellular eukaryotic (protista) prominent nucleus in their cells
 Multicellular eukaryotic (fungi, plants and are called prokaryotes while the
organisms which have a prominent
animals)
nucleus in their cells are called
b. Mode of Nutrition eukaryotes.
The modes of nutrition:
 Photosynthesis
 Absorption
 Ingestion
Five Kingdoms:
On this basis, organisms were classified into five kingdoms:
 Monera
 Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia
3. Contribution of Margulis and Schwartz
In 1988, American biologists Margulis and Schwartz modified the five-kingdom
classification of Whittaker.
Basis
They considered genetics along with cellular organization and mode of nutrition in
classification.
Kingdoms
They classified the organisms into the same five kingdoms as proposed by
Whittaker.
D) Three-Domain Classification System
Founder
In 1977, American microbiologist Carl Woese (1928-2012) added a taxon Domain.
Domains of Life
He classified organisms into three domains:
 Archaea
 Bacteria
 Eukarya
Domains of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes were classified into two domains:
 Archaea
 Bacteria
Domain of Eukaryotes
All eukaryotes were placed in a single domain i.e., Eukarya.
Basis
1
ARVO Topical BIOLOGY 9th

The three-domain classification system was based on:


 Differences in the sequence of nucleotides in the rRNA (ribosomal Ribonucleic
acid) of the cell.
 The cell membrane lipid structure.
 Sensitivity of cell membrane to antibiotics.
a) Two Kingdom System
Kingdom Kingdom
Plantae Animalia
b) Three Kingdom System
Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom
Protista Plantae Animalia
c) Five Kingdom System
Kingdom Kingdo
Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom
Protista m
Monera Fungi Animalia
Plantae
d) Three Domain System
Archaea Bacteria Eukarya
Kingdo Kingdo
Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom
m m
Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi Animalia
Protista Plantae
Different Classification Systems
▲ Fig
2.2

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