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The document provides an overview of adsorption, defining it as the process of attracting and retaining molecules on a surface, with key terms such as adsorbate, adsorbent, and desorption explained. It discusses the characteristics, classification, and factors affecting adsorption, including the nature of the substances involved and surface area. Additionally, it highlights various applications of adsorption, such as in gas masks, dehumidification, and water softening.

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3 views

Chem Project File

The document provides an overview of adsorption, defining it as the process of attracting and retaining molecules on a surface, with key terms such as adsorbate, adsorbent, and desorption explained. It discusses the characteristics, classification, and factors affecting adsorption, including the nature of the substances involved and surface area. Additionally, it highlights various applications of adsorption, such as in gas masks, dehumidification, and water softening.

Uploaded by

meghamurali032009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDEX

1) INTRODUCTION
2) BASIC TERMS
3) CHARACTERISTICS
4) CLASSIFICATION
5) FACTORS AFFECTING
6) SURFACE AREA
7) AFFECT OF TEMP.
8) APPLICATION
9) REFRENCE
Adsorption
"The phenomenon of attracting
and retaining the molecules of a
substance on the surface of a
liquid orsolid resulting in to
higher concentration of the
molecules on the surface is called
adsorption
" Causes of adsorption : Unbalanced
forces of attractionor free valencies
which is present at the solid or liquid
surface, have the property to attract
and retain the molecules of a gas or a
dissolved substance on totheir
surfaces with which they come in
contact.

Example :Ammonia gas placed in


contact with charcoalgets adsorbed
on the charcoal
Some basicterms used in
adsorption
"Adsorbate : The substance which gets
adsorbed on any surface is called adsorbate
for example, if a gas gets adsorbed on to the
surface of a solid, then the gas is termedas
the adsorbate.
" The substance on the surface of which
adsorption takesplace is called
adsorbent.
Absorption : When the molecules of a
substance are uniformly distributed
throughout the body of a solid orliquid.
This phenomenon is called absorption.
" Desorption : The removal of the adsorbed
substance from
a surface is called desorption
Sorption : The phenomenon in which
adsorption andabsorption occur
simultaneously is called sorption.
Characteristics of
adsorption
(i)Adsorption refers to the existence of
a higher concentration of any particular
component at thesurface of a liquid or a
solid phase.
(ii) Adsorption is accompanied by decrease in
the AG
(free energy change) of the system when
adsorption equilibrium is said to be
established.

(iii) Adsorption is invariably accompanied by


evolution of heat, i.e. it is an exothermic
process. In other words, AH of adsorption is
always negative.
(iv) When a gas is adsorbed, the freedom of
movement of its molecules becomes restricted.
On account of it decrease in the entropy of the
gas afteradsorption, i.e. AS is negative.
Classification of
adsorption
Depending upon the nature of force
existingbetween adsorbate
molecule and adsorbent
" Physical adsorption :If the forces of
attraction existingbetween adsorbate and
adsorbent are Vander Waal's forces,the
adsorption is called physical adsorption. This
type of adsorption is also known as
physisorption or Vander
Waal's adsorption. It can be easily reversed by
heating ordecreasing the pressure.
Chemical adsorption : If the forces of attraction
existing between adsorbate particles and adsorbent
are almost of thesame strength as chemical bonds,
the adsorption is called chemical adsorption. This
type of adsorption is also called aschemisorption
or Langmuir adsorption. This type of adsorption
cannot be easily reversed
Factors which affect the extent
of adsorption

Nature of the adsorbate (gas) and adsorbent


(solid)
(i) In general, easily liquefiable gases e.g., CO,
NH,CI,and SO, etc. are adsorbed to a greater
extent than the elemental gases e.g. H, O, N, He
etc. (while chemisorption is specific in nature.)
(ii) Porous and finely powdered solid e.g. charcoal,
fullers earth, adsorb more as compared to the hard
non-porous materials. Due to this property
powdered charcoal is used in gas masks

Gas-liquid interface Liquid-solid intertace

Gas filn Liquid film Liquid filrn

Gas bulk 1 Liquid bulk Liquid bulk Soid butk

Gas Liquid Liquid Solid


(a) (b)
Surface area of the solid
adsorbent
"(i) The extent of adsorption
depends directly upon the
surface area of the
adsorbent, i.e. larger the
surface area of theadsorbent,
greater is the extent of
adsorption.
(ii) Surface area of apowdered
solid adsorbent depends
upon its particle size.Smaller
the particle size, greater is
its surface area
Effect of temperature
(i) Asadsorption is accompanied by evolution of
heat, so according to the Le-Chatelier's principle,
the magnitude ofadsorption should decrease with
rise in temperature.
Aphysical adsorption isobar shows a decrease in
x/m (where'm' is the mass of the adsorbent and 'x
that of adsorbate) asthe temperature rises.
The isobar of chemisorption show an increase in
thebeginning and then decrease as the
temperature rises.

P-Constant
P-Constant
x/m x/m

Temperature Temperature
Physical adsorption Chemical adsorption
Application of adsorption
() Production of high vacuum
(2) In Gas masks : This apparatus is used to
adsorb poisonous gases (e.g. oxide of sulphur
etc.) and thus purify the air for breathing.
(3) For desiccation or dehumidification :
These substancescan be used to reduce/remove
water vapours or moisture present in the air.
Silica gel and alumina are used for
dehumidification in electronic equipment.
(4) Removel of colouring matter from
solution :() Animal charcoal removes colours
of solutions by adsorbing coloured impurities.
(ii) Animal charcoal is used as decolouriser in
the manufacture of cane sugar.
(5) Heterogeneous catalysis Mostly
heterogeneous catalytic reactions proceed
through the adsorption of gaseous reactants on
solid catalyst.
(6) Separation of inert gases :Due
to the differencein degree of
adsorption of gases by charcoal, a
mixtureof inert gases can be
separated by adsorption on coconut
charcoal at different low
temperatures.
(7) Softening of hard water
(i) The hard water is made to pass
through a columnpacked with
zeolite (sodium aluminium silicate)
(ii) Catt, Mg*t ions which are
responsible for hardness, get
adsorbed on zeolite, exchanging
sodiumions.
(iüi) The exhausted zeolite is
regenerated with 1o% ofsodium
chloride solution.
(8) In curing diseases : A
number of drugs are adsorbed on
the germs and killthem or these
are adsorbed on the tissuesand heat
them
(9) Froth floatation process: A
low grade sulphide ore is concentrated
by separating it from silica and
other earthy matter by this method
(1o) In dyeing : Many dyes get
adsorbed on the cloth eitherdirectly or
by the use of mordants.

Polymer C-Phenol
S8S8S888
Adsorption
Incoming Bacterium
Chloropenols Step 2 Step2
Adsorption Adsorption Immobilization
acterial
Oxidation

Polymer
Adsorbent
Bacteria
: Adsorption +Degradation

Metabolite Metabolites

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