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REPORT
EXPERIMENT 5: FACTORS AFFECTING
REACTION RATE

Group: 1 Class: G17 Date: 27.03.2025

Group members:

Full name Student ID Declaration of Contribution Signature

1 Trần Đào Như Quỳnh BEBEIU24065 33.33%

2 Phạm Đỗ Quỳnh Hương IEIEIU24032 33.33%

3 Huỳnh Phương Anh IELSIU24006 33.33%

Total score: _______/100

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Part 1. Introduction
1. Background informations
The rate of a chemical reaction describes how quickly it occurs and the factors that affect it,
including the nature of the reactants, temperature, surface area, concentration, catalysts, and pressure.
A higher reaction rate corresponds to a faster process. The rate of a reaction can be determined by
measuring the amount of reactants consumed or products formed over time.
2. Objectives
In experiment 5, the purpose is to examine the effect of concentration, temperature and
catalysts on reaction rates.
Part 2. Materials and Methods
1. Equipments and reagents
Table 1. Equipments and reagents
Equipments Reagents

Twenty – two test tubes 0.5 M K₂CrO₄

Ice Bath Concentrated HCl

Water bath 6 M NaOH

One stirring rod Methyl violet

One medicine dropper 0.1 M FeCl₃

A stopwatch 0.1 M KSCN

One 150 mL beaker 0.1 M CaCl₂

One test tube rack 6 M HCl

0.1 M Na₂C₂O₄

0.1 M H₂C₂O₄

6 M NH₄OH

0.1 M AgNO₃

Distilled water

2. Methods
Experiment 1. Effect of concentration on reaction time
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Step 1. Prepare the solutions that include solution A, which is 90 mL of 0.2 M potassium
iodide; solution B, which is 60 mL of 0.005 M sodium thiosulfate; solution C, which is 90 mL of 0.1
M ammonium peroxydisulfate; and a starch solution, which is 4 mL per test tube.
Step 2. Label 11 pairs of test tubes from A1–A11 and B1–B11. Later, add the specified
volumes of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ and distilled water to tubes A1–A11. For tubes B1–B11, add 5 mL of
Na₂S₂O₃, 4 mL of starch, KI, and distilled water.
Step 3. Mix the solutions by pouring the solution of tube A into tube B for each pair. Later,
start a stopwatch immediately upon mixing and stir the mixture thoroughly.
Step 4. Observe each mixture and stop the stopwatch when a deep blue color first appears,
indicating iodine formation. Later, record the reaction time for each pair.
Step 5. Calculate the initial concentrations of iodide (I⁻) and peroxydisulfate (S₂O₈² ⁻) ions
for each mixture.
Step 6. Analyze and plot the data in terms of plotting the iodide concentration (Y-axis) against
reaction time (X-axis) for mixtures from #1 to #6. Then, plot the peroxydisulfate concentration (Y-
axis) against reaction time (X-axis) for mixtures #1 and from #7 to #11.
Experiment 2. Effect of temperature on the reaction rate
Step 1. Prepare the solutions, including test tubes #1A, #2A, and #3A, measuring
approximately 5 mL of 0.33 M H₂C₂O₄ per tube. Moreover, for test tubes #1B, #2B, and #3B,
measure approximately 1 mL of 0.01 M KMnO₄ and 5 mL of 3 M H₂SO₄ per tube.
Step 2. Label three pairs of test tubes: #1A and #1B, #2A and #2B, #3A and #3B. Add 5 mL
of 0.33 M H₂C₂O₄ to tubes #1A, #2A, and #3A. Add 1 mL of 0.01 M KMnO₄ and 5 mL of 3 M
H₂SO₄ to tubes #1B, #2B, and #3B.
Step 3. Place test tubes #1A and #1B in a 90°C water bath for approximately 3 minutes. Place
test tubes #2A and #2B in a 50°C water bath for approximately 3 minutes. Keep test tubes #3A and
#3B at room temperature.
Step 4. Pour the solution of test tube #1B into #1A, #2B into #2A, and #3B into #3A. Return
the mixtures of #1A and #1B, #2A and #2B to their respective 90°C and 50°C water baths after
mixing. Start a stopwatch immediately upon mixing for each pair.
Step 5. Observe each mixture and record the time taken for the purple color of KMnO₄ to
disappear, indicating the completion of the reaction.
Experiment 3. Effect of a catalyst on the reaction rate
Step 1. Prepare approximately 40 mL of a 3% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) solution.
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Step 2. Label seven test tubes from #1 to #7. Later, add 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide
(H₂O₂) to each test tube.
Step 3. Add the reagents to the corresponding test tubes, including MnO₂ to #1, NaCl to #2,
CaCl₂ to #3, Zn to #4, KNO₃ to #5, MnCl₂ to #6, and Fe(NO₃)₃ to #7.
Step 4. Thoroughly agitate each test tube to ensure the solutions are well mixed. Observe the
reaction rate by recording the time it takes for air bubbles to begin forming.
Step 5. Record the reaction rate for each test tube by measuring the speed at which bubbles
form. Then, rank the reagents in decreasing order of reaction rate, from the fastest (01) to the slowest
(07).
Part 3. Results and Discussion
1. Effect of concentration on reaction time
Reaction 1
2 I −¿¿ + S2 O 2−¿→
8
I ¿
2
+ 2 S O2−¿¿
4

Reaction 2
I 2+ 2 S2 O2−¿→¿
3 2 I −¿¿+ S4 O2−¿¿
6

Calculate the initial concentrations of I- and S2O82- ions:

Mixture # 5
Cinitial ×V initial 0.2× 4 ml
[I-] = = ≈ 0.03 M
V total 29 ml
Cinitial ×V initial 0.1× 10 ml
[S2O82-] = = ≈ 0.03 M
V total 29 ml
Table 2. Effect of concentration on reaction time

Mixture Iodide ion Peroxydisulfate Time in seconds

1 0.07 0.03 68
2 0.06 0.03 81
3 0.05 0.03 98
4 0.04 0.03 166
5 0.03 0.03 300
6 0.02 0.03 580
Mixture Iodide ion Peroxydisulfate Time in seconds
7 0.07 0.029 73
8 0.06 0.02 98
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9 0.07 0.019 630

10 0.07 0.01 750
11 0.07 0.09 900

The graph illustrates the change in the concentration of iodide ion over time, with time on the
X-axis and iodide ion concentration on the Y-axis according to the table 2.
* Mixtures # 1-6:
Graph

Figure 1. The concentration of iodine versus time

The order of reaction with respect to iodide ion? (1) > (2) > (3) > (4) > (5) > (6)
Discussion:
In the figure 1, as the volume was decreased, the concentration of iodine was diluted, so the
reaction rate was slower, and the reaction time was longer. With fewer particles to collide, the iodine
particles in the solution were less concentrated in each experiment. This lower concentration meant
there were fewer collisions, causing the reaction to proceed more slowly. The higher temperature
addition of starch makes the reaction occur faster, thereby providing more accurate results. It can
therefore be said that the temperature of the starch influences the rate of the reaction.
The graph illustrates the change in the concentration of peroxydisulfate ion over time, with
time on the X-axis and peroxydisulfate ion concentration on the Y-axis according to the table 2.
* Mixtures # 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11:
Graph
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Figure 2. The concentration of peroxydisulfate versus time

The order of reaction with respect to iodide ion? (11) > (1) > (7) > (8) > (9) > (10)
Discussion:
In the figure 2, the results show that the reaction time decreases as the concentration of
peroxydisulfate increases. This is consistent with the collision theory, where the increase in
concentration implies more and better collisions, thus a quicker reaction. For example, mixture 1 at a
concentration of 0.03 M reacted faster than mixtures 7, 8, 9 and 10 with decreased concentrations. But
mixture 11 did not follow this pattern. It contained the largest amount of peroxydisulfate but the
longest time for reaction. This is inconsistent and suggests that there could have been some
experimental error, for instance, wrong timing or measurement. Therefore, mixture 11 should be
considered as an outlier and not considered in order to determine the order of reaction. The higher
temperature addition of starch makes the reaction occur faster, thereby providing more accurate
results. It can therefore be said that the temperature of the starch influences the rate of the reaction. In
conclusion, the experiment confirms that the reaction rate is directly proportional to the
peroxydisulfate concentration in accordance with theoretical calculations.
2. Effect of temperature on the reaction rate
Table 3. Effect of temperature on the reaction rate

Reaction System
5 H 2 C 2 O 4 (aq )+ 2 KMn O4 ( aq) +3 H 2 S O4 ( aq) →2 MnS O 4 (aq )+ K 2 S O 4 ( aq) +10 C O2 ( g) +8 H 2 O ( 1)

Description of Predicted Reaction

Observation Discussion
conditions outcome time

Room Colorless The purple 1min5s At room temperature, the reaction

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was sluggish, as shown by the longer

color then turn
reaction time at 1.05 minutes. This
to colorless
means that lower temperatures make
slowly
temperature slowest the rate of reaction slower because
there is less kinetic energy, leading to
fewer effective collisions between
reacting particles.
The purple
At 50°C, the reaction was faster,
color then turn
taking 19 seconds of reaction time.
to colorless
The rise in temperature provided the
Colorless fast
16s particles with increased kinetic
500C faster
energy, leading to more intense and
more frequent collisions, which
raised the rate of reaction.

The reaction rate was greatest at

The purple
90°C, taking only 9 seconds to take
color then turn
place. This shows that higher
900C Colorless to colorless
9s temperatures significantly enhance
fastest very fast
particle movement and collision
frequency, which in turn results in a
much greater reaction rate.
Note:
It can be seen from the table 3 that the reaction was slowest at room temperature, followed by
50°C, and quickest at 90°C. As the temperature increases, the reactant atoms and molecules gain more
energy, which causes them to move faster and collide more frequently, leading to a faster reaction rate
and reduced reaction time. This trend also shows that with an increase in temperature, the rate of
reaction increases. So it can be observed that the reaction rate is notably affected by the temperature.
3. Effect of a catalyst on the reaction rate
Table 4. Effect of a catalyst on the reaction rate

Reaction System
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
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Description of Predicted Observation

Trial Discussion
conditions outcome (Reaction rate)
The reaction released air
+ MnCl2 bubbles, but these emerged
The reaction was slowly and one by one.
1 Slow Therefore, MnCl₂ was not an
slow effective catalyst for the
decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide
The reaction
+ MnO2
occurred The reaction produced a lot of
air bubbles and heat. MnO₂ was
2 Very fast extremely fast
used as a catalyst to break H₂O₂
and also had heat into H₂O and O₂
released.
+ NaCl NaCl was not an effective
The reaction was catalyst for the reaction because
3 Very slow
very slow the bubbles were produced very
slowly and in small amounts

CaCl2 was not the most

+ CaCl2
suitable catalyst for this reaction,
The reaction was
it did not assist much in speeding
4 Slow slow
up the reaction. Thus, the
reaction proceeded slowly

+ Zn Zn is not likely to be a
The reaction was catalyst for this reaction since the
5 Very slow
extreme slow bubbles formed the slowest and
in the least quantity

+ Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO₃)₃ was found to be a

The reaction was good catalyst for this reaction,
6 Fast
fast greatly increasing the rate of
reaction

The order of catalyst activity: MnO2 > Fe(NO3)3 > MnCl2 > CaCl2 > NaCl > Zn.
Note:
According to the table 4, catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions without
being consumed in the process,their weight is unchanged after the reaction. The speed with which air
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bubbles form measures how the catalyst influences the rate of the reaction. Thus, choosing the right
catalyst is essential prior to performing an experiment to make accurate observations and valid results
Part 4. Conclusion
Three main factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction including concentration, temperature,
and the presence of a catalyst.Increased concentration and higher temperature raise the rate by
producing more frequent and more energetic particle collisions. Catalysts also increase the rate of a
reaction by reducing the activation energy required, and they are not consumed during the process.

END.