HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATING, AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM) ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

 is used to provide heating and cooling services to buildings.  Power for Lighting
 Convenience Outlets
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR HVAC:  Fixed Equipment
HVAC System Requirements to consider by an Interior Designers:
 Space for ducts and pipes POWER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
 Plenum Requirements As with lighting, the ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS or MASTER ELECTRICIAN design and specifies the exact:
 Ceiling Access  Types of Circulating
 Thermostats  Wire Sizes
 Coordination with other ceiling items  Technical Aspect of the Electrical System
 Window coverings
 Furniture placement The INTERIOR DESIGNER, is often responsible for schematically showing:
 The desired locations of OUTLETS and SWITCHES where power is required for BUILT-IN
- In commercial construction, horizontal ducts are normally run in the PLENUM and vertical ducts within EQUIPMENT and the appearance of COVER PLATES and other visible ELECTRICAL DEVICES.
their own CHASES.
- Use should verify THE SIZE and LOCATION OF DUCTWORKS before locating LIGHT FIXTURES. There are SEVERAL TYPES OF CONDUCTORS that supply power throughout a building:
- The Interior Designer should coordinate the LOCATION OF SUPPLY and RETURN AND DIFFUSERS with  Circuit Breaker boxes
other ceiling items such as:  Individual Switches
 Lights  Lights
 Sprinkler Heads  Outlets
 Smoke Detectors  Non-metallic Shielded Cables
 Speakers  Flexible Metal-clad Cables (BX)
So the ceiling is well planned as possible.
-However, the MECHANICAL ENGINEER must be CONSULTED to verify that the desired locations do not CIRCUIT BREAKER - an electric device for opening and closing a circuit designed to open the circuit
adversely affect the operation of the HVAC. automatically upon flow of a predetermined value of abnormally high current.

NON-METALLIC SHEATHED CABLES - also known as Trademark Romex. Consists of two or more PLASTIC
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS INSULATED CONDUCTORS and GROUND WIRE surrounded by a
moisture-resistant plastic jacket.
CONVEYING SYSTEMS: This TYPE OF CABLES are used in WOOD STUD RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.
TYPES OF CONVEYING SYSTEMS:
 Elevator FLEXIBLE METAL-CLAD CABLE - trademark name BX or common term FLEX. Consists of two or more plastic-
 Escalator insulated conductors encased in a CONTINUOUS SPIRAL-WOUND STRIP OF
 Dumbwaiter STEEL TAPE.
 Conveyors It is also used to connect commercial LIGHT FIXTURES so they can be relocated in a SUSPENDED
ACOUSTICAL CEILING
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION INCLUDES:
 Stairs - For commercial construction and large multi-family residential construction, individual PLASTIC
 Elevators INSULATED-CONDUCTORS must be placed in a METAL CONDUIT or approved carriers.
 Escalators
 CONDUIT supports and protect the wiring
DUMBWAITER - a hoisting and lowering mechanism within a building equipped with a relatively small car  Serves as a SYSTEM GROUND
which moves in a vertical direction (in guides): used exclusively for carrying materials.  PROTECTS surrounding construction from FIRE if the wire OVERHEATS or SHORTS.

CONVEYOR - a meter-driven mechanism used for the continuous transport of material. e.g. an endless belt - A relatively new type of cabling is UNDER-CARPET WIRING
or series of rollers.  This is a THIN, FLAT protected wire that can be laid under carpet without protruding.
 Cable for both 220-volt circuit and telephone lines is available but it must be used with CARPET
-If elevators are being installed or remodeled, the INTERIOR DESIGNER maybe be concerned with the: TILES so that it is readily accessible.
 Interior Finishes of the cab
 The elevator entrances - OUTLETS and OTHER TYPES OF CONNECTION to power supply must be made in JUNCTION BOXES.
 The signal System of call buttons - These are STEEL BOXES which conduit or other cable system is attached.
 Up/ Down Lanterns - JUNCTION BOXES are also required where light fixtures are connected to the electrical system.
- UTILITY BOX for switches and outlets, rectangular shape.
- CIRCUIT BREAKERS the protection in the PANEL BOXES that TRIPS OFF if the circuit is OVERLOADED.
PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
TWO MAJOR COMPONENTS:
 Water Supply System SPRINKLER SYSTEM - most common type of fire protection. Consist of a separate water system supplied by
o Cold Water sprinkler mains that connect to sprinkler pipes on each floor that distributes the
o Hot Water water to individual sprinkler heads.
 Drainage System
TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM
PLUMBING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS  Recessed Type
 Upright
DRAINAGE SYSTEM - presents a more difficult problem because they work BY GRAVITY - drain pipes must  Pendent
be sloped downward 2% (20 mm/mts. length) to carry away waste.  Sidewall
In addition, VENT PIPES are required.
RECESSED TYPE - have smooth cover that is FLUSHED with the ceiling. When there is fire, the cover falls
- To provide service to sinks, private toilets and the likes a WET COLUMNS is sometimes included in the away and the sprinkler head lowers and activates.
building.
UPRIGHT HEAD TYPE - used with EXPOSED PLUMBING in high unfinished ceiling
WET COLUMN - are areas usually at a structural column location where hot and cold supply and drainage
risers are located. PENDENT SPRINKLES - are the TRADITIONAL TYPES for finished ceilings but the head extends a few inches
below the ceiling.
PLUMBING PLANS
 are drafted by SANITARY ENGINEER / MASTER PLUMBER and represent piping and other SIDE-WALL HEAD SPRINKLES - used for CORRIDORS AND SMALL ROOMS when one row of sprinkler will
components with single line diagrams and symbols. provide adequate coverage for NARROW SPACES.

PIPES AND FITTINGS: HORIZONTAL SIDEWALL SPRINKLER - can be plumbed from the walls instead of from the ceiling which
makes them good for re-modeling works.

FIRE PROTECTION
 although the INTERIOR DESIGNER does not design sprinkler system. You should recognized that
the REQUIRED LOCATION OF SPRINKLER HEADS must be coordinated with other ceiling-
mounted items.

GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF RELATIVELY FIRE HAZARD BUILDINGS:

 Light Hazard Buildings
o Residences
o Offices
o Schools
o Hospitals
o Restaurants
 Ordinary Hazard Buildings
 Extra Hazard Buildings

- If water would damage the contents of a room such as in a COMPUTER FACILITY, A DRY HALON SYSTEM
can be used.

DRY HALON SYSTEM - a GAS released when the system is triggered that suppressed the fire while allowing
people in the space to breathe.
ACOUSTICS CONTROL OF SOUND TRANSMISSION
THE SCIENCE OF SOUNDS  GAPS in the barrier must be SEALED
 EDGES at the floor, ceilings and the intersecting walls must be CAULKED.
ACOUSTICS  PENESTRATIONS in the barrier should be AVOIDED but absolutely necessary they should be
the Interior Designer can control the ACOUSTIC QUALITY OF A ROOM with the following: SEALED well.
 Space Planning  any GAPS in pipes, ducts and partition should be sealed and caulked.
 The design of walls and ceilings
 The selection of finishes SPEECH PRIVACY
FACTORS IN DESIGNING FOR SPEECH PRIVACY IN AN OPEN AREA:
QUALITIES OF SOUND  the ceiling must be highly absorptive. The idea is to create a clear sky condition so that sound
THREE BASIC QUALITIES are not reflected from their source to other parts of the space.
 Velocity  other surfaces such as the floor, furniture, windows and light fixtures must be designed or
 Frequency arranged to minimized reflections.
 Power
CONTROL OF IMPACT NOISE
VELOCITY - depends on the medium of sound in which the sounds is TRAVELLING and the temperature of IMPACT NOISE - or sound resulting from direct contact of an object with a sound barrier can occur or any
the medium surface but generally occurs in floor and ceiling assembly
it is caused by:
FREQUENCY - the number of cycles completed per second and is measured in HERTZ (Hz) o footfalls
o shuffled furniture
o dropped objects
POWER - is the quality of acoustics energy as measured in WATTS. It is this power that people perceived as
LOUDNESS.
TIPS TO CONTROL IMPACT NOISE:
DECIBEL (dB) - relates actual sound intensity to the way humans experience sound.  the use of carpet
 suspended ceiling below
 resillient flooring over concrete floor
ZERO DECIBEL - threshold of human hearing
 sound absorbing materials (insulation) in the air-space between floor and finished ceiling
130 DECIBELS - threshold of pain

ROOM GEOMETRY AND PLANNING CONCEPTS

SOUND ABSORPTION - to minimized noise within a space. Is used to CONTROL UNWANTED SOUND
REFLECTION (NOISE). To improved SPEECH PRIVACY and to decrease or increase  plan similar use areas next to each other
reverberation.  example: placing bedroom next to each other is better than placing a bedroom next to a noisy
space like the kitchen
 use BUFFER SPACE such as CLOSETS AND HALLWAYS to separate noise-producing spaces
REVERBERATION - is the PROLONGATION OF SOUND as it repeatedly bounce off hard surfaces.
whenever possible
 using closets between bedrooms at a common wall is one example of this technique
REVERBERATION TIME - is the time it takes the sound level to decrease 60 dB after the source has stopped  minimized the area of the common wall between two rooms where a reduction in sound
producing sound. transmission is desired
 avoid room shapes that reflect or focus sound
The recommended time for speech in:  barrel-vaulted hallways and circular rooms
 offices and small rooms is 0.3 to 0.6 seconds  example: produce undesirable focused sounds rooms that focus sound may also deprive some
 auditoriums is 1.5 to 1.8 seconds listeners of useful reflections

Reverberation can be controlled by modifying the amount of absorptive or reflective finished in space.

NOSIE REDUCTION WITHIN A SPACE

 avoid designing rooms with HARD, REFLECTIVE SURFACES or walls, floors and ceilings. The space
will be too LIVE and noisy.
 although absorptive materials can be placed anywhere, CEILING TREATMENT for sound
absorption is more effective in LARGE ROOMS while WALL TREATMENT is more effective in
SMALL ROOMS.
PLASTICS (INTERIOR APPLICATIONS) ADVANTAGES ON THE USE OF PLASTICS:
 recyclable
PLASTICS - are organic, high polymers which means they are made of large chainlike molecules that  can be incinerated
contains carbon.  durable
TWO GROUPS OF PLASTICS:  resistant to the environment
 Thermoplastics (can be reused)
 Thermosets (cannot be reprocessed) DISADVANTAGES ON THE USE OF PLASTICS:
Some types of plastics are made as a combination of the two.  flammable
 cost of recycling
TYPES OF PLASTICS  volume
ACRYLIC o all is made of plastic/ landfill waste
 are known for being rigid, hard and transparent  durability
 very resistant to sunlight and weathering (outdoor use) o an advantage as well as a disadvantage. Plastics are extremely durable which means
 acrylics are used in outdoor signs, lighting diffusers, washbasins, sinks, tables and skylights that they can last a long time. These plastics in the landfill will be there for years.

EPOXY
INTERIOR GLAZING
 combination with glass fibers and is capable of producing composites that are high strength and
that are heat resistant
 are also found in gymnasium floors, sealants and protective coatings in appliances GLAZING - the process of installing glass in framing as well as installing the frame itself.

MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDE GLASS - a hard, brittle, inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or translucent produced by melting a
 used in decorative chip boards many household goods including dinnerware mixture of silicates (such as sand) and a flux (such as lime and soda)
 very easy to color and is very hard
TYPES OF GLASS:
POLYURETHANE FLOAT GLASS
 the foam polyurethanes have excellent thermal insulating properties and therefore are used in  also known as annealed glass
building insulations  is the standard type of glass used in common windows and other applications where additional
 they can also be very cushiony with energy-absorbing properties and durability strength or other properties are not required
 used in carpets underlay, in furniture and bedding  for interior use, it is employed in small openings or where safety is not required.

POLYCARBONATE TEMPERED GLASS

 tough, strong and rigid yet ductile  is produced by subjecting annealed glass to a special heat treatment
 they are transparent and therefore are often used in the creation of water bottles  this glass is four times stronger than annealed glass of the same thickness
 used for electrical purposes, glazing and appliances  is considered SAFTETY GLASS so it can be used in hazardous locations
 when tempered glass breaks, it falls into thousands of very small pieces instead of into
dangerous shards
POLYSTYRENE
 for interior use it is usually 1/4" thick
 one of the most used thermoplastics
 foamed version being used in building insulations
LAMINATED GLASS
 used by house wares, wall tiles and furniture
 consist of two or more layers of glass bonded together by an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral resin
 when laminated glass is broken, the interlayer holds the pieces together even though the glass
POLYETHYLENE
itself maybe severely cracked
 one of the most popular forms of plastic  is used where very strong glazing is required or where acoustical control is needed
 found in containers, pipe, house waxes, shopping bags, trash bags and coatings  it can be bullet resistant and provides high security against intentional or accidental breakage
 also considered as SAFETY GLASS
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
 a substitute for rubber WIRE GLASS
 resistant to abrasion and is both weather and chemical resistant  has a mesh of wire embedded in the middle of the sheet
 commonly found in upholstery, wall coverings, flooring, siding, pipe and even apparel  the surfaced can be either smooth or patterned
 vinyl is perhaps the best known of all plastics  is used primarily in fire-rated assemblies
 it cannot be tempered and does not quality as safety glass
POLY PROPELYN RANDOM (PPR)
 PPR pipe and fittings are a hot and cold water supply system suitable for all potable water
applications and heating systems
PATTERNED GLASS THE CONSTITUENTS/ COMPOENTS OF PAINT
 is made by passing a sheet of molten glass through rollers on which a desired pattern is pressed  Pigments (Color and Opacity)
which maybe one or both sides  Binder/ Resin (Hold the pigment in place)
 vision through the panel is defused but not totally obscured. The degree of diffusion depends  Extender (Larger pigment particles)
on the type and depth of pattern.  Solvent/ Thinner (Reduce the Viscosity)
 Additives (Modify the properties)
GLASS BLOCK/ BRICK
 a hollow block of glass usually translucent with textured faces: has relatively low thermal- PAINT VARIANTS
insulation and low fire-resistance value used in non-load bearing walls PRIMER
 a paint applied as a first coat which serves the function of sealing and filling on wood, plaster
MIRROR GLASS and masonry
 are manufactured by applying a reflective coating to suitable substrate  inhibits rust and improves the adhesion of subsequent coats of paint on metal surfaces
 the most common such substrate is glass due to its transparency, ease of fabrication, rigidity  is a preparatory coating put on materials before painting
and ability to take a smooth finish  ensures better adhesion of paint to the surface and increases paint durability and provides
 the reflective coating (silver) is typically applied to the back surface of the glass additional protection for the material being painted

APPLICATION AND USES VARNISH AND SHELLAC

 glass partition system  provides a protective coating without changing the color
 glass shelving system  they are paints without pigments
 glass shower enclosure system
 modern glass furniture WOOD STAIN
 glass door system  is a type of paint that is very "thin" that is low in viscosity and formulated so that the pigment
 glass block applications penetrates the surface rather than remaining in a film on top of the surface
VISCOCITY - the internal frictional resistance exhibited by a fluid in resisting a force which tends
ADVANTAGES to cause the liquid to flow
 an economical way to bring light, security and privacy to your home
 surfaces can come in different patterns which create intersecting distortions as light filters LACQUER
through  is usually a fast-drying solvent-based paint or varnish that produces an especially hard, durable
 create privacy without the closed-off feeling of wood or drywall finish

DISADVANTAGES ENAMEL PAINT

 the only limitation of glass is that it's not load bearing so it cannot be used to support a  is a paint that dries to an especially hard usually glossy finish
structure
GLAZE
 an additive used with paint to slow drying time and increase translucency
PAINTS AND PAINT PRODUCTS
PAINT - is any liquid, liqueflable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer TYPE OF PAINT FINISHES
is converted to an opaque solid film.  Matt/ Flat Paint Finish (dull, with little or no gloss or sheen and with low light reflectivity)
 Satin/ Pearl Finish (low gloss finish)
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS  Eggshell Finish (slightly higher in gloss than a flat or matte finish but lower than a semi-gloss)
 Clear Solvent Base Paint  Semi-Gloss Finish
 Oil Based Paints (Wood)  Gloss Finish (a superficial shine or luster)
 Latex Paints (Concrete)
 Alkyd Paints (Thermoplastic Synthetic Resin)
 Epoxy Paints (Metals)

PAINT IS USED TO:

 protect
 preserve
 decorate (such as adding color)
 adds functionality to an object or surface by covering it with a pigmented coating
DEFECTS OF PAINTS BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 344
BLEEDING THE LAW TO ENHANCE MOBILITY OF DISABLED PERSONS
 the upward penetration of a coloring pigment from a substrate through a topcoat of paint
BP 344 - DISABILITY LAW
BLISTERING  an act to enhance the mobility of disabled persons by requiring certain buildings: institutions,
 a convex raised area on the surface which indicated as internal separation establishments and public utilities to install facilities and other devices

CISSING/ WRINKLING CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BY USE OF OCCUPANCY

 a slight shrinkage of a glossy paint coat resulting in small cracks through which the undercoat (PD 1096 - NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)
may be seen  Category I - Residential
CRACKING AND FEELING  Category II - Commercial and Industrial
 a defect in a paint film or plaster finish which causes the film or finish to lose its adhesion to the  Category III - Educational and Industrial
substrate so that in can be removed in strips  Category IV - Agricultural
 Category V - Ancillary
CRAZING
 fine, random cracks or fissures in a network on or under a surface of paint film, caused by ACCESSIBLE - refers to features that enable disabled persons to make use of the primary functions for
shrinkage which a structure is built

EFFORESCENCE RAMPS - length of ramp should not exceed 6.00m. Gradient 1.12m longer ramps. Shall provide landings
not less than 1.50m. Ramp clear width is 1.20m.
 an encrustation of soluble salts commonly white and deposited on the surface of the wall

RAMPS HANDRAILS - both sides of the ramp is at .70m and .90m from the ramp level.
FLAKING
 the loss of adhesion and cohesion of a paint film accompanied by peeling
DOORS - minimum width is .80m
MILDEW
LIGHT SWITCHES - shall be positioned within 1.20m to 1.30m above the floor. Manual switches should be
 a fungus that grows and feeds on paint which are exposed to moisture causes discoloration and
located no further than .20m from the latch side of the door.
decomposition of the surface

CORRIDORS - minimum clear width of 1.20m. Waiting areas and other facilities or spaces shall not obstruct
CHALKING
the minimum clearance requirement.
 the formation of a powdery surface condition from the disintegration of a binder or elastomer
as in a coating such as cement paint
WHEEL CHAIR TURN AROUND - minimum area of 1.50m x 1.50m
SAGGING
ELEVATORS - not more than 30m from the entrance and should be easy to locate with the aid of signs.
 the excessive flow of a wet paint film on vertical surfaces resulting in drips, runs or curtains in
Shall have a minimum dimension of 1.10m x 1.40m. Button controls and every floor at door
the film when it dries
frame with braille signs, .80m to 1.20m

PRIMER - used on new, uncoated surfaces, primer protects the materials beneath and provides a good
SIGNAGES - maximum height of 1.60m and a minimum height of 1.40m
base for further coats.
DOOR HARDWARE - .82m x 1m from the floor to the door latches -- DOCK PLATE: .30m to .40m
FIRST COAT - a specially formulated paint used to build up opacity beneath finish coats, one or two coats of
first coat paint are usually required before the decorative finish coat is applied.
DOORS AND CORRIDORS - minimum 1.20m width

DOOR - minimum .80m

THRESHOLDS - shall be kept to a minimum; whenever necessary, thresholds and sliding door tracks shall
have a maximum height of 25mm and preferably ramped

MINIMUM TOILET AREA - accessible water closet stalls shall have a minimum area of 1.70m x 1.80m. One
movable grab bar and one fixed to the adjacent wall shall be installed at the
accessible water closet stall for lateral mounting
PWD TOILET - minimum 1.70m TWO CATEGORIES OF DAYLIGHTING
 side lighting thru windows
WATER CLOSET - height of grab bar from the floor .80m. Toilet seat height .45m  top lighting thru skylight and clerestory
CLERESTORIES
URINALS - maximum height .48m. Grab bar height from the floor .60m. Grab bar .60m  provide balanced daylight throughout the changing seasons better than skylights

LAVATORIES - maximum height .80m. Clearance .60m to .70m DAYLIGHT CONTROLS

 light shelf
LIGHTING FUNDAMENTAL  shading devices
LIGHTING CATEGORIES o blinds
 Day/ Natural Lighting o louvers
 Artificial Lighting o tress/ plants
o roller shades
o draperies
DAYLIGHTING
 known as Ultraviolet (UV) Rays
WINDOW TREATMENTS AND COVERINGS
 no UV rays on incandescent and fluorescent lamps
 IR - Infrared Radiation (radiant energy)  enhanced the appearance of the window
 help us relate the indoors to the outdoors  control light
 colors appear brighter and more natural in the day  provides privacy
 reduced heat gain and heat loss
 block off undesirable views
GLARE
 reduced sound reflection within space
 light coming from the wrong direction
 can be controlled thru:
CATEGORIES OF WINDOW COVERINGS
o day lighting controls
o orientation  shades
o sensitive interior design  blinds
 soft covering
BASIC SOURCES OF DAY LIGHTING  fixed
o windows
o light shelf/ transom TYPES OF WINDOW COVERINGS
o skylights  roller shades/ inverted roller shades
o clerestory  roman shades
o light wells  venetian blinds
Passing solar design - day lighting  mini blinds
 vertical blinds
DAYLIGHTING CONSIDERATIONS  louvered shutters
 interior spaces need high ceilings and highly reflective room surfaces for best light distribution  drapery
 relies mostly on diffused sublight or reflected, indirect sunlight to aluminate building interiors  curtains
 translucent panels
 grilles
DAYLIGHTING
 used to supplement or replace artificial lighting during certain times
 although the architectural design of a building determines the type of general success of day ROLLER SHADES/ INVERTED ROLLER SHADES
lighting the interior designer must be sensitive to:  a piece of cloth wound around a spring roller
o locating the partitions  normally pulled from the top or from the bottom
o specifying office systems  inexpensive and can be covered with decorative fabric
o selecting colors and finished that do not undermine the methods of the buildings day  however block-off all the view when closed and can interfere with ventilation
lighting system  block the light unless made of translucent materials
for example:
- in a space with clerestory lighting (a vertically glazed area placed between two different levels ROMAN SHADES
to admit light)  pull-up with a cord into an accordion folds
- partitions and office systems should be kept as low as possible to allow the light to flood the
entire space. AUSTRIAN SHADES
 operate in a way similar to a Roman Shades but are made of several rows of fabric in such a way
that they fold into scallops when opened
VENETIAN BLINDS ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
 consist of horizontal slats of wood, aluminum or plastics whose angle can be adjusted with a FUNDAMENTAL
control cord
 the blinds can also be pulled up to varying levels with another cord LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS
 light is defined as visually evaluated radiant energy
MINI BLINDS VISIBLE LIGHT
 consist of horizontal slats of aluminum like venetian blinds but they are only 1/2" to 1" wide  a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths that range from about 400 nanometers
 the angle of the slats is controlled with a plastic rod (10 meters) for violet light to about 700 nanometers for red light
 they can be pulled up to expose the entire window area WHITE LIGHT
 produced when a source emits approximately equals quantities of energy over the entire visible
VERTICAL BLINDS spectrum
 hang from a track and adjust only in the vertical direction
 can be pulled to the side to exposed the window IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER IN LIGHTING
 available in several materials (primarily plastics), widths and colors  candel power + candela
 lumen
LOUVERED SHUTTERS  illuminance + luminance/ brightness
 shutters are rigid panels usually of wood that are hinged so they can be opened or closed  footlambert
 individual panels have thin adjustable horizontal louvers to control view and light
 plantation shutters are similar in design but feature much wider louvers CANDLE POWER AND CANDELA
 is the unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to the horizontal light output from an
DRAPERY ordinary wax candle
 the most common types of window covering in residential and commercial interiors CANDELA
 is any loosely hung fabric that covers the window  in the SI (metric) system of measurement
 the fabric is attached to a transvere rod that allows the drapery to be drawn open and closed
but many styles of hanging are possible LUMEN
 important consideration on flammability  the unit of luminous flux equal to the flux in a unit solid angle of one steradian from a uniform
poin source of once candlepower
CURTAINS  one 1 candlepower produces 12.57 lumens
 use fabric like draperies but are usually hung within the window frame and close to the glass
 curtains re not intended to be opened but fixed across all or portion of the window ILLUMINANCE
 is the density of luminous flux incident on a surface in lumens per unit area
TRANSLUCENT PANELS  one lumen uniformly incident on 1 square foot of area produces an illuminance of 1 footcandle.
 when a clear view is not required or desired translucent panels can be used to admit diffused LUX (LX)
light  is the SI unit and measurement or lumens per square meter
 can be constructed of varies types of:
o plastics
LUMINANCE
o sheer fabric
o frosted glass  is the luminous flux per unit of projected (apparent) area and unit solid angle leaving a surface
o paper using fixed or sliding shoji screens either reflected or transmitted
 is also called brightness
GRILLES
LIGHT QUALITY
 to modify strong light or minimized an undesirable view while still providing some visual
connections between inside and outside  is just as important as the quantity importance considerations are:
 can be constructed of any durable materials such as wood or metal and can be fixed or movable o glare
 decorative metal grilles can also be used when security is required o contrast
o uniformity
o color
GLARE TUNGSTEN HALOGEN
TWO TYPES OF GLARE  is one type of incandescent lamp.
 direct glare  light is produced by the incandescent of the filament but there is a small amount of a halogen
 reflected glare such as iodine and bromine in the bulb with the inert gas
DIRECT GLARE
 results when a light source in the field of vision causes discomfort and interference with the o longer lamp life
visual task o low lumen depreciation over the life of the lamp
REFLECTED GLARE o more uniform light color
 occurs when a light source is reflected from a viewed surface into the eye. If it interferes with o much smaller size than standard incandescent lamps
the viewing task, it is called veiling reflection o 120 V low voltage tungsten halogen lamps

LIGHT QUALITY FLUORESCENT LAMP

 contains a mixture of an inert gas and low pressure Mercury vapor
CONTRAST
 is the difference in illumination level between one point and nearby points THREE TYPES OF FLUORESCENT LAMPS
 pre-heat fluorescent lamps
 rapid start fluorescent lamps
UNIFORMITY
 instant star fluorescent lamps
 affects a person's perception of a space as being comfortable and pleasant to be in
All fluorescent lamps have a ballast, a device that supplies the proper starting and operating voltages to
 complete uniformity is usually not desirable except for certain task like drafting or machine
the lamp as well as limiting current.
shop work
 some amount of shade and shadow provides highlight and interest to a space
TYPES OF COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS (CFL)
COLOR  standard lamp
 u shape lamp
 is an interaction between the color of the light source (lamp or day lighting) and the color of the
object that reflects the light  circle lamp

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID)

LIGHTING SOURCES
MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS
 incandescent lamps
 fluorescent lamps  have moderate high efficacy in the range of 30-60 lumens per watt depending on voltage and
 halogen lamps (tungsten) the type of color correction included
 HID lamps (high density discharge)
 LED (light emitting diodes) METAL HALLIDE LAMPS
 which produces about 80-120 lumens are similar to mercury except that halides of metals are
Some considerations that influence the selection of a light source added to the arc tube.
 this increases the efficacy and improves color rendition but decreases lamp life.
 color rendition characteristics
 initial cost
 operating cost HIGH PRESUE SODIUM (HPS)
 efficacy  have efficacies from 80-140 lumens per watt making them the most efficient lamps available
 size  the standard lamps produces a very yellow light
 operating life
 ability to control its output from a luminaire IN ADDITION TO THE THREE BASIC TYPES OF LAMPS
 neon lamps
EFFICACY  cold-cathode lamps
 the ratio of the luminous flux emitted to the total power input of the source and is measured in
lumens per watt NEON LAMPS
 can be formed into an unlimited number of shapes and are used for signs and specialty accent
INCANDESCENT LAMP light
 consist of a tungsten filament placed within a sealed bulb containing an inert gas
COLD-CATHODE LAMPS
 is similar to neon in that they can be produced in long rungs of thin tubing bent to shape but
they have higher efficacies and can produced several shades of white as well as many colors
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) TYPES OF LIGHTING FIXTURES
 are the latest technology in energy efficient lighting  surface-mounted fixtures
 led stands for light emitting diode  recessed fixtures
 a semiconductor device that converts electricity into light  suspended fixtures
o energy efficient  wall-mounted fixtures
o extended life  furniture-mounted fixtures
o controllability  freestanding fixtures
o cold temperature operation  accessory lighting
o no IR or UV emissions
SURFACE-MOUNTED FIXTURES
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING  most commonly used types for residential and some commercial interiors
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT ZONES  the luminaire is directly attached to the finished surfaced of the ceiling directing all or a
 ambient lighting (general) majority of the light into the space
 task lighting (focus)  these fixtures are used where there is not sufficient space above the ceiling to recess a fixture
 accent lighting (decoration)  where fixtures are added after the ceiling has been constructed

TASK AMBIENT SYSTEMS RECESSED FIXTURES

 a common commercial lighting system  usually limited to incandescent downlights because these can be located in the limited space
 provides a general background illumination level with a separate lighting fixtures used at between floor or ceiling joist
individual work station or wherever it is needed o recessed incandescent lighting
 this is done with a desk lamps, directed spot lights or by locating more fixtures near the tasks o recessed troffers that fit within suspended acoustical ceiling systems
requiring more illumination o down lighs
o wall washers
LIGHTING SYSTEMS o continuous, narrow strip of fluorescent luminaires
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
 can be referred to a individual luminaires fixtures or an entire lighting installation and are SUSPENDED FIXTURES
described as:  luminaires dropped below the level of the ceiling
o direct lighting o hanging/ dropped incandescent or fluorescent fixtures
o semi-direct lighting o track lighting system
o general diffuse lighting o chandeliers
o semi-indirect lighting  used when the designer needs to get the source light closer to the task area in a high ceiling
o indirect lighting
WALL-MOUNTED FIXTURES
DIRECT LIGHTING SYSTEMS  can provide indirect, direct-indirect or direct lighting
 provides all light output on the task  sconces direct most or all the light towards the ceiling
RECESSED FLUORESCENT LUMINAIRE  used a decorative elements as well as light sources
 an example of direct lighting  adjustable and non-adjustable bed lamps

SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING SYSTEMS FURNITURE-MOUNTED FIXTURES

 put majority of the light down and a small percentage towards the ceiling  common with task-ambient system
 obviously, fixtures for this type of system must be surface mounted or suspended  used on items like library bookshelves and study carrels
INDIVIDUAL LIGHTS
DIRECT-INDIRECT LIGHTING SYSTEMS  are built into the furniture above the workspace to provide sufficient task illumination
 distribute light up and down about equally UPLIGHTING
 provided by lights either built into the upper portions of the furniture or as a freestanding
INDIRECT LIGHTING SYSTEMS elements
 direct all the light towards a reflective ceiling where the lights illuminates the room by
reflection FREESTANDING FIXTURES
 floor lamps are the most common type
GENERAL DIFFUSE LIGHTING SYSTEMS  direct most their light output to the ceiling
 sometimes called as torchers
ACCESORY LIGHTING ENERGY CONSERVATION
 table lights  in a commercial buildings, lighting accounts for a large part of the total energy consumed
 reading lamps and fixtures that are intended for strictly decorative lighting rather than for task  the interior designer can help minimize energy use with variety of strategies:
or ambient lighting o by using daylight as much as possible
o selecting high-efficacy lamps
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING o using efficient luminaires
LIGHTING CONTROLS o minimizing unneeded ambient illumination
o providing task lighting only when it is needed
 dimming
o selecting high-reflectance ceiling, wall and floor surfaces to reduced the toal number
 sensors
of fixture required to light a space
 stepped switching
 other technical solutions can be used such as:
 programmable control
o automatic switching
o return-air luminaires
REFLECTED CEILING PLANS
 the final lighting design documented AUTOMATIC SWITCHING
 this is the technical drawing located in the same orientation as the floor plan and drawn at the
 shuts off lights in an unoccupied room after a certain amount of time
same scale
RETURN-AIR LUMINAIRES/ FIXTURES
 it shows the location of all the built-in lighting
 move exhaust air over the lamps, keeping them cooler and helping them to operate more
 it also shows the construction of the ceiling
efficiently
 the location of:
o air diffusers
o smoke detectors EMERGENCY LIGHTING
o other objects in the ceiling  all codes require that in the event of power failure, sufficient lighting must be available to safely
 on larger commercial projects, the interior designer may develop a reflected ceiling plan evacuate building occupants
showing only the luminaire locations  is required in exits, stairs and corridors as well as in certain occupancies such as:
o places of assembly
CIRCUIT SWITCHING o educational facilities
o hazardous locations
 the interior designer should decide how the lights in a space will be switched
o other places where occupancy loads exceed a given number
o this decision is based on the function of the lighting
 the usual minimum lighting level required is 1 foot candle at the floor level
o where the switches would be best located
o energy conservation needs  there must be an exit sign at:
o the maximum electrical load requirement on any one circuit o each exit door
o each door leading to an exit way
 the function of space may simply require one on/off switch for all the lights in the space
 directional exit signs at corridor intersections or where a corridor changes directions so that it is
 in other cases, like lecture room, it may be necessary to provide several circuits and switches so
always evident to the occupants where the exits are
some lights can be turned off while some are on
 multiple switching also gives the users the flexibility of saving energy by not using all the lights
when they are not required EMERGENCY LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS:
 switches are generally should be located at the door into a space so they can easily be turned  exit areas - 50 lux (5 foot)
on and off as people enter and leave the room  stairs - 35-50 lux
 if there are two doors or a space is very large, two-way or three-way switches can be used.  machine rooms - 20-50 lux
These allow a light to be switched at two or three different locations respectively  other spaces - 10 lux
 the number of switches depends on electrical load limitations
o this is determined by the Electrical Engineering Consultant or small projects by the
Master Electrician
o Philippine Electrical Code limit the total wattage that can be connected to any one
circuit so a large pace with a great deal of lighting will have several switches
TERMINOLOGIES JAMB - one of the vertical members at each side of a doorframe

ABS PLASTIC - a plastic of acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene; has good resistance to impact, heat and JOINT - the space between adjacent surfaces as between masonry units or the place where two members
chemicals especially used for piping or components are held together by nails, fasteners, cement, mortar, etc.

ACOUSTICAL CEILING BOARD - an acoustical material form designed primarily for suspended ceiling JOIST - one of a series of parallel beams of timber, reinforced concrete or steel used to support floor and
application. ceiling loads and supported in turn by large beams, girders or bearing walls; the widest dimension is
vertically oriented.
ACOUSTICS - the science of sound including the generation, transformation and effects of sound waves.
JUNCTION BOX - electrical wiring and a box which protects splices in conductors joint in nuns of rareways.
ADHESIVE - a substance capable of holding materials together by bonding the surfaces that are in contact.

ADDITIVE - a material used in very small quantity to modify a specific property of another material or
otherwise improve its characteristics used in paints, plasters, mortars, etc.

ADMIXTURE - a material other than water, aggregates, lime or cement used as an ingredient of concrete or
mortar and added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing.

AGGREGATE - an inert granular material such as natural sand, manufactured sand, gravel, crushed gravel,
crushed stone, vermiculite, perlite which when bound together into a conglomerate mass by a matrix
forms concrete or mortar.

AIR CONDITIONING - the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity,
cleanliness and distribution within an interior space such as a room or building.

AIR DUCT - a duct usually fabricated of metal, fiberglass or concrete used to transfer air from one location
to another.

BACKFLOW - the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or substances into the distributing pipes of a
potable supply of water from any other than its intended source.

CAMBIUM - the cellular layer of wood tissue between the bark and sapwood of a tree.

DAMP PROOFING - a treatment of concrete or mortar to retard the passage of absorption of water or
water vapor either by applying a suitable coating to exposed surfaces or by using a suitable admixture.

EBONY - wood of a number of tropical species usually distinguished by its dark color, durability and
hardness used for carving, ornamental cabinetwork, etc.

FACE - the exposed surface of a wall, masonry unit or sheet of material.

FIBERGLASS - filaments of glass formed by pulling or spinning molten glass into random lengths either
gathered in a wool like mass or formed as continuous thread-like filaments.

HASP - a fastening device consisting of a loop and a slotted hinge plate normally secured with a padlock.

IMPERVIOUS - in ceramics that degree of vitrification evidenced visually by complete resistance to dye
penetration generally signifies zero absorption of water except for floor and wall tile which may absorb up
to 0.5% water.

INDOOR AIR QUALITY - the quality of air inside a building deemed to be acceptable it contains no
contaminants at harmful concentrations and if at least 80% or more of the people in the building who
breathe this air do not express dissatisfaction with it.