+

To pay more ASSEMLY

attention to gain
better result LANGUAGE 01
+
Objectives

After studying this part, you should be able to:

◼ Familiarize
yourself with the assembly
language, a low level language
◼ Understand how a program is compiled
◼ Develop some basic console applications
+
Contents

◼ 1- Install 32/64-bit MASM – MS Macro Assembly

◼ 2- MASM Integrated Development Environment(IDE)
◼ 3- Introduction to Microsoft Macro Assembly Language
◼ Some sample programs
+
1- Install 32-bit MSAM
◼ Microsoft Macro Assembler: an x86 assembler that uses the
Intel syntax for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows. Beginning
with MASM 8.0 there are two versions of the assembler - one
for 16-bit and 32-bit assembly sources, and another (ML64)
for 64-bit sources only (Wiki)
◼ Unzip: masm32v11r.zip → Install.exe → Run for installation
◼ Interface after installation:
+
Install 32-bit MSAM…
◼ Installed Contents:

Desktop Icon of MASM, executable file: qeditor.exe

Compiler: bin/ml.exe (32 bit), ml64.exe (64 bit)
You should create a folder as a storage of your exercises
2- MASM Integrated
Development Environment

Menu file Menu

allows Project
user allows
working user
with files, compiling
run program,
program, …
…
2- MASM Integrated
Development Environment
Menu Help allows user referencing to
relative topics:
Using editor

Build-in Libraries in MASM

Opcodes of Intel CPU

Syntaxes of MASM language
3- Introduction to MS Assembly
The flat memory model is a non-segmented configuration available in 32-bit operating systems.
Demo 1:
Write an
Assembly
program Directives helps
that displays the program will
conform to
the string Windows
'Hello
World' on
the screen:
How to
Form of create it?
NEXT
a MASM SLIDE
program
 EX01_Hello.asm
Step 1: Open MASM/ Menu File/ New
Step 2: Copy and paste the code in the next slide to it’s editor
Step 3: Save file/EX1_Hello.asm
Step 4: Menu Project/ Console Assemble&Link
Step 5: View results in containing folder
Step 6: Run the program: Click the EX01_Hello.exe
A black window will show then disappear because
there is no code to block it.

An Assembly source code is a file whose extension

MUST BE .ASM
What is the result of compilation?
You can see them in the folder containing you
ASM files
 EX01_Hello.asm - Code
; «« Comment begins with ';' to the end of a line
; From masm32\tutorial\console\demo1
;
; Build this with the "Project" menu using
; "Console Assemble and Link"
Results
; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««

.486 ; create 32 bit code

.model flat, stdcall ; 32 bit memory model
option casemap :none ; case sensitive How to run the program and we can
include \masm32\include\windows.inc
include \masm32\macros\macros.asm
; always first
; MASM support macros see it? ➔ Create EX01_Hello.bat file
; -----------------------------------------------------------------
; include files that have MASM format prototypes for function calls
the run it.
; -----------------------------------------------------------------
include \masm32\include\masm32.inc
include \masm32\include\gdi32.inc
include \masm32\include\user32.inc
include \masm32\include\kernel32.inc
; ------------------------------------------------
; Library files that have definitions for function exports
; and tested reliable prebuilt code.
; ------------------------------------------------
includelib \masm32\lib\masm32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\gdi32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\user32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\kernel32.lib

.code ; Tell MASM where the code starts

start: ; The CODE entry point to the program

print chr$("Hello world!",13,10) ; 13: carriage return, 10: new line
exit ; exit the program

; -------------------------------
end start ; Tell MASM where the program ends
Run a program using the
Menu File/Cmd Prompt

The command
dir *.exe will
show all exe
files stored in
the current
folder.
Run an
application by
it’s file name
(.exe can be
ignored)
 EX02_ProcDemo.asm
Procedures are a fundamental building block of programs that are
build directly into the processor using CALL and RET instructions.
This shows how simple it is to do in MASM.

This code is in the directory

masm32\tutorial\console\demo2\Proc.asm Procedure
syntax
 EX02_ProcDemo.asm- Source/Run
; From masm32\tutorial\console\demo2
; Build this with the "Project" menu using
; "Console Assemble and Link"
; ««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
.486 ; create 32 bit code .code ; Tell MASM where the code starts
.model flat, stdcall ; 32 bit memory model
option casemap :none ; case sensitive ; ««««««««««««««««««««««««««

include \masm32\include\windows.inc ; always first start: ; The CODE entry point to the program
include \masm32\macros\macros.asm call main ; branch to the "main" procedure
; ----------------------------------------------------------------- exit
; include files for function calls ; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
; -----------------------------------------------------------------
include \masm32\include\masm32.inc main proc
include \masm32\include\gdi32.inc print chr$("Hi, I am in the 'main' procedure",13,10)
include \masm32\include\user32.inc ret ; return to the next instruction after
include \masm32\include\kernel32.inc "call"
; ------------------------------------------------ main endp
; Library files that have definitions for function
; exports and tested reliable prebuilt code. ; «««««««««««««««««««««««««
; ------------------------------------------------
includelib \masm32\lib\masm32.lib end start ; Tell MASM where the program
includelib \masm32\lib\gdi32.lib ends
includelib \masm32\lib\user32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\kernel32.lib
 Comments in MASM
Comments are ignored by the assembler

; Comment line

COMMENT delimiter
[Comment block, extending to the closing delimiter]
delimiter

Code
EX03_Data.asm
Print a string declared in the program using the operator OFFSET.
The OFFSET operator tells MASM that the text data is at an OFFSET within
the file which means in this instance that it is in the .DATA section.
Data are declared in the
.data are called as global
data
 Basic Data Types in MASM32
Type Abbr Size Integer range Types Allowed
(bytes)
BYTE DB 1 -128.. 127 Character, string

WORD DW 2 -32768..32767 16-bit near ptr, 2 characters, double-byte character

DWORD DD 4 -2Gig..(4Gig-1) 16-bit far per, 32-bit near ptr, 32-bit long word

FWORD DF 6 -- 32-bit far ptr

QWORD DQ 8 -- 64-bit long word

D: Defined
TBYTE DT 10 -- BCD, 10-byte binary number

REAL4 DD 4 -- Single-precision floating number

REAL8 DQ 8 -- Double-precision floating number

REAL10 DT 10 -- 10-byte floating point

Initialized data has this form:

.data Uninitialized data has this form:

var1 dd 0 ; 32 bit value initialized to zero .data?
var2 dd 125 ; 32 bit value initialized to 125 udat1 dd ? ; Uninitialized single 32 bit space
txt1 db "This is text in MASM",0 ; Initialize a NULL string buffa db 128 dup (?) ; buffer 128 bytes
array dd 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ; array of 8 initialized elements
EX03_Data.asm - Source
; From K:\masm32\tutorial\console\demo3
; Build this with the "Project" menu using
; "Console Assemble and Link"

.486 ; create 32 bit code

.model flat, stdcall ; 32 bit memory model
option casemap :none ; case sensitive

include \masm32\include\windows.inc ; always first

include \masm32\macros\macros.asm ; MASM support macros
include \masm32\include\masm32.inc
include \masm32\include\gdi32.inc
include \masm32\include\user32.inc
include \masm32\include\kernel32.inc
includelib \masm32\lib\masm32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\gdi32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\user32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\kernel32.lib

.data
txtmsg db "I am data in the initialised data section",0

.code ; Tell MASM where the code starts

; ««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
start: ; The CODE entry point to the program
call main ; branch to the "main" procedure
exit
; ««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
main proc
print OFFSET txtmsg
ret ; return to the next instruction after "call“
main endp
; ««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««

end start ; Tell MASM where the program ends

 EX04_Locals.asm
How to use of LOCAL variables declared in a procedure?
When the procedure is called, these variables are allocated in program’s stack
DECLARE LOCAL VARIABLES
LOCAL MyVar:DWORD ; allocate a 32 bit space on the stack
LOCAL Buffer[128]:BYTE ; allocate 128 BYTEs of space for TEXT data.

How to PROTOTYPE and implement a procedure along with it’s parameters?

How to call user-defined procedure?
How can program receive input from user? → Build-in function: input(“warning:”)
EX04_Locals.asm ; Source code From masm32\tutorial\console\demo4\locals.asm
.486 ; create 32 bit code

(Source code)
.model flat, stdcall ; 32 bit memory model
option casemap :none ; case sensitive

include \masm32\include\windows.inc ; always first

include \masm32\macros\macros.asm ; MASM support macros
include \masm32\include\masm32.inc
include \masm32\include\gdi32.inc
include \masm32\include\user32.inc
include \masm32\include\kernel32.inc
includelib \masm32\lib\masm32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\gdi32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\user32.lib
includelib \masm32\lib\kernel32.lib

show_text PROTO :DWORD ; prototype a method + type of parameter

.code ; Tell MASM where the code starts

start: ; The CODE entry point to the program

call main ; branch to the "main" procedure
exit

; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
main proc
LOCAL txtinput:DWORD ; a "handle" for the text returned by "input"
mov txtinput, input("Type some text at the cursor : ") ; get input string
invoke show_text, txtinput ; show inputted string
ret
main endp
; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
show_text proc string:DWORD
print chr$("This is what you typed at the cursor",13,10," *** ")
print string ; show the string at the console
print chr$(" ***",13,10)
ret
show_text endp
; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
end start ; Tell MASM where the program ends
Intel CPU 32-bit Registers
 64-bit Lower 32 Lower 16 Lower 8
Intel CPU register bits bits bits
Registers rax
rbx
eax
ebx
ax
bx
al
bl
rcx ecx cx cl
rdx edx dx dl
rsi esi si sil
rdi edi di dil
rbp ebp bp bpl
CS Code Segment rsp esp sp spl
DS: Data Segment r8 r8d r8w r8b
SS: Stack Segment r9 r9d r9w r9b
r10 r10d r10w r10b
r11 r11d r11w r11b
r12 r12d r12w r12b
r13 r13d r13w r13b
r14 r14d r14w r14b
r15 r15d r15w r15b

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff561499(v=vs.85).aspx
 EX05-Numbers.asm
(1) How to receive numbers from user?
Raw data from keyboard are string. The function sval(string) will convert num-
string to signed number.
(2) How to perform a simple addition using registers
add reg1, reg2 will accumulate value in reg2 to reg1
(3) How to print value in a register/variable to screen
Function str$(number) → num-string
(4) How to compare a memory variable to an immediate number
Use the instruction CMP reg, reg/ CMP reg, var/ CMP var, reg/ CMP mem,
immed/ CMP reg, immed (immed= immediate value)
(5) How to branching to different labels after camparation? Instruction Syntax
Use jumps: JE (equal), JG (greater than), JL (less than)
EX05-Numbrers.asm
Variables Declarations, Input data, Converting data types
EX05-Numbers.asm
Comparing and Branching
EX05-Numbers.asm
; EX05_Numbers.asm
; Declare program model and all libraries using only one file

Source code
include \masm32\include\masm32rt.inc

.code
start: ; The CODE entry point to the program
call main ; branch to the "main" procedure
exit
; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
main proc
LOCAL var1:DWORD ; 2 DWORD integral variables
LOCAL var2:DWORD ;
LOCAL str1:DWORD ; a string handle for the input data
; compare 2 variables and process the result
; test the MOV and ADD instructions
mov eax, var1 ; copy var1 to eax
print chr$("Add 2 registers: 100 + 250= ")
cmp eax, var2 ; CMP REG, VAR mov eax, 100 ; copy the IMMEDIATE number 100 into the EAX register
je equal ; jump if var1 is equal to 100 to "equal" mov ecx, 250 ; copy the IMMEDIATE number 250 into the ECX register
jg bigger ; jump if var1 is greater than 100 to "bigger" add ecx, eax ; ADD EAX to ECX
jl smaller ; jump if var1 is less than 100 to "smaller" print str$(ecx) ; show the result at the console
print chr$(13,10,13,10) ; 2 empty lines

equal: ; Input 2 integers

print chr$("2 numbers you entered are equal.",13,10) mov var1, sval(input("Enter number 1 : "))
jmp over mov var2, sval(input("Enter number 2 : "))

bigger:
print chr$("The number 1 you entered is greater than number 2",13,10)
jmp over

smaller:
print chr$("The number 1 you entered is smaller than number 2",13,10)

over:
ret
main endp
; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««

end start ; Tell MASM where the program ends

Exercises
Ex1: Use the Opcodes help of the menu Help, describe syntaxes
of following MASM instructions
(1) ADD
(2) SUB
(3) MUL, IMUL
(4) DIV, IDIV. Which register will store the remainder ?

Ex2:
Write a MASM
program that will print
the following cantor of
Hàn Mặc Tử
Exercises
Ex3: Write a program that will accept 3 numbers, then
sum of them and their average will be printed out.

Ex4: Write a MASM program that will solve the equation

ax+b=0

Ex5: Write a MASM program that will accept 2 numbers,

v1, v2 then print out v1+v2, v1-v2, v1*v2, v1/v2.
Attention: The case in which v2=0 must be managed.
+ Summary

◼ Form of a MASM program

◼ Variable declarations: DB, DD, DW, …

◼ Basic input, output operations: print, chr$(…), str$(…)

◼ Data type conversion: sval(..),

◼ Procedure with parameters: CALL, INVOKE

◼ Instructions: MOV, ADD, CMP, JE, JG, JL

+

To pay more ASSEMLY

attention to gain LANGUAGE 02
better result
+
Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

◼ Perform arithmetic operations

◼ Access variable’s address

◼ Draw the memory map of a program

◼ Understand the way procedures work.

◼ Use a loop operation

+
Contents

◼ 1- Arithmetic operations
◼ 2- Access variable’s address and memory map
◼ 3- Procedure with pointer parameters
◼ 4- Use Loops
1- Arithmetic Operations
EX06_Adding.asm
Write a MASM program that will accept 2 integers, then sum of
them will be print out.
EX06_Adding.asm - Source code
; EX06_Adding.asm Accept 2 integers, sum of them will be printed out
include \masm32\include\masm32rt.inc
sum PROTO :DWORD, :DWORD ; prototype a method + 2 parameters
.code
start: ; The CODE entry point of the program
call main ; branch to the "main" procedure
exit
; «««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
main proc
LOCAL var1:DWORD ; 2 DWORD integral variables
LOCAL var2:DWORD ;
LOCAL result:DWORD ; Result of operation
; Input 2 integers
mov var1, sval(input("Enter number 1 : "))
mov var2, sval(input("Enter number 2 : "))
; Invoke the procedure SUM to compute their sum, result in EAX
push eax ; store EAX to STACK
invoke sum, var1 , var2
mov result, eax ; result = EAX
pop eax ; restore EAX from STACK
EX06_Adding.asm - Source code

; Print the result

print chr$("Sum of them:")
print str$(result)

ret
main endp
; ««««««««««««««««««««««««««««
sum proc v1: DWORD, v2:DWORD
mov eax, v1 ; eax= v1
add eax, v2 ; eax = eax + v2 -> Result in eax
ret
sum endp

end start
+ 2- Access Variable’s Address

◼ The following program depicts how to get

addresses of variables:
◼ The operator OFFSET for global variables
◼ The instruction LEA for local variables
◼ Draw memory map of a program
 Addresses.asm- Access Variable’s Address
+

Data segment (txt2)4206964

(global (aReal)4206960 5809
variables)

I love you
(txt1)4206596
(anInt)4206592 123

(var1)1245112 1000
Stack segment
(local variables)
 Addresses.asm- Access Variable’s Address
+
(txt2)4206964
(aReal)4206960 5809

Data segment
(global variables) I love you
(txt1)4206596
(anInt)4206592 123

(var1)1245112 1000

Stack segment
(local variables)
 Addresses.asm- Access Variable’s Address
+
 Addresses.asm- Source code
+
; Addresses.asm
; Draw memory of a program
; Access address and value of aReal
include \masm32\include\masm32rt.inc print chr$("Address of aReal:")
.data ; initialized data mov eax, OFFSET aReal
anInt DD 123 print str$(eax)
txt1 db "I love you", 0 print chr$(", value:")
.data? ; Un-initialized data mov aReal, 5809
aReal DD ? print str$(aReal)
txt2 db 128 dup (?) print chr$(13,10)
.code ; Access address and value of txt2
start: ; The CODE entry point to the program print chr$("Address of txt2:")
call main ; branch to the "main" procedure mov eax, OFFSET txt2
exit print str$(eax)
; «««« print chr$(", value:")
main proc print OFFSET txt2
LOCAL var1: DWORD print chr$(13,10)
; Access address and value of local var var1
; Access address and value of anInt mov var1, 1000
print chr$("Address of anInt:") print chr$("Address of var1:")
mov eax, OFFSET anInt ; Operator OFFSET will get address of a global var lea eax, var1 ; LEA get local variable address
print str$(eax) print str$(eax)
print chr$(", value:") print chr$(", value:")
print str$(anInt) print str$(var1)
print chr$(13,10) print chr$(13,10)
; Access address and value of txt1 ret
print chr$("Address of txt1:") main endp
mov eax, OFFSET txt1 ; ««««««««««««««««««
print str$(eax) end start
print chr$(", value:")
print OFFSET txt1
print chr$(13,10)
+ Swap1.asm
◼ This program depicts passing values to arguments when
calling a procedure

◼ Program that will accept 2 integers, swap them then print out
results.

◼ This version can not perform requirements successfully

because the procedure swap1 accesses variables directly

Comment:
This program can
not swap 2 values
 Swap1.asm – Source code
+
 Swap1.asm – Memory Map when the procedure
+ Swap1 is called

From main
call Stack
1245112 var1: 123 Stack of
main
1245104 var2: 456

1245088 v2: 456 Stack of

swap1
1245084 v1: 123

Copy var1 → v1 Procedure swap1

Copy var2 → v2
All statements do not
can not modify
relate to var1. var2 values of
arguments
Swap2.asm
+
◼ This program will repair the failure of the previous program
in which a procedure is declared using pointers (address of
data)

1245112 (var1) var1: 123 Stack of

main
1245104 (var2) var2: 456

1245088 (add1) 1245104 Stack of

swap2
1245084 (add2) 1245112

t1= value at add1

To change values of t2= value at add2
var1 and var2 Value at add1 = t2
Value at add2= t1
Swap2.asm – Source code
+
Swap2.asm – Source code
+

1245112 (var2) var1: 123 Stack of

main
1245104 (var1) var2: 456
Swap2.asm – Source code
+

1245112 (var2) var1: 123 Stack of

main
1245104 (var1) var2: 456

1245088 (add2) 1245104 Stack of

swap2
1245084 (add1) 1245112

t1= value at add1

To change values of t2= value at add2
var1 and var2 Value at add1 = t2
Value at add2= t1
3-Loop.asm
The following program depicts a way to use loop.
Program will perform 3 times, for each time, 2 integers will be
accepted then sum of them is print out.
Loop.asm – Source code
Loop.asm
– Source
code
Exercises
Develop a program that will perform n times, for each time, 2
integers will be accepted then sum of them is printed out. Value
of n is received from user.

Develop a program that will print out the nth element of the
Fibonacci sequence.
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Fib. 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55

If (n = 1 or n =2) eax=1
Else
t1=1; t2= 1
loop n-2 times
eax = t1 + t2
t1= t2
t2 = eax
eax contains the result
Exercises
Develop a procedure for computing n! using the following
prototype:
factorial PROTO : DWORD

In the procedure main of the ASM program, the integer n will be

accepted then value of n! will be printed out
n! = 1* 2 * 3* …. * n
+ Summary

◼ Arithmetic operations

◼ Accessing variable’s address

◼ Drawing the memory map of a program

◼ The way procedures work.

◼ Using loops