LABORATORY EXERCISE

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
CAWANGAN TERENGGANU

COURSE NAME: LINEAR SYSTEM COURSE CODE: ESE241

ETAC MQFv2 MOHE

PROGRAMME CODE: CEEE111 TAXONOMY: P3 CLO – PO:
5 6 2

TRIGONOMETRIC
EXPERIMENT TITLE: FOURIER SERIES EXPERIMENT DATE: 7/6/2023

DR. NURBAITI
LECTURER’S NAME: SUBMISSION DATE: 7/6/2023
BINTI WAHID
STUDENT’S NAME: GROUP: ID NUMBER:
1 CHE AISAR HAZWAN BIN CHE HUSIN TEE1124AA 2021880448

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME AND PROGRAM OUTCOME:

Reproduce Fourier Series representation of periodic signal and system responses using appropriate software
CLO2

Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools to well-defined engineering problems, with an
PO5 (ETAC)
awareness of the limitations

95
ECTURER’S SIGNATURE: VERIFIED BY RP/LiC:

………………………………… ………………………….
NAME: DR. NURBAITI WAHID NAME: NIK NUR SHAADAH NIK DZULKEFLI

WEAK POOR FAIR GOOD

CRITERIA SUB-ATTRIBUTE SCORE WEIGHT MARKS
1 2 3 4

Equipment/ Block diagram/ Not able to use Able to use Able to use Able to use
appropriate appropriate appropriate appropriate
Coding
equipment / equipment / equipment/ equipment /
block diagram/ block diagram/ x 0.5
block diagram/ block diagram/
Able to handle equipment/block coding coding coding
coding
diagram/coding correctly efficiently
Experimental/
Demonstration
setup
Circuit / block diagram/ Incomplete Complete Complete Complete
coding construction circuit / block circuit / block circuit / block circuit / block
diagram/ coding diagram/ coding diagram/ diagram/
Able to construct circuit/block coding coding x 0.5
construction construction
diagram/coding construction construction
with major error
with minor error with no error

Data / output Measurement Incomplete data Complete data / Most of the All of the data /
Data / output output but data/ output output are
Measurement measurement incorrect data are measured measured x 0.25
Able to measure/display
measurement correctly correctly
data/output using correct
setup/block diagram/coding

96
 TOTAL (MARKS) /5

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 FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

LINEAR SYSTEM
(ESE 241)

MODULE 4

TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES

1.1 OBJECTIVES
1. To construct a Simulink block to obtain the coefficient of the Trigonometric Fourier Series.
2. To reproduce the periodic signal according to the coefficients obtained.

1.2 LIST OF APPARATUS

Equipment
1. Personal Computer
2. Software: MATLAB (Simulink)

1.3 THEORY

Fourier series is a mathematical tool used for analyzing a periodic function by decomposing the
function into a sum of much simpler sinusoidal component functions, which differ from each other
only in amplitude, frequency and phase. A periodic function f(t) can be represented by an infinite
sum of sine and/or cosine functions that are harmonically related. The frequency of any
trigonometric term in the infinite series is an integral multiple, or harmonic, of the fundamental
frequency of the periodic function. Figure 10.1 shows the common periodic waveform (a triangle
wave, square wave, sawtooth wave and sinusoid).

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 Figure 10.1: Common periodic waveform

Thus, given that f(t) is periodic (e.g., square wave, triangular wave, half rectified wave, etc.), then
f(t) can be represented as follows:

f(t) = a0 + an cos(n 0t) + bn sin(n 0t) (10.1)

n=1

where n is the integer sequence 1,2,3,………………. a0, an and bn are called the Fourier

coefficients, and are calculated from f(t), 0 = 2 /T is the fundamental frequency of the

periodic function f(t) with period T, and n 0 is known as

the n-th harmonic of f(t).

a0, an and bn can be determined as follows:

1 T (the dc value of f(t))

a0 = 0 f(t)dt

T
2 T

an = T 0 f(t)cos(n 0t)dt

2T

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 bn = T 0 f(t)sin(n 0t)dt

For example, consider a Fourier series of a square wave. The Fourier series expansion for a
square-wave is made up of a sum of odd harmonics. Figure 10.2 shows how the sine wave leads
to a square wave. By adding more odd harmonics of a sinusoidal waveform which has different
amplitude, frequency and phase, more exact square wave can be obtained.

Figure 10.2: MATLAB outputs of Trigonometry Fourier Series

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1.3.1 The Effect of Symmetry on the Fourier Coefficients

Each type of symmetry of the periodic signal are produced from summation of different TFS
coefficient as summarized in Table 10.1 below:

Table 10.1: TFS coefficient

Signal Trigonometric Fourier series
Coefficients
Function (TFS) Expression
1T

a0 = x(t).dt
T0
Even T
symmetry 42 x(t) = a0

an = x(t).cosnω0t.dt + an cosnω0t n=1

T0
T
Odd
42
symmetry
bn = x(t).sinn 0t.dt x(t) = bn sinnω0t
T0 n=1
T

42

an(odd) = x(t).cosn 0t.dt

Half-wave T0
T
symmetry
42

bn(odd) = x(t).sinn 0t.dt x(t) = an cosnω0t + bn sinnω0t

T0 n=odd
T
Even and
half-wave 84
symmetry an(odd) = x(t).cosn 0t.dt x(t) = an cosnω0t
T0 n=odd
T
Odd and
84
half-wave
symmetry bn(odd) = x(t).sinn 0t.dt x(t) = bn sinnω0t
T0 n=odd

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1.4 PRE-LAB
Given one complete cycle of signal n(t) as in Figure 10.3.
1. Perform the symmetry identification for waveform in Figure 10.3. Hence, write the TFS
coefficients available for signal n(t).
2. Form the equation of available TFS coefficient of waveform in Figure 10.3 answered in
(1). Hence, present the value of the coefficient for 𝑛 = 1,2 3,4,5,6 and 7. **The
answer should up to four (4) decimal places

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 n(t)

t
0 0.5 1 .0 1.5 2 .0 2 .5 3.0 3 .5 4.0
-1

-2

Figure 10.3: Periodic signal 𝑛(𝑡)

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1.5 PROCEDURES

1. Double click on MATLAB software icon, then click on the Simulink icon as follows:

Figure 10.4: Simulink icon in MATLAB

2. Click on the following icon to open the Simulink library browser.

Figure 10.5: Simulink library browser icon in MATLAB

3. Go through each category to choose the desired block and drag it to the working space.

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 Figure 10.6: Simulink library browser with various category

4. To obtain the TFS coefficient, construct a Simulink block of waveforms in Figure 10.3 (for
n=1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7) according to its formula, for example:

2T
bn = T 0 f(t)sin(n 0t)dt

The formula will be decomposed to represent each block as follows:

T
b 2 f ( t ) sin (n t ) dt
=
0
0
n T

Display Constant Signal builder Sine wave

Integrator

Note that each of this block will be connected via a “product” block.
5. For signal builder block, construct a signal according to the limit of integration.
6. For sine wave block, double click the icon and following box will appear. Manipulate the

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 “frequency” parameter according to respective nω0. Meanwhile, manipulate the “phase”
parameter for cosine function.

Figure 10.7: Block parameter for sine wave

7. Compare the result obtained by Simulink with the Pre-Lab answer.
8. Using the Fourier series coefficient computed via MATLAB, reproduce signal 𝑛(𝑡) waveform
using Simulink block. The signal is reproduced by summation of harmonics signal according
to its final equation, for example:

f(t) = a0 + an cos(n 0t) +

bn sin(n 0t)
n=1

(for 1st harmonic)

f(t) = a0 + a1cos(1 0t)

+ b1sin(1 0t)
n=1

(for 2nd harmonic)

f(t) = a0 + a1cos(1 0t) + a2cos(2 0t) + b1sin(1 0t) +

b2sin(2 0t)

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 n=1

Display the Fourier series representation for: (i)

1st harmonic

(ii) 2nd harmonic

(iii) 3rd harmonic

(iv) 4th harmonic

(v) 5th harmonic

(vi) 6th harmonic and

(vii) 7th harmonic

**Takes up to two (2) complete cycles.

REFERENCES

The MathWorks, Inc. (March, 2008). MATLAB® 7: Programming fundamentals (Revised for
MATLAB 7.6 (Release 2008a)). Retrieved September 11, 2008, from
http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/pdf_doc/matlab/matlab_prog.pdf

Strum, R. D. & Kirk, D. E. (2000). Contemporary linear system using Matlab. United States of
America: Thomson Learning.

Ziemer, R. E., Tranter, W. H., & Fannin, D. R. (1998). Signals and system, continuous and discrete
(4th ed). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Signal_and_Systems/Periodic_Signals. Retrieved September 11,
2008.

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I.S. Isa, K.A.Ahmad, N.M.Salleh,A.Hussain , Introduction to LINEAR SYSTEMS (2nd Edition),
UiTM Press, 2012, ISBN:978-967-363-470-5

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 RESULT SHEET

MODULE 4: TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES

1. Attach the waveform of Figure 10.3 constructed using signal builder (include the label of xaxis
and y-axis).

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2. Attach trigonometry function box (i.e sine wave parameter box as in Figure 10.7) and Simulink
block diagram that displayed a Fourier Series coefficient for signal 𝑛(𝑡) :
(i) Trigonometry function box for n=1

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(ii) Trigonometry function box for n=2

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(iii) Trigonometry function box for n=3

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(iv) Trigonometry function box for n=4

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(v) Trigonometry function box for n=5

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(vi) Trigonometry function box for n=6

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(vii) Trigonometry function box for n=7

(viii) Simulink block diagram that displayed a Fourier Series coefficient for n=1 to n=7
(include a complete labelling for each block diagram i.e sine wave for n=1 etc)

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3. Compare the result obtained with the Pre-Lab answer
n-th Pre-Lab answer Simulink result
𝑛=1 1.7234 1.7234
𝑛=2 0.3183 0.3183
𝑛=3 0.2744 0.2744
𝑛=4 -0.3183 -0.3183
𝑛=5 0.1646 0.1646
𝑛=6 0.1601 0.1601
𝑛=7 0.2465 0.2465
**The answer should at least up to three (3) decimal places and equal to each other (i.e
pre-lab answer=Simulink result)

4. Display the amplitude, frequency (rad/sec) and phase (rad) used in trigonometry box for
reproduction of signal n(t)
n-th Amplitude Frequency (rad/sec) Phase (rad)
𝑛=1 1 1*pi/2 0
𝑛=2 1 2*pi/2 0
𝑛=3 1 3*pi/2 0
𝑛=4 1 4*pi/2 0
𝑛=5 1 5*pi/2 0
𝑛=6 1 6*pi/2 0
𝑛=7 1 7*pi/2 0

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5. Attach the constructed block diagram and Simulink results of Fourier Series representation
for:
(i) Constructed block diagram for 1st to 7th harmonic waveform formation

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 harmonic waveform formation
st
1

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 harmonic waveform formation

(ii) 2nd harmonic waveform formation

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 harmonic waveform formation

(iii) 3rd

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 harmonic waveform formation

(iv) 4th harmonic waveform formation

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 harmonic waveform formation

(v) 5th

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 harmonic waveform formation

(vi) 6th harmonic waveform formation

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 harmonic waveform formation

(vii) 7th

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