Trigonometric identities Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1

Angles in all four quadrants You can use the following rules to find sin, cos or tan of any positive or negative angle using
"($%&'(! ))
Unit circles: the corresponding acute angle made with the !-axis Example 4: Simplify C. 5 sin! 3> + 5 cos! 3> E.
&'( )
A unit circle is a circle with radius of 1 unit. It will help you understand the trigonometric a. Start by factorising the equation
ratios. ⇒ 5(sin! 3> + cos! 3> )
sin(180° − >) = + sin > ⇒5×1=5 As sin! > + cos! > ≡ 1 ⇒ sin! 3> + cos! 3> = 1
" sin(180° + >) = − sin > b.
-(!, ") sin(360° − >) = − sin > ! "($%&'(! ))
=
√(,-! .
As cos! > + sin! > = 1 ⇒ (sin! > = 1 − cos! >)
180° − & &'( ) &'( .
For a point -(!, ") on a unit circle such that 0-
making an angle with the positive !-axis ⇒
"($%&'(! ))
=
(,- .
= tan >
cos & = !-coordinate of - &'( ) &'( .

sin & = "- coordinate of -

! tan(180° − >) = − tan > Simple Trignometric equations.
! tan & = " =gradient of 0- tan(180° + >) = + tan > 180°+& 360° − & In this section you will learn to solve simple trignometric equations of the form sin > = K,
You always start measuring & from positive x- tan(360° − >) = − tan > cos > = K (where −1 ≤ K ≤ 1) and tan > = N (where N ∈ ℝ)
axis −1 ≤ K ≤ 1 as sin and cos has maximum = 1 and minimum = −1
cos(180° − >) = − cos > N ∈ ℝ as tan has no maximum or minimum value
Positive angles Anti-clock wise cos(180° + >) = − cos >
Negative angles Clockwise cos(360° − >) = cos >
Example2: Example 5: Solve the equation 2 cos > = −√2 for >, in the interval 0 ≤ R ≤ 360°
Express the following in terms of trigonometric ratios of acute angles. First rearrange the equation in the form cos > = K
%√!
With the help of unit circle you can find values and signs of sine, cosine and tangent. a. sin 240° b. cos(−50°) So cos > = ! = −0.7071 The values you get on calculator taking inverse of trigonometric functions
a. b. θ = cos%$ (−0.7071) = 45° are called principal values. But principal values will not always be a solution
to the equation.
The !-" plane is divided into quadrants:
As cos 3 = −0.7071 789 3 = 45° ⇒ cos is negative so you need to look θ
in the 2nd and 4th quadrant
45 45° is the acute angle (i.e angle made with the horizontal axis) but we are
Angles may lie outside the range ° looking for the angle made from the positive x- axis anti-clockwise.
45°
Second First 0-360°, but they always lie in one So, there are two solutions
quadrant quadrant of the four quadrants. 180° − 45° = 135° and 180° + 45° = 225°
Hence, θ= 135° or θ= 225°
For e.g. 520° is equivalent to
Third Fourth 520° − 360° = 160° which lies in Harder trigonometric equations:
quadrant quadrant second quadrant You will have to solve equations of the form
The angle 240° is obtuse and measured from The angle −50° is the angle measured from
sin U> = K, cos U> = K CUV tan U> = N
the +&' ) -axis anti-clockwise. the positive R- axis clockwise. sin(> + W) = K, cos(> + W) = K CUV tan(> + W) = N
So the acute angle is 60° 50° is the acute angle. It is same as solving simple equations, but will have some extra steps
sin is – &' in the third quadrant cos is +YZ in the fourth quadrant
Example 1: So sin 240° = − sin 60° So cos(−50°) = cos 50° Example 6: Solve the equation sin(R + 60°) = 0.3 in the interval 0 ≤ R ≤ 360°
Find the signs of sin &, cos & and tan & in the second quadrant. Example 3: Let X = R + 60° ⇒ sin X = 0.3
Draw a circle with centre 0 and radius 1, with -(!, ") in the second quadrant. Given that ! is an acute angle, express tan(! − 540°)in terms of tan ! The interval for X will be 0 + 60° ≤ X ≤ 360° + 60° ⇒ 60° ≤ X ≤ 420°
To express tan(! − 540°) in terms of tan !, we need to find in which quadrant the angle X = sin%$ 0.3 = 17.45°, principal value
You know that ! is −:; and " is +ve in the ! − 540° lies. Sin is positive which mean 17.45° should be in the 1st and 2nd quadrant.
second quadrant You know that 540° is equivalent to 540° − 360° = 180°
One of the solution will be 180° − 17.45° = 162.54°
sin & = +:; , cos & = −ve ⇒ −540° is equivalent to −180° ⇒ 180° clockwise and ! = anti-clockwise
Now the other solution could be 17.45° but 60° ≤ X ≤ 420°, so it cannot be 17.45°.
+:; So first you will go 180° clockwise and then ! anti-clockwise which will be in the third quadrant.
tan & = = −:; tan is +ve in the third quadrant So start from +YZ R-axis and measure one full circle i.e. 360° and add 17.5°
−:; Hence, tan(! − 540°) = tan ! ⇒ 360° + 17.45° = 377.45° So X = 162.54 … °, 377.45 … °
So, only sin & is +:; in the second quadrant Subtract 60° from each value: Hence, R = 102.5° \] 317.5°
Exact values of trigonometric ratios. Equations and Identities:
You can find exact values of sin, cos and tan of 30°, 45° and 60°. Please refer the table below for the exact You will have to solve quadratics equations in sin >, cos > CUV tan >
With the help of the following diagram, you can determine the signs of each of the
values.
trigonometric ratios ./° 01° 2/° Example 7: Solve for >, in the interval 0 ≤ R ≤ 360°, the equation 2 cos! > − cos > − 1 = 0
Only ?@A B is positive sin &, cos & and tan & are 345 6 1 1 √3 Start by factorising the equation as you do for quadratic equation
for angle & in the all positive for angle & in 2 √2 2 2 cos! > − cos > − 1 = 0 Compare with 2! ! − ! − 1 = (2! + 1)(! − 1)
783 6 √3 1 1
second quadrant. the first quadrant. So (2 cos > + 1)(cos > − 1) = 0
2 √2 2 $
cos > = − ! \] cos > = 1 Set each factor equal to 0 thereby finding two sets of solutions
9:5 6 1 √3
=
3 1 √3 1
√3 cos > = − ⇒ > = 60°
2
Only EF? B is positive Cosine is negative implies solution is in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants
Only CDA B is positive Trignometric Identities: 60° 60°
for angle & in the In the 2nd quadrant > = 180 − 60 = 120°. So, one solution is 120°
for angle & in the third Equation of unit circle is ! ! + # ! = 1 In the 3rd quadrant > = 180 + 60 = 240°. 60° 60°
quadrant fourth quadrant. As we know cos ) = ! and sin ) = # ⇒ cos! ) + sin! ) = 1 So, the other solution in the 3rd quadrant will be 240°
For all values of ),sin! ) + cos! ) ≡ 1 cos > = 1 ^\ > = 0 \] 360°
#$% & So the solutions are
For all values of ), such that cos ) ≠ 0, tan & ≡
'(# &
> = 0°, 120°, 240°, 360°
You can use the above identities to simplify trignometric expressions and complete proofs

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