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unit 5 lab

The document outlines a lab assignment involving molecular models, including questions about atomic bonding, sketching molecules, and understanding isomers and hydrogen bonding. It discusses the properties of compounds like dimethyl ether and ethanol, their solubility in water, and the geometries of various molecules. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of the octet rule and the equivalence principle in molecular interactions.

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jordanjinyang
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3 views

unit 5 lab

The document outlines a lab assignment involving molecular models, including questions about atomic bonding, sketching molecules, and understanding isomers and hydrogen bonding. It discusses the properties of compounds like dimethyl ether and ethanol, their solubility in water, and the geometries of various molecules. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of the octet rule and the equivalence principle in molecular interactions.

Uploaded by

jordanjinyang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Answer these questions before beginning the lab.

Be sure to turn them in when you submit your lab report.


1. The number of bonds an atom can form without violating the octet rule is reflected in the number of holes the "ball" for that
atom has in the ball-and-stick model set. Based on that information, how many holes would you expect to see in models of
atoms for each of the following elements: (4 points total; 1 point per element)
a. Carbon (C)
​
4​

b. Nitrogen (N)
​
3​

c. Oxygen (O)
​
2​

d. Hydrogen (H)
​
2​

2. Practice sketching molecules, using the number of bonds an atom can form as a guide. (6 points total; 2 points per
molecule)
a. SH2

​
​

. Below is one enantiomer of lactic acid. Draw the other enantiomer. (Remember, a pair of enantiomers is two molecules that
are mirror images of each other.)​
​ ​ ​ ​
​
​

c. Below is one structural isomer of methylpentane. Draw another structural isomer of methylpentane. (Remember, structural
isomers have the same chemical formula but different structures.)​

Copyright © 2021 Apex Learning Inc. Use of this material is subject to Apex Learning's Terms of Use. Any unauthorized copying, reuse, or redistribution is prohibited. Apex
Learning ® and the Apex Learning Logo are registered trademarks of Apex Learning Inc.
5.4.3 Lab: Molecular Models
1. Fill in Table 10.3. You may need to use outside sources to research the answers. Which
compounds have the same chemical formula? What are these called? Describe the differences
between the structures and properties of those compounds.

Dimethyl ether and Ethanol alcohol have the same chemical formula, C2H6O. Compounds with
the same formula but different structures are isomers. The molecular formula gives the formula,
and the condensed structural formula gives the structure. The structures are different, though,
because one is polar and the other is nonpolar.

2. Examine Table 10.3 and list the compounds you think have hydrogen bonds. Explain why.

Dimethyl Ether with water, not other dimethyl ether compounds, ethanol alcohol with other
ethanol alcohol compounds, not water, and ethylene glycol. I think this because they have an
Oxygen atom.

3. Read your lesson to review the solubility of polar and non-polar molecules. This is also
known as the equivalence principle, which states: Like dissolves like (e.g., tar dissolves well in
gasoline but not very well in water).

Ethane is nonpolar, dimethyl ether is polar, ethanol alcohol is nonpolar, and ethylene glycol is
polar.

Examine Table 10.3 and refer to the models to list the polar compounds.

4. Examine Table 10.2 and look at the models. Acetic acid and isopropyl alcohol are fully soluble
in water, while Freon-12 and vinyl chloride are not. What makes acetic acid and isopropyl
alcohol water-soluble?

Acetic acid and isopropyl alcohol are water soluble because of their uneven structural formula.
Acetic acid is soluble because of the one Carbon atom, which allows hydrogen bonding, and
isopropyl alcohol is soluble because it can form strong hydrogen bonds to the water

5. Examine the model of Freon-12. The halogens (Cl and F) form a tetrahedral arrangement
around the carbon atom. This geometry is also the arrangement of sp3 hybrid orbitals. The
angle defined by the F-C-F, etc., atom centers is about 109.5°. Examine the other models. What
other molecules have tetrahedral geometry?

This 109.5° angle is with the carbon in Freon-12, the two carbons in dimethyl This 109.5° angle
is with the carbon in Freon-12, the two carbons in dimethyl ether, the three carbons in isopropyl
alcohol, and one carbon in acetic acid. Thisether, the three carbons in isopropyl alcohol, and
one carbon in acetic acid. This is a very common angle with organic molecules. It is a very
common angle with organic molecules.
6. a. What is the geometry around the carbons with two single bonds and one double bond (e.g.
vinyl chloride)?

The bonds are in three directions. In the molecule, the bonds around a carbon are in the same
plane, and the angles between them are about 120°. The bonds are in three directions. In the
molecule, the bonds around a carbon are in the same plane, and the angles between them are
about 120 degrees

b. How does this geometry differ from that of a carbon with the tetrahedral arrangement?

It differs because a carbon with the tetrahedral arrangement has an angle of 109.5° and 4
Hydrogen atoms branching off of the carbon

7. What is the difference between the geometries of the bonding of the two oxygen atoms in
acetic acid?

In the OH group, the bonds around the oxygen are in two directions. In the other oxygen, in the
OH group, the bonds around the oxygen are in two directions. In the other oxygen, the double
bond is between the carbon and the oxygen. The double bond is between the carbon and the
oxygen

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