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Search-Based Applications
At the Confluence of Search and Database Technologies
 Synthesis Lectures on
Information Concepts,
Retrieval, and Services
Editor
Gari Marchionini, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Synthesis Lectures on Information Concepts, Retrieval, and Services is edited by Gary Marchionini of
the University of North Carolina. The series will publish 50- to 100-page publications on topics
pertaining to information science and applications of technology to information discovery, production,
distribution, and management. The scope will largely follow the purview of premier information and
computer science conferences, such as ASIST, ACM SIGIR, ACM/IEEE JCDL, and ACM CIKM.
Potential topics include, but not are limited to: data models, indexing theory and algorithms,
classification, information architecture, information economics, privacy and identity, scholarly
communication, bibliometrics and webometrics, personal information management, human
information behavior, digital libraries, archives and preservation, cultural informatics, information
retrieval evaluation, data fusion, relevance feedback, recommendation systems, question answering,
natural language processing for retrieval, text summarization, multimedia retrieval, multilingual
retrieval, and exploratory search.

Search-Based Applications - At the Confluence of Search and Database Technologies

Gregory Grefenstette and Laura Wilber
2010

Information Concepts: From Books to Cyberspace Identities

Gary Marchionini
2010

Estimating the Query Difficulty for Information Retrieval

David Carmel and Elad Yom-Tov
2010

iRODS Primer: Integrated Rule-Oriented Data System

Arcot Rajasekar, Reagan Moore, Chien-Yi Hou, Christopher A. Lee, Richard Marciano, Antoine de
Torcy, Michael Wan, Wayne Schroeder, Sheau-Yen Chen, Lucas Gilbert, Paul Tooby, and Bing Zhu
2010
iv
Collaborative Web Search: Who, What, Where, When, and Why
Meredith Ringel Morris and Jaime Teevan
2009

Multimedia Information Retrieval

Stefan Rueger
2009

Online Multiplayer Games

William Sims Bainbridge
2009

Information Architecture: The Design and Integration of Information Spaces

Wei Ding and Xia Lin
2009

Reading and Writing the Electronic Book

Catherine C. Marshall
2009

Hypermedia Genes: An Evolutionary Perspective on Concepts, Models, and Architectures

Nuno M. Guimarïes and Luïs M. Carrico
2009

Understanding User-Web Interactions via Web Analytics

Bernard J. ( Jim) Jansen
2009

XML Retrieval
Mounia Lalmas
2009

Faceted Search
Daniel Tunkelang
2009

Introduction to Webometrics: Quantitative Web Research for the Social Sciences

Michael Thelwall
2009

Exploratory Search: Beyond the Query-Response Paradigm

Ryen W. White and Resa A. Roth
2009
 v
New Concepts in Digital Reference
R. David Lankes
2009

Automated Metadata in Multimedia Information Systems: Creation, Refinement, Use in

Surrogates, and Evaluation
Michael G. Christel
2009
Copyright © 2011 by Morgan & Claypool

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for brief quotations in
printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Search-Based Applications - At the Confluence of Search and Database Technologies

Gregory Grefenstette and Laura Wilber
www.morganclaypool.com

ISBN: 9781608455072 paperback

ISBN: 9781608455089 ebook

DOI 10.2200/S00320ED1V01Y201012ICR017

A Publication in the Morgan & Claypool Publishers series

SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON INFORMATION CONCEPTS, RETRIEVAL, AND SERVICES

Lecture #17
Series Editor: Gari Marchionini, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Series ISSN
Synthesis Lectures on Information Concepts, Retrieval, and Services
Print 1947-945X Electronic 1947-9468
Search-Based Applications
At the Confluence of Search and Database Technologies

Gregory Grefenstette and Laura Wilber

Exalead, S.A.

SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON INFORMATION CONCEPTS, RETRIEVAL, AND

SERVICES #17

M
&C Morgan & cLaypool publishers
ABSTRACT
We are poised at a major turning point in the history of information management via computers.
Recent evolutions in computing, communications, and commerce are fundamentally reshaping the
ways in which we humans interact with information, and generating enormous volumes of electronic
data along the way. As a result of these forces, what will data management technologies, and their
supporting software and system architectures, look like in ten years? It is difficult to say, but we can
see the future taking shape now in a new generation of information access platforms that combine
strategies and structures of two familiar – and previously quite distinct – technologies, search engines
and databases, and in a new model for software applications, the Search-Based Application (SBA),
which offers a pragmatic way to solve both well-known and emerging information management
challenges as of now. Search engines are the world’s most familiar and widely deployed information
access tool, used by hundreds of millions of people every day to locate information on the Web, but
few are aware they can now also be used to provide precise, multidimensional information access
and analysis that is hard to distinguish from current database applications, yet endowed with the
usability and massive scalability of Web search. In this book, we hope to introduce Search Based
Applications to a wider audience, using real case studies to show how this flexible technology can be
used to intelligently aggregate large volumes of unstructured data (like Web pages) and structured
data (like database content), and to make that data available in a highly contextual, quasi real-time
manner to a wide base of users for a varied range of purposes. We also hope to shed light on the
general convergences underway in search and database disciplines, convergences that make SBAs
possible, and which serve as harbingers of information management paradigms and technologies to
come.

KEYWORDS
search-based applications, search engines, semantic technologies, natural language pro-
cessing, human-computer information retrieval, data retrieval, online analytical pro-
cessing, OLAP, data integration, alternative data access platforms, unified information
access, NoSQL, mash-up technologies
 ix

Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

1 Search Based Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 What is a Search Based Application? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 High Impact, Low Risk Solution for Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Fertile Ground for Interdisciplinary Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 A Valuable Tool for Database Administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 New Opportunities for Search Specialists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 New Flexibility for Software Developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6.1 Lecture Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Evolving Business Information Access Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1 Changing Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 The Need for High Performance and Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 The Need for Unified Access to Global Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 The Need for Simple Yet Secure Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 Origins and Histories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.1 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 What has Changed Recently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.1 Search Engines Enter the Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.2 Databases Go Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.3 Structural and Conceptual Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4 Data Models & Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.1 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.1 Conceptual Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.2 Data Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
x
4.1.3 Storage Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.1 Conceptual Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.2 Data Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.3 Storage Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3 What has Changed Recently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3.1 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3.2 Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5 Data Collection/Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1.1 Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1.2 Updating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2 Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2.1 Creation/Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2.2 Updating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.3 What has Changed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.3.1 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.3.2 Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

6 Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.1 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.1.1 Natural Language Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.1.2 Relevancy Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.2 Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.3 What has Changed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.3.1 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.3.2 Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

7 Data Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.1 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.1.1 Querying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.1.2 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.2 Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.2.1 Querying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.2.2 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.3 What’s Changed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
 xi
7.3.1 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.3.2 Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

8 Data Security, Usability, Performance, Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

8.1 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8.2 Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8.3 What has Changed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.3.1 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

9 Summary Evolutions and Convergences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

9.1 SBA-Enabling Search Engine Evolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
9.1.1 Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
9.1.2 Data Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
9.1.3 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
9.1.4 Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
9.1.5 Data Retrieval & Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
9.1.6 Data Security, Usability, Performance, Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
9.2 Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

10 SBA Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
10.1 What is an SBA Platform? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
10.2 Information Access Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
10.3 SBA Platforms: Market Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
10.4 SBA Platforms: Other Vendors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
10.5 SBA Vendors: COTS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

11 SBA Uses & Preconditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

11.1 When Are SBAs Used? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.2 How Are SBAs Used? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

12 Anatomy of a Search Based Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

12.1 SBAs for Structured Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
12.1.1 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
12.1.2 Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
12.1.3 Data Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
12.1.4 Data Retrieval & Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
12.2 SBAs for Unstructured Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
xii
12.2.1 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
12.2.2 Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
12.2.3 Data Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
12.2.4 Data Retrieval & Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
12.3 SBAs for Hybrid Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

13 Case Study: GEFCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

13.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
13.2 A Track & Trace Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
13.3 Existing Drawbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
13.4 Opting for a Search Based Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
13.5 First prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
13.6 Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
13.7 Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

14 Case Study: Urbanizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

14.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
14.2 The Urbanizer Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
14.3 How Urbanizer Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
14.4 What’s Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

15 Case Study: National Postal Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

15.1 Customer Service SBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
15.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
15.1.2 Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
15.2 Operational Business Intelligence (OBI) SBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
15.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
15.2.2 Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
15.3 Sales Information SBA for Telemarketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
15.3.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
15.3.2 Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

16 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

16.1 The Influence of the Deep Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
16.1.1 Surfacing Structured Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
16.1.2 Opening Access to Multimedia Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
16.2 The Influence of the Semantic Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
 xiii
16.3 The Influence of the Mobile Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
16.3.1 Mission-Based IR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
16.3.2 Innovation in Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
16.4 ...And Continuing Database/Search Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Authors’ Biographies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

 Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Gary Marchionini and Diane Cerra for inviting us to participate in
this timely and important lecture series, with a special thank you to Diane for her assistance and
patience in guiding us through the publication process. We would also like to thank Morgan &
Claypool’s reviewers, including Susan Feldman, Stephen Arnold and John Tait, for their thoughtful
suggestions and comments on our manuscript. Ms. Feldman and Mr. Arnold are constant sources
of insight for all of us working in search and information access-related disciplines, and we welcome
Mr. Tait’s remarks based on his long IR research experience at the University of Sunderland and his
more recent efforts at advancing research in IR for patents and other large scale collections at the
Information Retrieval Facility.
In addition, we are grateful to our colleagues and managers at Exalead for allowing us time
to work on this lecture, and for providing valuable feedback on our draft manuscript, especially
Olivier Astier, Stéphane Donzé and David Thoumas. We would also like to thank our partners
and customers. They are the source of the examples provided in this book, and they have played a
pioneering role in expanding the boundaries of applied search technologies, in general, and search-
based applications, in particular.
Finally, we would like to thank our families.Their love sustains us in all we do, and we dedicate
this book to them.

Gregory Grefenstette and Laura Wilber

December 2010
 Glossary
Glossary
ACID Constraints on a database for achieving Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation
and Durability

Agility The ease with which a computer application can be altered, improved, or
extended

API Application Programming Interface, specifies how to call a computer pro-

gram, what arguments to use, and what you can expect as output

Application Part of the Open System Interconnection model, in which an application

layer interacts with a human user, or another application

Atomicity The idea that a database transaction either succeeds or fails in its entirety

Availability The percentage of time that data can be read or used.

Batch A computer task that is programmed to run at a certain time (usually at

night) with no human intervention

B2C Business to Customer; B2C websites offer goods or services directly to users

B+ tree A block-oriented data structure for efficient insertion and removal of data
nodes

BI Business Intelligence, views on data that aid users with business planning
and decision making

BigTable An internal data storage system used by Google, handles multidimensional

key-value pairs

BSON Binary JSON

xviii GLOSSARY
Business Any information processing application used in running a business
application

Cache A rapid computer memory where frequently or recently used data is tem-
porarily stored

CAP One cannot achieve Consistency, Availability, and Partition tolerance at the
theorem same time

Category A flat or hierarchic semantic dimension added to a document, or part of a

document

Categorization Assigning, usually through statistical means, one or more categories to text

CDM Customer Data Management

Cloud Computer applications that are executed on computers outside the enter-
services prise rather than in-house. Examples are SalesForce, Google Apps, Yahoo
mail, etc.

Clustering Grouping documents according to content similarity

CMS Content Management System

Consistency A quality of an information system in which only valid data is recorded; that
is, there are not two conflicting versions of the same data

Connector A program that extracts information from a certain file format, or from a
database

Consolidation Making all the data concerning one entity available in one output

COTS Commercial off-the-shelf software

Crawl Fetching web pages for indexing by following URLs found in each page

CRM Customer Relationship Management, applications used by businesses to

interact with customers
 GLOSSARY xix
CSIS Customer Service Information System

Data Merging data from different data sources or different information systems
integration

Data A subset of data found in an enterprise information system, relevant for a

mart specific group or purpose

Data A database which is used to consolidate data from disparate sources

warehouse

DBA Database administrator, the person who is responsible for maintaining (and
often designing) an organization’ database(s)

Deep Web Web pages that are dynamically generated as a result of form input and/or
database querying

Directory A listing of the files or websites in a particular storage system

DIS Decision Intelligence System, a computer-based system for helping decision

making

Document A model of seeing a database entity as a single persistent document, com-

model posed of typed fields and categories corresponding to the entity’s attributes

Dublin Core A standard for metadata associated with documents, such as Title, Creator,
Metadata Publisher, etc.

Durability A database quality that means that successfully completed transactions must
persist (or be recoverable) in the case of a system failure

EDI Electronic Data Interchange, an early database communication system

ETL Extract-Transform-Load, any method for extracting all or part of a database

and storing it in another database

Enterprise Searching access-controlled, structured and unstructured data found within

Search the enterprise
xx GLOSSARY
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning

Evolutive Model that can be easily extended with new fields or data types without
Data Model rebuilding the entire data structure

Facet A dimension of meaning that can be used for restricting search, for example
shirts and coats are two facets that could be found on a shopping site

Field A labeled part of a document in a search engine. Fields can be typed to

contain text, numbers, dates, GPS coordinates, or categories

Firewall A computer-implemented protection that isolates internal company data

from outside access

File server A service that provides sequential or direct access to computer files

Full-text A system for searching any of the words found in documents, rather than
engine just a set of manually assigned keywords

Garbage A process for recovering memory, usually by recognizing deleted or out-of-

collection date data

Gartner An information technology research and advisory firm that reports on tech-
nology issues

GPS Global Positioning System, a system of satellites for geolocating a point on

the globe

Hash table Hashing converts a data item into a single number, and the hash table maps
this number to a list of items

Heuristics Methods based more on demonstrated performance than theory, weighting

words by their inverse frequency in a collection is an example

HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol, an application layer protocol for accessing

web pages

IDC International Data Corporation, a global provider of market intelligence

and analysis concerning information technology
 GLOSSARY xxi

ILM Information Lifecycle Management

IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol, a format for transmitting emails

Index, A data structure that contains lists of words with pointers to where the words
inverted are found in documents

Index slice One section of an inverted index which can be distributed over many dif-
ferent computer stores

Intranet A secure network that gives authorized users Web-style access to an orga-
nization’s information assets (e.g., internal documents and web pages)

IR Information Retrieval, the study of how to index and retrieve information,

usually from unstructured text

IS Information System, a generic term for any computer system for storing and
retrieving information

Isolation The database constraint specifying that data involved in a transaction are
isolated from (inaccessible to) other transactions until the transaction is
completed to avoid conflicts and overwrites

IT Information Technology, a generic term covering all aspects of using com-

puters to store and manipulate information

JDBC Java Database Connectivity, a Java version of ODBC

Join In a relational database, gathering together data contained in different tables

JSON JavaScript Object Notation, a standard for exchanging data between systems

Key-value A data storage and retrieval system in which a key (identifying an entity)
store is linked to the one or more values associated with that entity. This allows
rapid lookup of values associated with an entity, but does not allow joins on
other fields

Mash-up A software application that dynamically aggregates information from many

different sources, or output from many processes, in a single screen
xxii GLOSSARY

MDM Master Data Management, a system of policies, processes and technologies

designed to maintain the accuracy and consistency of essential data across
many data silos

Metadata Typed data associated with a document, for example, Author, Date, Category

Mobile Web Web pages accessible through a mobile device such as a smartphone

MySQL A popular open source relational database

Normalized A model for a relational database that is designed to prevent redundancies

relational that can cause anomalies when inserting, updating, and deleting data
schema

NoSQL Not Only SQL, an umbrella term for large scale data storage and retrieval
systems that use structures and querying methodologies that are different
from those of relational database systems

OBI Operational Business Intelligence, data reporting and analysis that supports
decision making concerning routine, day-to-day operations

OCR Optical Character Recognition, a technology used for converting paper doc-
uments or text encapsulated in images into electronic text, usually with some
noise caused by the conversion

ODBC Open Database Connectivity, a middleware for enabling and managing ex-
changes between databases
Offloading Extracting information from a database application and storing it in a search
engine application

OLAP Online Analytical Processing, tools for analyzing data in databases

OLTP Online Transaction Processing

Ontology A taxonomy with rules that can deduce links not necessarily present in the
taxonomy
 GLOSSARY xxiii
Partition Means that a distributed database can still function if some of its nodes are
tolerance no longer available

Performance The measure of a computer application’s rapidity, throughput, availability,

or resource utilization

PHP PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, a language for programming web pages

PLM Product Lifecycle Management, systems which allow for the management
of a product from design to retirement

Plug-and-play Modules that can be used without any reprogramming, “out of the box”

POC Proof of concept, an application that proves that something can be done,
though it may not be optimized for performance

Portal A web interface to a data source

Primary key In a relational database, a value corresponding to a unique entity, that allows
tables to be joined for a given entity

RDBMS Relational database management system

Redundancy Storing the same data in two different places in a data base, or information
system.This can cause problems of consistency if one of the values is changed
and not the other

Relational A model for databases in which data is represented as tables. Some values,
model called primary keys, link tables together

Relevancy For a given query, a heuristically determined score of the supposed pertinence
of a document to the query

REST Representational State Transfer, protocol used in web services, in which no

state is preserved, but in which every operation of reading or writing is self
sufficient

RFID Radio Frequency Identification, systems using embedded chips to transmit

information
xxiv GLOSSARY

RSS Really Simple Syndication, an XML format for transmitting frequently

updated data

R tree An efficient data structure for storing GPS-indexed points and finding all
the points in a given radius around a point

RDF Resource Description Framework, a format for representing data as sets of

triples, used in semantic web representations

SBA Search Based Applications, an information access or analysis application

built on a search engine, rather than on a database.

SCM Supply Chain Management

Scalability The desirable quality of being able to treat larger and larger data sets without
a decrease in performance, or rise in cost

Search A computer program for indexing and searching in documents

engine

Semantic Web Collection of web pages that are annotated with machine readable descrip-
tions of their content

Semi- Data found in places where the data type can be surmised, such as in explicitly
structured labeled metadata, or in structured tables on web pages
data

SEO Search engine optimization, strategies that help a web page owner to im-
prove a site’s ranking in common web search engines

SERP Search engine results page, the output of a query to a search engine

Silo An imagery-filled term for an isolated information system

SMART An early search engine developed by Gerald Salton at Cornell

system
 GLOSSARY xxv
SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol, a format for transmitting data between
services

Social Data uploaded by identified users, such as in YouTube, FaceBook, Flickr

media

SQL Structured Query Language, commonly used language for manipulating

relational databases

Structured Data organized according to an explicit schema and broken down into dis-
data crete units of meaning, with units represented using consistent data types
and formats (databases, log files, spreadsheets)

SVM Support vector machine, used in classification

Table Part of a relational database, a body of related information. Each row of the
table corresponds to one entity, and each column, to some attribute of this
entity

Taxonomy A hierarchically typed system of entities, such as mammals being part of

animals being part of living beings

TCO Total cost of ownership, how much an application costs when all implicit
and explicit costs are factored in over time

Timestamp A chronological value indicating when some data was created

Top-k The k highest ranked responses in a database system that can rank answers
to a query

Transaction In databases, a sequence of actions that should be performed as an uninter-

ruptable unit, for example, purchasing a seat on a flight

Unstructured Data that is not formally or consistently organized, such as textual data
data (email, reports, documents) and multimedia content

URL Universal Resource Locator, the address of a web page

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Gentlemen of the Senate, and Gentlemen of the House of
Representatives:
The present situation of our country imposes an obligation on all the
departments of Government to adopt an explicit and decided
conduct. In my situation, an exposition of the principles by which my
administration will be governed ought not to be omitted.
It is impossible to conceal from ourselves or the world, what has
been before observed, that endeavors have been employed to foster
and establish a division between the Government and people of the
United States. To investigate the causes which have encouraged this
attempt is not necessary; but to repel by decided and united councils
insinuations so derogatory to the honor, and aggressions so
dangerous to the constitution, union, and even independence, of the
nation, is an indispensable duty.
It must not be permitted to be doubted, whether the people of the
United States will support the Government established by their
voluntary consent, and appointed by their free choice, or whether by
surrendering themselves to the direction of foreign and domestic
factions, in opposition to their own Government, they will forfeit the
honorable station they have hitherto maintained.
For myself, having never been indifferent to what concerned the
interests of my country, devoted the best part of my life to obtain
and support its independence, and constantly witnessed the
patriotism, fidelity, and perseverance of my fellow-citizens, on the
most trying occasions, it is not for me to hesitate or abandon a
cause in which my heart has been so long engaged.
Convinced that the conduct of the Government has been just and
impartial to foreign nations; that those internal regulations, which
have been established by law for the preservation of peace, are in
their nature proper, and that they have been fairly executed; nothing
will ever be done by me to impair the national engagements, to
innovate upon principles, which have been so deliberately and
uprightly established, or to surrender in any manner the rights of the
Government. To enable me to maintain this declaration, I rely upon
God with entire confidence, on the firm and enlightened support of
the National Legislature, and upon the virtue and patriotism of my
fellow-citizens.
JOHN ADAMS.
Ordered, That Messrs. Tracy, Laurance, and Livermore be a committee
to report the draft of an Address to the President of the United States,
in answer to his Speech this day to both Houses of Congress.

Wednesday, May 17.

Richard Stockton, from the State of New Jersey, attended.

Thursday, May 18.

Henry Tazewell, from the State of Virginia, attended.

Friday, May 19.

John Henry, from the State of Maryland, attended.

Monday, May 22.

John Brown, from the State of Kentucky, and Jacob Read, from the
State of South Carolina, severally attended.
John Rutherford, appointed a Senator from the State of New Jersey,
produced his credentials, which were read, and the oath required by
law being administered to him, he took his seat in the Senate.

Tuesday, May 23.

The Senate resumed the consideration of the report of the
committee of the draft of an Address, in answer to the Speech of the
President of the United States to both Houses of Congress, at the
opening of the session.
On the motion to expunge the following paragraph, to wit:
"We are happy, since our sentiments on the subject are in perfect
unison with yours, in this public manner to declare, that the conduct
of the Government has been just and impartial to foreign nations,
and that those internal regulations, which have been established for
the preservation of peace, are, in their nature, proper, and have
been fairly executed."
It was determined in the negative—yeas 11, nays 15, as follows:
Yeas—Messrs. Bloodworth, Blount, Brown, Cocke, Henry, Hunter,
Langdon, Martin, Mason, Tazewell, and Tattnall.
Nays—Messrs. Bingham, Bradford, Foster, Goodhue, Hillhouse,
Howard, Laurance, Latimer, Livermore, Read, Rutherford, Sedgwick,
Stockton, Tichenor, and Tracy.
And the report being further amended, was adopted, as follows:
Sir: The Senate of the United States request you to accept their
acknowledgments for the comprehensive and interesting detail you
have given in your Speech to both Houses of Congress, on the
existing state of the Union.
While we regret the necessity of the present meeting of the
Legislature, we wish to express our entire approbation of your
conduct in convening it on this momentous occasion.
The superintendence of our national faith, honor, and dignity, being,
in a great measure, constitutionally deposited with the Executive, we
observe, with singular satisfaction, the vigilance, firmness, and
promptitude, exhibited by you, in this critical state of our public
affairs, and from thence derive an evidence and pledge of the
rectitude and integrity of your administration. And we are sensible it
is an object of primary importance, that each branch of the
Government should adopt a language and system of conduct which
shall be cool, just, and dispassionate, but firm, explicit, and decided.
We are equally desirous, with you, to preserve peace and friendship
with all nations, and are happy to be informed, that neither the
honor nor interests of the United States forbid advances for securing
those desirable objects, by amicable negotiation with the French
Republic. This method of adjusting national differences is not only
the most mild, but the most rational and humane, and with
governments disposed to be just, can seldom fail of success, when
fairly, candidly, and sincerely used. If we have committed errors, and
can be made sensible of them, we agree with you in opinion that we
ought to correct them, and compensate the injuries which may have
been consequent thereon; and we trust the French Republic will be
actuated by the same just and benevolent principles of national
policy.
We do, therefore, most sincerely approve of your determination to
promote and accelerate an accommodation of our existing
differences with that Republic, by negotiation, on terms compatible
with the rights, duties, interests, and honor of our nation. And you
may rest assured of our most cordial co-operation, so far as it may
become necessary, in this pursuit.
Peace and harmony with all nations is our sincere wish; but, such
being the lot of humanity, that nations will not always reciprocate
peaceable dispositions, it is our firm belief, that effectual measures
of defence will tend to inspire that national self-respect and
confidence at home, which is the unfailing source of respectability
abroad, to check aggression, and prevent war.
While we are endeavoring to adjust our differences with the French
Republic, by amicable negotiation, the progress of the war in
Europe, the depredations on our commerce, the personal injuries to
our citizens, and the general complexion of affairs, prove to us your
vigilant care, in recommending to our attention effectual measures
of defence.
Those which you recommend, whether they relate to external
defence, by permitting our citizens to arm for the purpose of
repelling aggressions on their commercial rights, and by providing
sea convoys, or to internal defence, by increasing the establishments
of artillery and cavalry, by forming a provisional army, by revising the
militia laws, and fortifying, more completely, our ports and harbors,
will meet our consideration, under the influence of the same just
regard for the security, interest, and honor of our country, which
dictated your recommendation.
Practices so unnatural and iniquitous, as those you state, of our own
citizens, converting their property and personal exertions into the
means of annoying our trade, and injuring their fellow-citizens,
deserve legal severity commensurate with their turpitude.
Although the Senate believe that the prosperity and happiness of our
country does not depend on general and extensive political
connections with European nations, yet we can never lose sight of
the propriety as well as necessity of enabling the Executive, by
sufficient and liberal supplies, to maintain, and even extend, our
foreign intercourse, as exigencies may require, reposing full
confidence in the Executive, in whom the constitution has placed the
powers of negotiation.
We learn, with sincere concern, that attempts are in operation to
alienate the affections of our fellow-citizens from their Government.
Attempts so wicked, wherever they exist, cannot fail to excite our
utmost abhorrence. A Government chosen by the people for their
own safety and happiness, and calculated to secure both, cannot
lose their affections, so long as its administration pursues the
principle upon which it was erected. And your resolution to observe
a conduct just and impartial to all nations, a sacred regard to our
national engagements, and not to impair, the rights of our
Government, contains principles which cannot fail to secure to your
administration the support of the National Legislature, to render
abortive every attempt to excite dangerous jealousies among us,
and to convince the world that our Government, and your
administration of it, cannot be separated from the affectionate
support of every good citizen. And the Senate cannot suffer the
present occasion to pass, without thus publicly and solemnly
expressing their attachment to the constitution and Government of
their country; and as they hold themselves responsible to their
constituents, their consciences, and their God, it is their
determination, by all their exertions, to repel every attempt to
alienate the affections of the people from the Government, so highly
injurious to the honor, safety, and independence of the United
States.
We are happy, since our sentiments on the subject are in perfect
unison with yours, in this public manner to declare, that we believe
the conduct of the Government has been just and impartial to
foreign nations, and that those internal regulations which have been
established for the preservation of peace, are in their nature proper,
and have been fairly executed.
And we are equally happy in possessing an entire confidence in your
abilities and exertions in your station to maintain untarnished the
honor, preserve the peace, and support the independence of our
country; to acquire and establish which, in connection with your
fellow-citizens, has been the virtuous effort of a principal part of
your life.
To aid you in these arduous and honorable exertions, as it is our
duty, so it shall be our faithful endeavor. And we flatter ourselves, sir,
that the proceedings of the present session of Congress will manifest
to the world, that, although the United States love peace, they will
be independent. That they are sincere in their declarations to be just
to the French, and all other nations, and expect the same in return.
If a sense of justice, a love of moderation and peace, shall influence
their councils, which we sincerely hope, we shall have just grounds
to expect peace and amity between the United States and all nations
will be preserved.
But if we are so unfortunate as to experience injuries from any
foreign power, and the ordinary methods by which differences are
amicably adjusted between nations shall be rejected, the
determination "not to surrender in any manner the rights of the
Government" being so inseparably connected with the dignity,
interest, and independence of our country, shall by us be steadily
and inviolably supported.
THOMAS JEFFERSON,
Vice President of the United States,
and President of the Senate.
Ordered, That the committee who prepared the Address wait on the
President of the United States, and desire him to acquaint the Senate
at what time and place it will be most convenient for him that it
should be presented.
Mr. Tracy reported from the committee that they had waited on the
President of the United States, and that he would receive the Address
of the Senate to-morrow, at 12 o'clock, at his own house.
Resolved, That the Senate will, to-morrow, at 12 o'clock, wait on the
President of the United States accordingly.

Wednesday, May 24.

Elijah Paine, from the State of Vermont, attended.
Agreeably to the resolution of yesterday, the Senate waited on the
President of the United States, and the Vice President, in their name,
presented the Address then agreed to.
To which the President made the following reply:
Mr. Vice President, and Gentlemen of the Senate:
It would be an affectation in me to dissemble the pleasure I feel on
receiving this kind Address.
My long experience of the wisdom, fortitude, and patriotism of the
Senate of the United States, enhances in my estimation the value of
those obliging expressions of your approbation of my conduct, which
are a generous reward for the past, and an affecting encouragement
to constancy and perseverance in future.
Our sentiments appear to be so entirely in unison, that I cannot but
believe them to be the rational result of the understandings and the
natural feelings of the hearts of Americans in general, on
contemplating the present state of the nation.
While such principles and affections prevail, they will form an
indissoluble bond of union, and a sure pledge that our country has
no essential injury to apprehend from any portentous appearances
abroad. In a humble reliance on Divine Providence, we may rest
assured, that, while we reiterate with sincerity our endeavors to
accommodate all our differences with France, the independence of
our country cannot be diminished, its dignity degraded, or its glory
tarnished, by any nation or combination of nations, whether friends
or enemies.
JOHN ADAMS.
The Senate returned to their own Chamber, and adjourned.

Friday, May 26.

Humphrey Marshall, from the State of Kentucky, attended.

Monday, May 29.

James Ross, from the State of Pennsylvania, attended.

Saturday, June 24.

The following confidential Message was received from the President
of the United States:

Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives:

The Dey of Algiers has manifested a predilection for American built
vessels, and, in consequence, has desired that two vessels might be
constructed and equipped, as cruisers, according to the choice and
taste of Captain O'Brien. The cost of two such vessels, built with live
oak and cedar, and coppered, with guns and all other equipments
complete, is estimated at forty-five thousand dollars. The expense of
navigating them to Algiers may, perhaps, be compensated by the
freight of the stores with which they may be loaded on account of
our stipulations by treaty with the Dey.
A compliance with the Dey's request appears to me to be of serious
importance. He will repay the whole expense of building and
equipping the two vessels; and as he has advanced the price of our
peace with Tripoli, and become pledged for that of Tunis, the United
States seem to be under peculiar obligations to provide this
accommodation; and I trust that Congress will authorize the advance
of money necessary for that purpose.
JOHN ADAMS.
United States, June 23, 1797.
Ordered, That it lie for consideration.

Saturday, July 1.
James Gunn, from the State of Georgia, attended.

Wednesday, July 5.
The Vice President obtained leave of absence for the remainder of the
session.
 Thursday, July 6.
The Vice President being absent, the Senate proceeded to the choice
of a President pro tempore, as the constitution provides, and the
Hon. William Bradford was duly elected.

Friday, July 7.
A message from the House of Representatives informed the Senate
that the House have passed a resolution, that the President of the
Senate, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, be
authorized to close the present session, by adjourning their
respective Houses on Monday, the 10th day of this month; in which
they desire the concurrence of the Senate.

Monday, July 10.

Ordered, That Mr. Tracy and Mr. Read be a joint committee on the
part of the Senate, with such as the House of Representatives may
appoint on their part, to wait on the President of the United States,
and notify him that, unless he may have any further communications
to make to the two Houses of Congress, they are ready to adjourn.
A message from the House of Representatives informed the Senate
that the House have appointed a joint committee on their part to
wait on the President of the United States, and notify him that, unless
he may have any further communications to make to the two
Houses of Congress, they are ready to adjourn.
Mr. Tracy reported from the joint committee, that they had waited on
the President of the United States, agreeably to order, who replied,
that he had no further communication to make to Congress, except
a respectful and affectionate farewell.
The President then adjourned the Senate without day.
FIFTH CONGRESS.—FIRST SESSION.
PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES IN THE HOUSE
OF REPRESENTATIVES.
In pursuance of the authority given by the constitution, the President
of the United States, on the 25th day of March last, caused to be
issued the Proclamation which follows:

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

A PROCLAMATION.

Whereas the Constitution of the United States of America provides

that the President may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both
Houses of Congress; and whereas an extraordinary occasion exists
for convening Congress, and divers weighty matters claim their
consideration, I have therefore thought it necessary to convene, and
I do by these presents convene the Congress of the United States of
America, at the City of Philadelphia, in the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, on Monday the fifteenth day of May next, hereby
requiring the Senators and Representatives in the Congress of the
United States of America, and every of them, that, laying aside all
other matters and cares, they then and there meet and assemble in
Congress, in order to consult and determine on such measures as in
their wisdom shall be deemed meet for the safety and welfare of the
said United States.
In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the
United States of America to be affixed to these [L. S.]
presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done
at the City of Philadelphia the twenty-fifth day of March, in the year
of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven, and of
the Independence of the United States of America the twenty-first.
JOHN ADAMS.
By the President: Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State.

Monday, May 15, 1797.

This being the day appointed by the Proclamation of the President of
the United States, of the 25th of March last, for the meeting of
Congress, the following members of the House of Representatives
appeared, produced their credentials, and took their seats, to wit:
From New Hampshire.—Abiel Foster and Jonathan Freeman.
From Massachusetts.—Theophilus Bradbury, Dwight Foster, Nathaniel
Freeman, Jr., Samuel Lyman, Harrison Gray Otis, John Read, Samuel Sewall,
William Shepard, George Thatcher, Joseph Bradley Varnum, and Peleg
Wadsworth.
From Rhode Island.—Christopher G. Champlin and Elisha R. Potter.
From Connecticut.—Joshua Coit, Samuel W. Dana, James Davenport,
Chauncey Goodrich, Roger Griswold, and Nathaniel Smith.
From Vermont.—Matthew Lyon.
From New York.—David Brooks, James Cochran, Lucas Elmendorph, Henry
Glenn, Jonathan N. Havens, Hezekiah L. Hosmer, Edward Livingston, John
E. Van Allen, Philip Van Cortlandt, and John Williams.
From New Jersey.—Jonathan Dayton, James H. Imlay, and Mark
Thompson.
From Pennsylvania.—David Bard, John Chapman, George Ege, Albert
Gallatin, John Andre Hanna, Thomas Hartley, John Wilkes Kittera, Blair
M'Clenachan, Samuel Sitgreaves, John Swanwick, and Richard Thomas.
From Maryland.—George Baer, Jr., William Craik, John Dennis, George
Dent, William Hindman, William Matthews, and Richard Sprigg, Jr.
From Virginia.—Samuel Jordan Cabell, Thomas Claiborne, Matthew Clay,
John Clopton, John Dawson, Thomas Evans, William B. Giles, Carter B.
Harrison, David Holmes, Walter Jones, James Machir, Daniel Morgan,
Anthony New, John Nicholas, Abram Trigg, and Abraham Venable.
From North Carolina.—Thomas Blount, Nathan Bryan, James Gillespie,
William Barry Grove, Matthew Locke, Nathaniel Macon, Richard Stanford,
and Robert Williams.
From South Carolina.—Robert Goodloe Harper, John Rutledge, Jr., and
William Smith, (of Charleston District.)
From Georgia.—Abraham Baldwin and John Milledge.
And a quorum, consisting of a majority of the whole number, being
present,
The House proceeded, by ballot, to the choice of a Speaker; and,
upon examining the ballots, a majority of the votes of the whole
House was found in favor of Jonathan Dayton, one of the
Representatives for the State of New Jersey: whereupon,
Mr. Dayton was conducted to the chair, from whence he made his
acknowledgments to the House, as follows:
"Accept, gentlemen, my acknowledgments for the very flattering
mark of approbation and confidence exhibited in this second call to
the chair, by a vote of this House.
"Permit me, most earnestly, to request of you a continuance of that
assistance and support, which were, upon all occasions, during the
two preceding sessions, very liberally afforded to me; and, without
which, all my exertions to maintain the order, and expedite the
business of the House, must be, in a great degree, unsuccessful."

Tuesday, May 16.

Several other members, to wit: from New Jersey, James Schureman and
Thomas Sinnickson; from Virginia, John Trigg; and from South Carolina,
Thomas Sumpter, appeared, produced their credentials, were qualified,
and took their seats in the House.

President's Speech.

It being near twelve o'clock, the Speaker observed that it had been
usual on similar occasions to the present, to send a message to the
Senate, to inform them that the House is now ready to attend them
in receiving the communication of the President, agreeably to his
appointment: such a message was agreed to, and sent accordingly.
Soon after, the members of the Senate entered, and took the seats
assigned them; and a little after twelve, the President of the United
States entered, and took the chair of the Speaker, (which he vacated
on the entrance of the Senate, the President and Clerk of the Senate
being placed on the right hand of the chair, and the Speaker of the
House of Representatives and the Clerk on the left.) After sitting a
moment, he rose and delivered the following Speech. [See Senate
proceedings, ante.]
Having concluded his Speech, after presenting a copy of it to the
President of the Senate, and another to the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, the President retired, as did also the members of
the Senate; and the Speaker having resumed his chair, he read the
Speech: after which, on motion, it was ordered to be committed to a
Committee of the Whole to-morrow.

Wednesday, May 17.

Several other members, to wit: from New Hampshire, William Gordon
and Jeremiah Smith; from Pennsylvania, Andrew Gregg; appeared,
produced their credentials, were qualified, and took their seats.

The President's Speech.

The House then went into a Committee of the Whole, Mr. Dent in the
chair, on the President's Speech. It was read by the Clerk.
Mr. Craik then moved a resolution, which, he observed, was merely a
matter of form, as there had been one to the same effect, on every
similar occasion. It was, "that it is the opinion of this committee, that
a respectful Address should be presented to the President in answer
to his Speech to both Houses of Congress, containing assurances,
that this House will take into consideration the various and important
matters recommended to their consideration." The committee
agreed to the resolution. They rose, and it immediately passed the
House in the common form.
On motion, it was Ordered, That a committee be appointed to
prepare an Answer to the Speech.
Mr. Venable, Mr. Kittera, Mr. Freeman, Mr. Rutledge, and Mr. Griswold,
were nominated to report the Answer.

Friday, May 19.

Richard Brent, from Virginia, appeared, produced his credentials, was
qualified, and took his seat.

Documents Referred to in the President's Speech.

The Speaker informed the House that he had received a

communication from the Department of State, containing sundry
documents referred to by the President in his Speech to both
Houses, numbered from 1 to 18. He proceeded to read No. 1, viz:
1. A letter from General Pinckney to the Secretary of State, dated
Paris, December 20, 1796, giving an account of his arrival at
Bordeaux; of his journey from thence to Paris, in which, from the
badness of the roads, he broke three wheels of his carriage; of the ill
treatment he received from M. Delacroix, &c. He remarks, that it is
not surprising that the French Republic have refused to receive him,
since they have dismissed no less than thirteen foreign Ministers;
and since they have been led to believe by a late emigrant, that the
United States was of no greater consequence to them than the
Republics of Genoa or Geneva. He also mentions, that it seemed to
be the opinion in France, that much depended on the election of the
President, as one of the candidates was considered the friend of
England, the other as devoted to France. The people of France, he
observes, have been greatly deceived, with respect to the United
States, by misrepresentation, being led to believe that the people
and Government have different views; but, adds he, any attempt to
divide the people from the Government, ought to be to the people of
the United States, the signal for rallying. Gen. Pinckney several times
mentions Mr. Monroe in this letter with great respect; and says that
before his arrival the Directory had been very cool towards him, but,
since that time, they had renewed their civilities to him.
2. Is a report of Major General Mountflorence to General Pinckney,
dated December 18, 1796, on the subject of American vessels
brought prizes into the ports of France.
3. Extract of a letter from Gen. Pinckney to the Secretary of State,
dated Paris, January 6, 1797, in which he mentions the distressed
situation of American citizens, arriving in the ports of France, who
were immediately thrown into prison, and could not be released,
until an order was got from the American Minister, countersigned by
the French Minister of Foreign Affairs; and no Minister being
acknowledged there at present, no relief could be afforded. He,
however, applied to M. Delacroix on their behalf, by means of the
secretary, Major Rutledge, and got them attended to through the
Minister of General Police. General Pinckney gives a further account
of conversations which passed between his secretary and M.
Delacroix, on the subject of his quitting Paris, in which he told him
he must do so, or be liable to the operation of the police laws; but
refused to commit his orders to writing. He mentions Barras's
answer to Monroe's address as a curious production; but says it was
not particularly calculated as an answer to what was said by Mr.
Monroe, as he had it prepared, and was unacquainted with what
would be said by Mr. Monroe.
4. Extract of a letter from Gen. Pinckney to the Secretary of State,
dated Amsterdam, February 18, informing him, that, having had
official notice to quit the French Republic, he had gone to
Amsterdam.
5. Extract of a letter from General Pinckney to the Secretary of State,
dated Amsterdam, March 5, in which he observes, that before he left
Paris, it was rumored that the Dutch were determined to treat
American vessels in the same manner as the French had done. He
now believes that the French wished them to do so, as he had lately
received intelligence that the Dutch had objected to do this, alleging
that it would be a great injury to them, as they should then lose
their trade with this country, and if so, they would be deprived of
furnishing that support to the French which they then gave them.
France acquiesced because she saw it was her interest; and having
25,000 troops in Batavia, it was generally known that they could do
what they pleased with that country. The General adds, with
detestation, that there are American citizens who fit out privateers to
cruise against the trade of this country.
6. Extract of a letter from Major General Mountflorence to General
Pinckney, dated Paris, February 14, mentioning the capture of a
vessel from Boston, and another from Baltimore, by an American
citizen on board a privateer: adding, that American citizens of this
class are continually wishing for more rigorous laws against
American commerce.
7. Extract of a letter from the same to the same, dated Paris,
February 21, giving an account of two more American vessels being
brought into L'Orient by the same man, and of another vessel taken
by a French privateer.
8. Extract of a letter from General Pinckney to the Secretary of State,
dated Amsterdam, March 8, mentioning the capture of several
American vessels; he also speaks of the disagreeableness of his
situation; and was of opinion that the new third of the French
Councils would determine whether this country and France were to
remain at peace or go to war. Though the former was desirable, he
wished the measures of our Government to be firm.
9. Speech of Barras, President of the French Directory, on Mr.
Monroe's recall.
10. The decree of the Executive Directory of March 2, relative to the
seizure of American vessels.
11. Extract of a letter from John Quincy Adams, Esq., Minister
Resident of the United States, near the Batavian Republic, to the
Secretary of State, dated at the Hague, November 4, 1796, giving an
account of the disposition of the people of that country towards this,
which he states to be friendly; and this he attributes to its being
their interest to be so. This country, he remarks, is the only quarter
from which they receive regular payments. He adds, however, that
they have no will in opposition to the French Government.
12. Extract of a letter from the Committee of Foreign Relations of the
Batavian Republic, to the above Minister, dated September 27, 1796,
making it appear very desirable that the United States should join
them in their common cause against Great Britain, reminding him of
the many services which they had rendered to this country.
13. Extract of a letter from John Quincy Adams in answer to the
above, wherein he says he shall not omit to forward their letter to
this country.
14. Extract of a letter from John Quincy Adams to the Secretary of
State, dated Hague, February 17, 1797, representing the French
Republic as paying as little attention to other neutral powers as to
the United States. He alludes to their conduct towards Hamburg,
Bremen, Copenhagen, &c.
15. Extract of a letter from Rufus King, Esq., to the Secretary of
State, dated London, March 12, 1797, to the same effect.
16. A letter from the Minister of Spain, resident in Philadelphia, to
the Secretary of State, dated May 6, 1797, complaining of the
injurious operation of the British Treaty against Spain, in three
respects, viz: as it destroys the doctrine of free ships making free
goods; as it makes certain articles contraband of war, which in
former treaties were not considered so; and as it gives to Great
Britain a right to navigate the Mississippi, which that Minister insists
belonged not to us to give, as it belonged wholly to Spain before it
gave the right to the United States, by the late treaty, to navigate
that river. He concludes his letter with saying, that the King of Spain
is desirous of harmony between the two countries, and relies upon
the equity of his complaints for satisfaction.
17. A letter from the Secretary of State to the Spanish Minister, in
answer to the above; in which he acknowledges that the treaty lately
concluded between the two countries had proved satisfactory to the
United States, as it put an end to a dispute which had existed for
many years respecting the navigation of the Mississippi, and also as
it afforded satisfaction to our mercantile citizens for the capture of
our ships and cargoes. All these, he allowed, were acts of substantial
justice; but all the other stipulations were wholly voluntary, and
perfectly reciprocal. With respect to the three articles of complaint
respecting the British Treaty, he justified the stipulations as being
just and consistent, and such as this country had a right to enter
into.
18. A letter from General Pinckney to the Secretary of State, dated
Paris, February 1, stating that the day after the arrival of the news of
Buonaparte's successes in Italy, he received a letter from M.
Delacroix, directing him to leave Paris. General Pinckney concludes
this letter with observing, that the French seem to speak of this
country as if it were indebted to them for independence, and not to
any exertions of our own. Our treaty with Great Britain is execrated;
they wish us to have no connection with that country; they wish to
destroy the trade of Great Britain, and they look upon us as her best
customer.
The whole of these documents having been read, on motion, they
were committed to the Committee of the Whole on the state of the
Union, and 500 copies ordered to be printed.

Monday, May 22.

James A. Bayard, from Delaware, appeared, produced his credentials,
was qualified, and took his seat.

Answer to President's Speech.

On motion, the House resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole,

Mr. Dent in the chair, on the Answer reported to the President's
Speech, which was read by the Clerk, as follows:
The committee to whom it was referred to prepare an Answer to the
Speech of the President of the United States, communicated to both
Houses of Congress, on Tuesday, the 16th May, 1797, report the
following:
To the President of the United States:
Sir: The interesting detail of those events which have rendered the
convention of Congress at this time indispensable, (communicated in
your Speech to both Houses,) has excited in us the strongest
emotions. Whilst we regret the occasion, we cannot omit to testify
our approbation of the measure, and to pledge ourselves that no
considerations of private inconvenience shall prevent, on our part, a
faithful discharge of the duties to which we are called.
We have constantly hoped that the nations of Europe, whilst
desolated by foreign wars, or convulsed by intestine divisions, would
have left the United States to enjoy that peace and tranquillity to
which the impartial conduct of our Government has entitled us; and
it is now with extreme regret we find the measures of the French
Republic tending to endanger a situation so desirable and interesting
to our country.
Upon this occasion, we feel it our duty to express, in the most
explicit manner, the sensations which the present crisis has excited,
and to assure you of our zealous co-operation in those measures
which may appear necessary for our security or peace.
Although the first and most ardent wish of our hearts is that peace
may be maintained with the French Republic and with all the world,
yet we can never surrender those rights which belong to us as a
nation; and whilst we view with satisfaction the wisdom, dignity, and
moderation, which have marked the measures of the Supreme
Executive of our country, in its attempts to remove, by candid
explanations, the complaints and jealousies of France, we feel the
full force of that indignity which has been offered our country in the
rejection of its Minister. No attempts to wound our rights as a
sovereign State will escape the notice of our constituents: they will
be felt with indignation, and repelled with that decision which shall
convince the world that we are not a degraded people; that we can
never submit to the demands of a foreign power without
examination, and without discussion.
Knowing, as we do, the confidence reposed by the people of the
United States in their Government, we cannot hesitate in expressing
our indignation at the sentiments disclosed by the President of the
Executive Directory of France, in his Speech to the Minister of the
United States. Such sentiments serve to discover the imperfect
knowledge which France possesses of the real opinions of our
constituents. An attempt to separate the people of the United States
from their Government, is an attempt to separate them from
themselves; and although foreigners who know not the genius of our
country may have conceived the project, and foreign emissaries may
attempt the execution, yet the united efforts of our fellow-citizens
will convince the world of its impracticability.
Happy would it have been, if the transactions disclosed in your
communication had never taken place, or that they could have been
concealed. Sensibly, however, as we feel the wound which has been
inflicted, we think with you, that neither the honor nor the interest
of the United States forbid the repetition of advances for preserving
peace; and we are happy to learn that fresh attempts at negotiation
will be commenced; nor can we too strongly express our sincere
desires that an accommodation may take place, on terms compatible
with the rights, interest, and honor of our nation. Fully, however,
impressed with the uncertainty of the result, we shall prepare to
meet with fortitude any unfavorable events which may occur, and to
extricate ourselves from the consequences, with all the skill we
possess, and all the efforts in our power. Believing with you that the
conduct of the Government has been just and impartial to foreign
nations; that the laws for the preservation of peace have been
proper, and that they have been fairly executed, the Representatives
of the People do not hesitate to declare that they will give their most
cordial support to the execution of principles so deliberately and
uprightly established.
The many interesting subjects which you have recommended to our
consideration, and which are so strongly enforced by this
momentous occasion, will receive every attention which their
importance demands; and we trust, that by the decided and explicit
conduct which will govern our deliberations, every insinuation will be
repelled which is derogatory to the honor and independence of our
country.
Permit us, in offering this Address, to express our satisfaction at your
promotion to the first office in the Government, and our entire
confidence that the pre-eminent talents and patriotism which have
placed you in this distinguished situation, will enable you to
discharge its various duties with satisfaction to yourself, and
advantage to our common country.
The Clerk having finished reading the Answer, the Chairman
proceeded to read it paragraph by paragraph. The three first
paragraphs were read without any thing being said upon them; but,
upon the fourth being read—
Mr. Evans moved, that instead of "will be felt with indignation,"
should be inserted, "will be felt with sensibility," as a milder phrase;
as he wished to avoid using expressions more harsh than was
necessary.
Mr. Nicholas said, if his colleague would give him leave, he believed
he had an amendment to offer, which would be proper to be offered
before one he had moved, as he believed there was a rule in the
House which forbids the striking out a clause after it had been
amended; and if the amendment he should propose obtained, it
might be necessary to strike out a part of that paragraph. It was his
intention to move a new paragraph, to be inserted between the first
and second. He believed it would be in order to do so.
The Chairman wished the proposition to be read.
Mr. Nicholas asked if it was not always in order to insert a new
section.
The Chairman believed it was, provided it was not intended as a
substitute for another.
Mr. Nicholas said he should candidly avow it to be his intention to
insert several new sections. For the information of the committee, he
would, therefore, read the whole, though he meant at present, to
move only one.
The following are the propositions which Mr. N. read in his place; the
first of which was under consideration:
After the first section insert:
"Although we are actuated by the utmost solicitude for the
maintenance of peace with the French Republic, and with all the
world, the rejection of our Minister and the manner of dismissing
him from the territories of France, have excited our warmest
sensibility; and, if followed by similar measures, and a refusal of all
negotiation on the subject of our mutual complaints, will put an end
to every friendly relation between the two countries; but we flatter
ourselves that the Government of France only intended to suspend
the ordinary diplomatic intercourse, and to bring into operation
those extraordinary agencies which are in common use between
nations, and which are confined in their intention to the great causes
of difference. We therefore receive with the utmost satisfaction, your
information that a fresh attempt at negotiation will be instituted; and
we expect with confidence that a mutual spirit of conciliation, and a
disposition on the part of the United States to place France on the
footing of other countries, by removing the inequalities which may
have arisen in the operation of our respective treaties with them will
produce an accommodation compatible with the engagements
rights, duties, and honor of the United States.
"We will consider the several subjects which you have recommended
to our consideration, with the attention which their importance
demands, and will zealously co-operate in those measures which
shall appear necessary for our own security or peace.
"Whatever differences of opinion may have existed among the
people of the United States, upon national subjects, we cannot
believe that any serious expectation can be entertained of
withdrawing the support of the people from their constitutional
agents, and we should hope that the recollection of the miseries
which she herself has suffered from a like interference, would
prevent any such attempt by the Republic of France; but we
explicitly declare for ourselves and our constituents that such an
attempt would meet our highest indignation, and we will repel every
unjust demand on the United States by foreign countries; that we
will ever consider the humiliation of the Government as the greatest
personal disgrace."
Mr. Thatcher observed, the gentleman from Virginia had read three or
four paragraphs, in the form of amendments. He presumed he did
not mean to add these, without striking out some part of the report.
He wished him to say what part he meant to strike out, that they
might see how the Answer would stand when amended in the way
he proposed. If they stood together, they would be inconsistent.
Mr. Giles presumed it was the object of the committee to bring into
view a comparison of ideas in some shape or other, and he thought
the amendment proposed was calculated to produce this effect. If he
understood the Answer as reported, it was predicated upon the
principle of approving all the measures which had been taken by the
Executive with respect to France, whilst the amendment avoided
giving that approbation. The simple question was, which of the two
grounds the House would take? He believed the best way of
ascertaining this, would be to move to insert, and if the amendments
were carried, to recommit the report, to be made conformable to
them.
Mr. Gallatin said, when an amendment was carried which affected
other parts of a composition, it was not usual to strike out, but to
recommit.
The Chairman having declared the motion to be in order,
Mr. Nicholas said, the present crisis was, in his mind, the most
serious and important which this country had known since the
declaration of its independence; and it would depend much,
perhaps, upon the Answer which they were about to return to the
Speech of the President, whether we were to witness a similar scene
of havoc and distress to that which was not yet forgotten; such as
had been passed through upon an important occasion, but such as
could be entered upon only as a last resource. The situation in which
we stood with respect to France called for the most judicious
proceeding; it was his wish to heal the breach, which was already
too wide, by temperate, rather than widen it by irritating measures.
He hoped, on this occasion, they should get rid of that irritation
which injury naturally produced on the mind. He declared he felt for
the insult which had been offered to Mr. Pinckney; and he felt more
for him, from the dignity with which he had borne it, which had
proved him a proper character for the embassy. He was sorry that it
should have been thought necessary by the French Republic to
refuse to acknowledge him as the Minister of this country; but he did
not think it right to suffer this first impression to influence their
proceedings upon this business. If the insults offered were a
sufficient cause for war, let the subject be examined by itself,
separate from all others; but, if it be our wish to proceed with
negotiation, he thought it wisest and best to adopt a firm but
moderate tone.
As he before observed, he felt for the situation of the gentleman
employed by this country; he thought it was a trying one, and did
great honor to himself, and he deserved the thanks of his country for
the good temper with which he had sustained it; but Mr. N.
confessed the subject did not strike him with all the force with which
it seemed to have impressed the mind of that respectable character.
He did not consider the insult offered to Government as going
further than the ill-treatment which our Minister had received. He
believed that the circumstances, which appeared in the papers laid
before them, in some degree accounted for the conduct of the
French Government. It appears that at first the Directory were
willing to receive Mr. Pinckney, but when they saw his credentials
they refused to acknowledge him. This circumstance, he said,
seemed to give a character to the transaction which explained its
meaning.
It will be recollected, said Mr. N., that since the cause, or imagined
cause (let it be one or the other) of complaint against this country,
that there has been an intercourse between the two Governments
on this subject. It was to be expected that if there had been any
intention in Government to have come to an adjustment of the
difference between the two countries, our Minister would have been
clothed with some power of accommodation. Mr. N. supposed that
when the French Directory agreed to receive him, this was their
opinion; but upon seeing his letters of credence, they found no such
power was given or intended. [He read the object of his mission
from the President's Speech, viz: "faithfully to represent," &c.]
If these, he said, were all the objects expressed in his letters of
credence—and if there had been more, the President would
doubtless have informed them of it—the matter perfectly justified
the character he had given of it.
He made these observations, because he thought on an occasion
like the present, the truth should be made to appear, and though an
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