Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade

2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

Unit 1 (1491-1607) (New World/Exploration)

Quick Concepts
● As native populations migrated and settled over North America over time, they
developed distinct and complex societies by adapting and transforming their
environments
● Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian
Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of
the Atlantic
Notes
● Pacific Northwest: abundance of natural resources and had a dense population
● Had lots of Salmon and Fish for easily accessible food
● Forests provided wood for housing and boats
● Desert Southwest: lived in multi-story houses made of adobe
● Grew crops of maize, beans, melons, and squash
● Great Plains: flat and open grasslands, and hot and dry summers
● Huge buffalo herds roamed across the plains
● Typically tribes here were nomads
● The Eastern Woodland: people typically hunter-gathered, and grew maize, squash, and
beans
● New World foods improved diets and stimulated population growth in European society
● Old World diseases decimated Native American population, around 90%
● Encomienda System: Spanish land grants from the crown to extract labor and tribute
from native people
● Native American numbers reduced, Spanish imported African slaves
● Intermarriage took place greatly between European, African, and Native Americans
● Caste System set up hierarchies in their society, Spanish at the top, Native
Americans at the bottom
Evidence
● 1492-1600: Columbian Exchange: exchange of plants, animals, and germs
○ New World: maize, tomatoes, potatoes, turkey
○ Old World Crops: wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, cattle, pigs, horses, smallpox
● Encomienda System: An example of how Native Americans were enslaved by the Spanish
● Pueblo Revolt (1680): Rebellion against the Spanish, brought greater cultural
accommodation
Court Cases
● None
People
● Pacific Northwest
○ Haida Tribe: collected shellfish and hunted ocean for whales, sea otters, and
seals
○ Kwakiutl: celebrated abundance by carving magnificent totems
● Desert Southwest
○ Pueblo: built settlements near Rio Grande
● Great Plains
○ Pawnee: planted corn, squash, and beans, became nomads, lived in portable
houses
● Eastern Woodlands

[1]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

○ Iroquois: Matriarichal society, first instance of democracy among Native

Americans
● Christopher Columbus: Discovered America in 1492 (Spain)
● Hernan Cotres: conquered Aztecs in 1521 (Spain)
● Francisco Pizarro: conquered Incas in 1533 (Spain)
● Bartolomeu Diaz: rounds southern tip of Africa (Portugal)
● Vasco da Gama: Sea route to india by sailing around Africa (Portugal)
● John Cabot: explores Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (English/Italian)
● Hernando De Soto: Explores lower Mississippi River (Spain)
● Ferdinand Magellan: Circumnavigates the world (Spain)
● Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: Defended Spanish right of conquest, agreed that Native
Americans were inferior
● Bartolome De Las Casas: Went against Spanish conquest, thought that Native Americans
should be treated with respect
● Ferdinand and Isabella: Royalty of spain that funded exploration

[2]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

Unit 2 (1604 - 1754) (Colonization/Early Revolution)

Quick Concepts
● European countries were influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the
various environments. They competed with each other and American Indians for
resources.
● The British Colonies participated in political, cultural, and economic changes with
Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds and resistance to British control.
Notes
● French came looking for a northwest passage to Asia
● Settled by traders and trappers who developed lucrative fur trading with Indian
tribes, had friendly relations with Native American tribes
● British Americans sought social mobility, economic prosperity, and religious freedom
● Religion - New England colonies, economic - Chesapeake Colonies
● Families living in compact communities - New England and widely scattered
plantations in the Chesapeake
● Native Americans - temporary alliances with French and English to get European goods
● Jamestown - Virginia joint-stock company - made by a group of shareholders
● Tobacco - Chesapeake - to get rich, cash crop, Europe got hooked on tobacco
● Chesapeake planters used indentured servitude: people who came from England to work
under a contract for certain(7) years in exchange for land
● Bacon’s Rebellion increased tensions between indentured servants, poor, and gentry
(rich)
● Fertile land, warm climate, and rainfall led to good conditions for tobacco, rice,
and indigo as cash crops
● Slavery - increased demand for slavery Chesapeake/South
● Small group of wealthy planters dominated Southern society
● Slave rebellions incited South Carolina legislature to enact strict laws prohibiting
slaves from assembling, making money, and learning to read
● Puritans wanted to reform or “purify” the Church of England, and left England to
escape religious persecution
● Believed they had a special pact with God (covenant) to build a model Christian
society
● Banished people who had different views than them - Roger W and Anne H
● Had a patriarchal society, and valued education as a means to read the Bible
● As Puritans grew, Indians realized that they were against them, and this led to King
Philip’s War, burning settlements across Massachusetts
● Penn made Pennsylvania as a “Holy Experiment”, served as refuge for Quakers
● Quakers were Pacifists, accepted greater role for women, opposed slavery, and
advocated for freedom of worship
● Sugar was grown in the English West Indies to make a profit, worth 4x as much as
tobacco
● Fueled transatlantic trading networks, made a triangular trade (New England, Africa,
West Indies)
● Mercantilism: Exports exceeding imports, allowed raw materials to come to mother
country
● Navigation Acts: Allowed trade only with Britain
● First Great Awakening: Preached to be more connected with God, get away from
Enlightenment ideals
● More and more people came to colonies
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 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● Enlightenment thinkers thought about human ability and natural rights

Evidence
● 1619 - Virginia’s House of Burgesses: First elected representative government
assembly
● 1620 - Mayflower Compact: First document to establish self-rule in North America,
religious covenant under God
● 1622-1644 - Powhatan War: Skirmish of Indians and Virginians
● 1630 - “City Upon a Hill”: Massachusetts would “shine like an example” to the world.
● 1675-1678 - King Philip’s War: War fought by Wampanoags, over retaliation of
Colonist encroachment
● 1676 - Bacon’s Rebellion: Facilitated switch from indentured servants to African
slavery
● 1739 - Stono Rebellion: Slave rebellion in South Carolina, led to stricter slave
laws
● 1730s and 1770s - First Great Awakening: Religious revival, tried to get away from
Enlightenment thinking and focus on connecting with God more
Court Cases
● None
People
● Lord De La Warr: Came from England to whip Jamestown into shape
● Lord Baltimore: Founded Maryland (Proprietary Colony)
● John Winthrop: Founded Massachusetts Bay Colony
● Roger Williams: Founded Rhode Island, booted from Mass. by John Winthrop
● Anne Hutchinson: Booted by John Winthrop, challenged Male authority
● William Penn: Founded Pennsylvania, led Quakers
● Jonathan Edwards: Preacher in 1st Great Awakening, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry
God”
● George Whitfield: Preacher in the First Great Awakening
● John Locke: Enlightenment thinker, Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, Property)
● Baron de Montesquieu: Enlightenment thinker, Separation of Powers & Checks and
Balances

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 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

Unit 3 (1754-1800) (British Conflict/Independence)

Quick Concepts
● British attempts to assert tighter control over the colonies led to them pursuing
self-government and the Revolutionary War
● The American Revolution’s democratic and republicam ideals inspired experiments with
different forms of government
● Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade
intensified conflicts among people and nations.
Notes
● Indians allied with the French to take control of the upper Ohio River Valley,
became the French and Indian War, a part of the Seven Years War, British vs F+Indian
● Benjamin Franklin promoted unification by the Albany Plan of Union
● British won the war, Indians lost a powerful ally
● Pontiac rebelled, led to Proclamation Line of 1763
● British were left with an enormous debt, started to take action
● Passed the Stamp Act, colonists argued that they did not have direct representation,
therefore could not be taxed
● British government said that they had virtual representation (by being subjects)
● Nine colonies sent representatives to the Stamp Act Congress, started a boycott of
British goods
● Repealed Stamp Act, and passed the Declaratory Act
● Passed the Townshend Acts, and sent British troops to enforce them
● Troops fired into a crowd in Boston, and called it the Boston Massacre
● Boston Patriots disguised as Indians and dumped tea into the harbor, calling it the
Boston Tea Party
● Parliament passed the Coercive Acts, or the Intolerable Acts, to punish them, which
deprived them of their right to self rule (shut off town meetings, closed off the
harbor, etc).
● 1st Continental Congress called for a complete boycott of goods and gathering of
militia
● After bloody battles in Lexington and Concord, Second Continental Congress convened
and made a Continental Army and named George Washington the leader
● Thomas Paine’s Common Sense greatly influenced Independence
● Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, utilizing Enlightenment ideals of
“Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness”
● America won because they were led by George Washington, British government was
divided, French Alliance after the Battle of Saratoga, belief in their ideals, and
knowledge of their terrain.
● Treaty of Paris confirmed their independence (Ben Franklin - Ambassador)
● Articles of Confederation were made, and gave the states too much power, and they
were not allowed to tax, form militia, or control over interstate commerce
● Established Northwest Ordinance, which allowed land to become states, and abolished
slavery there
● Daniel Shays led a rebellion, and the legislature were unable to put a force
together to put it down, led to doubt in the Articles
● Ratification was mainly against the Federalists (for), and antifederalists
(against), antifederalist only agreed because of adding Bill of Rights
● Great Compromise led to combinations of the Virginia Plan (House of
Representatives), and the New Jersey Plan (Senate)
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 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● 3/5th Compromise was about making slaves 3/5th of a person for counting
representation in the House of Representatives
● North’s First Emancipation gradually got rid of slavery in the North
● Republican Motherhood was the ideal of women teaching the sons to be model members
of Society, increased their education
● Hamilton - establish credit, make first BUS, handle debts, tax on liquor, protective
tariffs to protect American industry, and currency stability
● Hamilton - loose interpretation of the Constitution, Jefferson - Strict
interpretation
● Jay’s Treaty kept peace with Britain, but strained relations with France, led to the
divide of Political Parties
● Washington warned in his Farewell Address to not make alliances, and to not let
political parties divide the nation up
● Alien and Sedition Acts made it illegal to criticize the President, Virginia and
Kentucky Resolutions advocated for Nullification
Evidence
● 1750 - Albany Plan of Union: Written by Benjamin Franklin “Join or Die”.
● 1763-1766 - Pontiac’s Rebellion: Uprising led by Chief Pontiac over Colonists in
their land
● 1763 - Proclamation Line of 1763: A line at the Appalachians that the Colonists
couldn’t cross
● 1765 - Stamp Act: Taxed anything that was printed
● 1766 - Declaratory Act: Stated that Parliament could make binding laws on anything
whatsoever
● 1767 - Townshend Acts: Placed import duties on everyday items like paint, glass,
paper, and tea
● 1770 - Boston Massacre: Troops firing into a crowd and killing civilians
● 1773 - Boston Tea Party: Dumping of 342 chests of tea into the Boston harbor
● 1773 - Intolerable Acts: No town meetings, closed down Boston port, and quartered of
British troops
● 1774 - 1st Continental Congress: 55 Delegates to Philadelphia to discuss Intolerable
Acts
● 1775 - 2nd Continental Congress: Same delegates after Lexington and Concord battles
● 1775 - Olive Branch Petition: early calls for peace, but King George III didn’t
listen
● 1776 - Common Sense: Talked about how King George was an oppressive brute, and they
should start over.
● 1777 - Battle of Saratoga: The battle that secured French alliance
● Battle of Yorktown: Battle that ended the war
● 1783 - Treaty of Paris: Allowed American independence, and allowed them to go past
the Proclamation Line westward.
● 1786-1787 Shays Rebellion: Rebellion of Farmers, mainly because they were poor
● 1787 - Federalist Papers #10: Defended Republican form of government, established
Majority vs Minority rule
● 1787 - Virginia Plan: Representation based on Population
● 1787 - New Jersey Plan: Representation based off of State
● 1788 - Federalist Papers #51: Advocates for Checks and Balances and Separation of
Powers

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 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● 1791 - Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments, said in clear terms what rights the
people had
● 1796 - Jay’s Treaty: Led to the significant development of political parties
● 1796 - Washington's Farewell Address: Advocated no alliances and first Isolationism
● 1798 - Alien and Sedition Acts: Intended to punish Democratic-Republicans, unable to
criticize the President
● 1798 - 1799 - Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Made by Jefferson and James Madison,
advocated to Nullify Alien and Sedition Acts
Court Cases
● None
People
● Benjamin Franklin: Founding Father, negotiated Treaty of Paris, and inventor
● Chief Pontiac: Chief that attacked Colonists
● King George III: King of Britain at the time
● George Grenville: British Prime Minister
● Charles Townshend: Head of the British Treasury
● Paul Revere: Patriot, alerted Americans before Lexington and Concord
● George Washington: Leader of the Continental Army, First President of the United
States (Federalist)
● Thomas Paine: Wrote “Common Sense”
● Thomas Jefferson: Wrote the Declaration of Independence, future 3rd President of the
United States (Antifederalist)
● Daniel Shays: Former Continental Army captain, and led Shays Rebellion
● Henry Clay: The Great Compromiser, made the Great Compromise and 3/5th Compromise.
● Abigail Adams: Wife of John Adams, advocated for rights of women
● John Jay: Writer of the Federalist Papers and the first Supreme Court Justice
(Federalist)
● Alexander Hamilton: First Secretary of the Treasury (Federalist)
● James Madison: 4th President of the United States, wrote Kentucky Resolution
(Antifederalist)
● John Adams - 2nd President of the United States (Federalist)

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 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

Unit 4 (1800-1848) (New Republic, Early Industrialism)

Quick Concepts
● The US began developing a modern democracy and culture, while Americans tried
influencing this
● Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce accelerated the US economy and
brought great changes to American society and identity
● The US wanted to increase international trade and expand its borders, causing the
ensuing foreign policy, and government and private initiatives
Notes
● Revolution of 1800: end of the Federalist Era with the Election of 1800, bringing
Democratic-Republicans like Jefferson and Madison, with a peaceful transfer of power
● Jeffersonian Democracy - wanted more “simplicity”, which led to more informal
practices, cutting taxes and government spending, reducing military, and encouraging
an agrarian society
● 1803 - Louisiana Purchase - Louisiana Territory sold by Napoleon to the US of $15
million, doubling the size of the US (however Jefferson was reluctant at first,
doubting his powers as written in the Constitution)
○ 1804-1806 - Lewis and Clark expedition sponsored
● Embargo of 1807 placed by Jefferson on Europe to try to avoid European conflicts
like French Revolution (believed in neutrality, though supported the Revolution)
○ Turned out to be quite hated by New England shippers
● War of 1812 fought due to British forcing American seamen into Royal Navy - War
Hawks like Clay and Calhoun planned it
○ British defeated, reassured USA's independence, as well as Canada’s
○ General Andrew Jackson won decisive battle in New Orleans
● Henry Clay’s American System called for increased tariffs and industry
● 1820 - Missouri Compromise - 36° 30’ line for slave and free state admissions,
except for Missouri (balanced by bringing Maine as a free state)
● 1823 - Monroe Doctrine - US would not allow European nations to colonize Western
Hemisphere
● Election of 1824 - Jackson got most popular and electoral vote, but did not have
majority of electoral votes, leading to a vote in the House and John Quincy Adams
winning (“corrupt bargain”)
● New voting laws allowed almost all White males to vote - Jackson won Election of
1828 due to him presenting himself as a common man, White male suffrage, and
patronage
● 1828 - Tariff of Abominations passed by Jackson - met large opposition by South
Carolina
● Calhoun supported South Carolina nullifying the tariff
● 1833 - Jackson attempted to pass Force Bill increasing military powers over states -
SC threatened secede - Clay made a Compromise of 1833 (gradual reduction of tariffs)
● 1830 - Indian Removal Act forced Natives to move west of Mississippi
● 1833 - Bank War - Jackson vetoed renewal of Second BUS charter, creating several
regional “pet banks” that were poorly managed and created an economic bubble
● Jackson and his Democratic Party called as “King Andrew the First” by Whigs
● Election of 1836 - Whigs not very organized, causing Van Buren to win (Jackson’s
loyal Vice President)
● Van Buren inherited booming economy, but bubble quickly popped and Van Buren’s
presidency doomed by economic failure
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 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● Panic of 1837 - causes - bubble, Specie Circular/Coinage Act (requiring federal land
payments in gold and silver), pet banks
● 1840 - William Henry Harrison won Election of 1840 (Whig)
● Whigs - based on Federalists (strong federal government, American System, National
Bank; against spoils system, Indian removal, and western expansion)
● Democrats - founded by Jackson (supported states’ rights, strict interpretation of
the Constitution, what Whigs were against; against what Whigs supported)
● Cotton became one of the largest cash crops, especially in South (with help of the
invention of the Cotton Gin), sold cotton to Britain
● Large, elite planters had most power, with regular yeoman farmers turning to large
planters, aspiring to become elite one day
○ Large chunk of Whites in the South were unskilled
● African Slave Trade was outlawed in 1808, leading to the Domestic Slave Trade
○ Many slaves resisted with rebellion, while other were free (either freed
earlier in their ancestry by idealistic owners, or by purchasing freedom)
● Many earlier people (like Jefferson and Monroe) viewed slavery as a “necessary
evil”, but over time this notion changed to a “positive good” (Calhoun)
● Technology - roads, Erie Canal, steamboats, agricultural equipment, railroads
(especially) - reduced labor time and costs, and increased connectivity (telegraphs,
too) and standard of living
● Market Revolution - (increased industry and wealthy class of urban capitalists in
Northeast, accelerated migration of settlers and production of cash crops like wheat
and corn in the Midwest, and extended plantation system of wealthy planters in the
South)
● The Factory System changed how American industry and manufacturing worked - started
with textile factories and spread, leading to industrialization and urbanization
○ Lowell System - women would live and work at factories, faced many changes
later on due to strikes and protests of things like low pay and bad working
conditions (led to regulations of factories and labor)
● First Wave Immigration - Irish were suffering from Potato famine and disease, so
came to America, worked low paying factory jobs (made up to 50% of factory workers)
supported Democrats (common man), and brought Catholicism; Germans settled in more
rural areas and came due to political unrest
● Nativism - prejudice against Irish and other immigrants, saying that they were
inferior to Anglo-Saxons, and could not assimilate into American society
(Know-Nothings big nativist group, Anti-Catholic)
● Second Great Awakening - brought people away from Calvinism (predestination, almost
everyone was damned, etc.) and said that people choose their fate through their
actions (“Moral Free Agents”), Burned Over District - set on “fire” bc of religious
diversity
● Reformed movements - Horace Mann with educational reform (better public school
system), Dorothea Dix with help for mentally ill, Temperance Movement
● American Colonization Society - advocated for abolition of slavery amd moving back
Black people to Africa (Liberia)
● William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator antislavery
● Frederick Douglas - recruited by Garrison
● Women’s reform - Cult of Domesticity, Seneca Falls Convention (start of fem.)

[9]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● Culture changed from Deism (God created universe and operated through natural laws
that people could derive with math, etc.) to Romanticism (based on 2nd GA, spiritual
feelings)
● Transcendentalism - believed that God was within each person and people could find
God through spiritual truth
● Hudson River School - first native school of art, painted America’s landscapes
Court Cases
● 1803 - Marbury v. Madison - judicial review (court decides constitutionality)
● 1803 - Worcester v. Georgia - Marshall upheld Cherokee Nation’s legal right to their
land - Jackson blatantly ignored it, citing that the President had the powers to
enforce it - Trail of Tears with many Natives force out
● 1810 - Fletcher v. Peck - first time court rules a state law unconstitutional,
upheld sanctity of legal contracts
● 1819 - McCulloch v. Maryland - states cannot tax federal government, confirmed
constitutionality of BUS
● 1819 - Dartmouth College v. Woodward - charters and contracts cannot be crossed
● 1821 - Cohens v. Virginia - federal power over state court decisions
● 1823 - Johnson v. McIntosh - private citizens cannot buy land from Natives
● 1824 - Gibbons v. Ogden - Congress has power over interstate commerce
● 1831 - Cherokee Nation v. Georgia - Cherokees dependent nation under the US
● 1832 - Worcester v. Georgia - established tribal autonomy, but Jackson ignored
● 1837 - Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge - interests of community/society
greater than business interests and contracts
● 1842 - Commonwealth v. Hunt - declared unions and strike as lawful
People
● John C. Calhoun - SC supported secession, idea of positive slavery
● Aaron Burr - wanted to unite Indian tribes
● William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator - antislavery
● Dorothea Dix - Prison reform, mental asylums
● Andrew Jackson - Pres. used veto, Trail of tears “King Andrew Jackson”
● James Monroe - Monroe Doctrine - US controls west, Europe shouldn’t interfere
● Eli Whitney - cotton gin
● Noah Webster - English language dictionary (1847)
● Daniel Webster - Senator, contributed to the Compromise of 1850
● Nicholas Biddle - Pres of Second BUS, arrogant, shut down by Pres Jackson
● Martin van Buren - President under economic crash Panic of 1837
● Henry David Thoreau - American transcendentalism
● Hawthorne - transcendentalist writer
● Brigham Young - preacher of Mormons , became gov of Utah
● Elizabeth Cady Stanton - 1840s - Seneca falls women leader Declaration of Sentiments
● Poets - Emily Dickinson, Edgar Allen Poe, Hawthorne, Walt Whitman, Charles Finney

[10]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

Unit 5 (1844-1877) (Expansion, Slavery, Civil War,

Reconstruction)
Quick Concepts
● As the US became more connected with the world, it expanded in the Western
Hemisphere and many immigrants came here
● Due to divisions on expansion, slavery, and other issues, the US was driven into
civil war
● Union victory settled issues of slavery and secession, but powers of federal
government and citizenship rights still in question
Notes
● 1835-1836 - Texas Revolution - Americans settled in Texas because Mexico allowed it,
then fought for independence when Mexico banned more slavery and settlement
● Americans wanted to annex Texas, but Jackson left it as Lone Star Republic
● 1812-1867 Manifest Destiny - Americans had God given right to expand West (John
O’Sullivan)
● James Polk based his presidency on Manifest Destiny, with annexation of Texas
happening days before entering office, and taking Oregon later
● 1848 - Mexican American War - Polk and Congress declared war over Texas territory
disputes, while Whigs condemned it as a way of expanding territory and slavery
● Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott conquered Mexico
● 1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - Mexico ceded California and New Mexico
territory to the US and accepted Rio Grande as new border for Texas
● 1854 - Gadsden Purchase bought more land south of New Mexico territory
● 1846 - Wilmot Proviso - proposed to ban all slavery in land gained through Mexico,
allow freedoms for White people - divided North and South rather than parties,
passed House but not Senate
● 1848-1850: California Gold Rush - people came to find gold and become rich
● Henry Clay (Great Compromiser) was able to get measures passed (due to split Senate
between North and South) - regarding California, Mexican territories, slavery, etc.,
Compromise of 1833, Compromise of 1850, Missouri Compromise of 1820, Great
Compromise (senate and house),
● 1850 - Fugitive Slave Act - required Northerners to return fugitive slaves to owners
in South, Antislavery Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom’s Cabin influenced by this -
abolitionist
● Underground Railroad - people like Harriet Tubman led several hundred slaves to
freedom
● Kansas-Nebraska Act - both territories were north of antislavery line, Douglas
introduced bill that would essentially abolish Missouri Compromise through
establishing popular sovereignty, where the residents of the land would choose
between allowing or banning slavery
○ Aggressively divided the nation, leasing to Bleeding Kansas with people moving
to try to sway votes in the territories, many died in the process
○ Douglas’s chance for president blown, Lincoln’s career revitalized, declared
himself a Republican
● 1859 - John Brown - raided Harpers Ferry to free slaves, but failed and died in the
process, though nation was captivated and he was held as a martyr in the North
● Election of 1860 - Lincoln won due to heavily divided Democrats

[11]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● Many southern states tried seceding after the election, but Senator Crittenden
proposed Crittenden Compromise 1860 which would extend Missouri Compromise line to
west coast, but this was rejected due to Republican’s promise to not expand slavery
● Civil War - Union vs Confederate States, Lincoln said statehood could not be
invalidated, and that South would have no conflict without themselves being the
aggressors
● 1861 - Fort Sumter - first battle of Civil War
● Border States - slaveholding states that did not secede
● North - had advantages of more people, industry, transportation, presidential
leadership, supplies, and food; disadvantages of divided goals of war and lack of
military leadership
● South - advantages of only needing to fight the defensive, strong military
leadership (Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson), and that Britain and France
heavily relied on Confederacy for cotton (could lead to recognition of Confederacy);
disadvantages of less people, industrial capacity, no railroad, lack of executive
leadership
● 1863 - Emancipation Proclamation - freed slaves only in seceded states, strengthened
Union’s moral cause - Permitted Black people to join Federal army - “Blacks in Blue”
● With secesion of many southern states, Northerners/Republicans got control of
Congress and passed many landmark laws that were originally blocked by Southerners -
Homestead Act 1862, Morrill Land-Grant College Act 1862, Pacific Railroad Act 1862,
National Banking Act 1863
● Consequences of Civil War: ended southern policy of state sovereignty (federal
powers supreme); south lost its power and lost many people, economic losses, etc.;
North gained industrial power and rise of corporates
● Women also got more active roles in society
● Over 4 million slaves emancipated
● 1863-1877: Reconstruction - Lincoln’s 10% Plan allowed any southern state to reenter
the Union with full pardon (except high ranking Confederate leaders) where 10% of
the electorate took an oath of loyalty to the Union
● 13th Amendment formally abolished slavery
● When Lincoln died, Johnson took power and he supported southerners → more support
for ex-Confederates
● Black Codes - South enacted restrictive policies on black people
● 1866 - Civil Rights Act of 1866 - gave citizenship to all Black people, followed by
14th Amendment
● 1867 - Reconstruction Act of 1867 - divided South into 5 districts each under a
Union general
● Johnson was impeached, escaped conviction by one vote
● 1870 - 15th Amendment - right to vote
● 1863-1877 - Radical Republicans/Reconstruction - tried controlling South and
enforcing their policies there
● Slavery “not truely dead”, as it was still there in people’s morals
● KKK created and rose
● 1869-1877 - Grant’s presidency full of scandals, led to loss of support for
Republicans
● 1877 - Compromise of 1877 - disputed electoral votes in presidential election in
1876 - Hayes won on basis that he would remove federal troops from South, end of
Reconstruction

[12]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● Henry Grady - “New South”, new generation of southern leaders

○ Industrial South
● Cotton large cash crop, sharecropping, landless Blacks forced to sell their labor
and worked for wealthy landowners
● Redeemers - southern Dems that “redeemed” south from Repubs
● Jim Crow Laws - “separate but equal”, Plessy v. Ferguson (connection)
● Booker T. Washington - believed in gradual change, and that Blacks needed to prove
their worth to Whites, believed slavery caused racism
● WEB Du Bois - racism caused slavery, Blacks should know their own worth and don’t
need to be under mercy of Whites
○ Helped found NAACP
Court Cases
● 1857 - Dred Scott v. Sandford - Blacks have no rights, invalidated Missouri Comp.
● 1869 - Texas v. White - Constitution does not allow secession
● 1873 - Slaughterhouse Cases - upheld 14th Amendment
● 1877 - Munn v. Illinois - government power over private industries
People
● Way too many, look at notes and this link:
https://quizlet.com/109254512/apush-period-5-people-flash-cards/
● Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom’s Cabin
● Nat Turner - led slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831
● Frederick Douglas - abolitionist
● Harriet Tubman
● Sojourner Truth - abolitionist, recruited Black troops for Union army
● David Walker - wanted end to White supremacy - “Appeal to the colored citizens of
the world”
● Zachary Taylor - war general in Mexican American War, 12th US pres
● Stephen DOuglas - Democrat, Kansas-Nebraska Act, lost to Lincoln
● Millard Fillmore - 13th US president, last Whig
● Franklin Pierce - 14th US president
● James Buchanan - 1th US president
● Roger Taney - Chief Justice (Dred Scott case)
● Abraham Lincoln
● Hinton Helper - Helperism, southern critic of slavery
● Charles Sumner - Radical Repub from Mass., wanted to abolish slavery, attacked by
Preston Brooks with a cane
● Jefferson Davis - president of confederacy
● Winfield Scott - Union army general - anaconda plan
● George McClellan - Union army general, scapegoat for Union troubles
● Robert E Lee - confederate general
● Ulysses Grant - Union general, 18th US president
● Andrew Johnson - 17th US president, VP to Lincoln

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 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

Unit 6 (1865-1898) (Gilded Age, Unions, Industry)

Quick Concepts
● Technological advances led to industrial capitalism in the US
● Migration transformed urban and rural areas of US, social and cultural changes
● Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reforms, and
debate over economic and social policies
Notes
● 1860-1900 called Gilded Age, coined by Mark Twain
● Great Plains - home to 250K Indians
● Texas and California became part of American territory, Hispanic elite lost
authority and became working class
● Chinese - Gold Rush and demand for railroad construction, mass migration of Chinese
to California, persecuted b/c of competition
● Migration - 1870-1900 miners, ranchers, farmers went West
● 2nd Immigration - Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Germans immigrated
● Technological Innovations - mechanical reapers, wind-driven water pumps, barbed-wire
fences
● “New South” attempts at industrialization in South, sharecropping persisted
● Transportation - Steamboats and canals (Erie Canal) sparked market revolution that
connected previously isolated cities
● Government Regulation - little to none, laissez faire
● Communication - railroads, telegraph -> instantaneous communication
● Social Darwinism - ruthless, survival of the fittest
● 1870-1900 some Socialists argued against big business, urban centers became dominant
in American life/culture
● Electric Trolleys - 200 cities, 30K tracks, 15K miles of track
● Skyscrapers being built in cities for first time
● 3rd New Immigration
○ Before 1880s, immigrants came from Western Europe and Scandinavia
○ After, immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Poland,
Russia, Greece) (crushed by poverty, persecution)
○ Most went to North cities, very very few went South
○ CONTRAST 1840s Immigration - nativists opposed Catholicism, Know Nothing Party
● Political Machines - Boss Tweed NYC - stealing from city treasuries
● Department Stores, spectator sports, newspapers, realism in art
Evidence
● 1790s-1800s - Start of Second Industrial Revolution in Rhode Island and
Massachusetts
● 1848 - Seneca Falls Convention - beginnings of feminist movement, equal rights
● 1851 - Fort Laramie Treaty - Settlers got safe passage on Oregon Trail, Plains
tribes got “permanent” lands (only lasted 40 years)
● 1857 - Bessemer process to create stronger steel
● 1862 - Pacific Railroad Act - authorized construction of transcontinental railroad
● 1862 - Homestead Act - opened West to farming, completion of
Pacific/transcontinental railroad led to migration
● 1869 - Knights of Labor founded - national labor union (unskilled labor)
● 1886 - AFL American Fed Labor - Marcus Garvey - (skilled labor)

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 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● 1876 - Battle of the Little Bighorn - Sioux and Cheyenne defeated US troops, US sent
backup and annihilated the natives (last stand of natives)
● 1877 - Great Railroad Strike - revealed violent conflicts
● 1881 - Helen Hunt Jackson published A Century of Dishonor
● 1882 - Chinese Exclusion Act - suspended immigration of Chinese laborers for 10yr
● 1887 - Dawes Act - failed forced assimilation of natives, dissolved tribes, gov
seized tribal lands from natives
● 1889 - Gospel of Wealth - Andrew Carnegie, how to give back to community
● 1890 - Turner Thesis - frontier promoted democracy
● 1893 - Panic of 1893 - caused by collapse of Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and
the National Cordage Companies, millions laid off
● 1890 - Sherman Antitrust Act
● 1890 - How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Riis) - expose poverty
● 1894 - Pullman Strike - Pullman company cut wages by 25%, walked off jobs, boycott
of Pullman cars, put down by government
Court Cases
● 1877 - Munn v Illinois - upheld state power to regulate priv. Industry
● 1890 - Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul Railroad Company v Minnesota - declared Grange
Laws unconstitutional, no regulation of priv industry, gov supporting ind. captains
● 1895 - In Re Debs - upheld gov. power to intervene in strikes (Pullman)
● 1895 - US v EC Knight Company - gov. didn’t have power to stop monopolies, showed
gov support for industrialist elite
● 1896 - Plessy v Ferguson - upheld segregation, “separate but equal”
People
● Helen Hunt Jackson - writer that wrote A Century of Dishonor
● Frederick Jackson Turner - wrote Turner Thesis
● Patricia Nelson Limerick - wrote The Legacy of Conquest that criticized Turner
Thesis
● Thomas Edison - famous inventor that made the phonograph and light bulb
● Andrew Carnegie - Carnegie Steel, vertical integration (controlling all production)
● John D. Rockefeller - Standard Oil, horizontal integration (monopoly, buy out comp.)
● Henry Bessemer - bessemer process steel
● Jacob Riis - muckraker - How the Other Half Lives (1890)
● Jane Addams - Hull House - settlement/community houses, taught immigrants English
and helped poor
● Walter Rauschenbusch - Social Gospel movement - churches should help need

[15]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

Unit 7 (1890-1945) (Populist, Progressive, WW1 & WW2)

Quick Concepts
● Expanded opportunity, economic instability led to new social and economic reforms
● Innovations in communication and technology led to cultural changes, and changes in
migration/immigration
● Participation in global conflicts made US a superpower
Notes
● Populist party - angry farmer debtors, labor leaders, women activists, socialists
● Goals of Populists - Gov control of railroads (take away from capitalists), silver
coinage, 8 hour workday, direct election of senators, income tax on rich
● Progressivism - create better democratic society, middle and upper class reformers,
response to urbanization/industrialization
● Muckrakers - exposed social wrongs
● “New Woman” - woman became activists in addition to home makers
● Temperance movement - led by women, success 18th Amendment
● TR - Trust Buster, trust (large business that manages other businesses with board)
● Square Deal - TR Domestic Policy - 3Cs (conservation natural resources, control
corporations, consumer protection)
● Conservationists - environ and resources used responsibly (TR)
● Preservationists - “hands off” land should be for beauty (TR and John Muir)
● New Markets - Latin America, Asia, Pacific
● “White man’s burden” to civilize non-Europeans “liberation”
● Spanish American War: Cubans rebel against Spanish Valeriano Weyler, yellow
journalists spread propaganda about mistreatment, public hate of Spain
● Consequences/Effects: No more Spain empire in NA, US world power now, first time US
got foreign territory (Philippines for $20M and Hawaii)
● Debate - expansionists said acquisition of Philippines was against US ideals, Pres.
McKinley cited “white man’s burden” and approved it, later Jones Act Phil independ.
● John Hay - Open Door Policy - protected commercial interests in China
● Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine - US could interfere in Central America and
Caribbean, US became a police power, instead of a defense against European powers in
West, it became added justification in Caribbean affairs
● Later removed by the “Good Neighbor Policy” - by FDR (Franklin Roosevelt)
● Causes of WW1 - assassination Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria (1914)
● Zimmerman telegram - Germany signals Mexico to invade US, US enters war
● Great Migration - labor shortage in North bc many enlisted for WW1, 400K southern
blacks migrated to Northern cities to fill this shortage, racial tensions in cities
● 14 points and League of Nations - Wilson wanted but failed, instead heavy
punishments to Germany at the Treaty of Paris
● Industrialization - Henry Ford made the assembly line system that dropped prices of
cars, more highways being built, stimulated economy through steel, rubber,glass,gas,
revolutionized US into interconnected cities/suburbs
● Roaring 20s - new entertainment culture (movies, radio), consumerism (people should
buy things to support the economy)
● Lost Generation - WW1 lost after war traumatized, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Sinclair
Lewis, criticized materialism
● Harlem Rennaissance (1920s) - New Negro - Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Jean
Tomomer, James Weldon, Zora Neale Hurston (writers), black pride, self help
● Rise of KKK in 1920s - hate Catholics, immigrants, Jews, African Americans
[16]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● Causes of Great Depression - stock market crashed, revealed economic weaknesses,

investors and banks hurt, richest 5% had ⅓ of nation income, overproduction and
underconsumption, unsold goods piled up, agricultural income plunged by 60%, 20K
farms closed per month, 9K banks closed, 25% living in poverty, Dust Bowl in 1930s,
20K WW1 veterans wanted payment, Hoover no federal action
● Harding - “return to normalcy” after Roaring 20’s
● Coolidge - prosperity, only chose 1 term
● Herbert Hoover - showed popular support for Republican party
● FDR - first hundred days - see evidence for important acts (NIRA, AAA, PWA, etc.)
● 90% of black voters switched to FDR and Democratic Party
● WW2 Big 3 - Roosevelt, Curchill, Stalin
● “Rosie the Riveter” - patriotic symbol of women taking control and helping in war
● “Double V Campaign” - beat fascism abroad and racism at home
Evidence
● 1872 - Yellowstone National Park
● 1890 - Yosemite National Park
● 1890 - The Influence of Sea Power upon History - US must make navy to become empire
● 1890 - Sherman Antitrust Act - used to break up trusts
● 1898 - USS Maine - exploded killing 260, US and press blamed Spanish
● 1892 - Omaha Platform - creation of Populist party
● 1896 - Pres Election - Populist Party supported Democratic William Jennings Bryan,
after loss Populist Party collapsed, crop failure in Europe meant more dependance on
American farmers, prices went up, farmers happy
● 1899 - Hay’s Open Door Policy - protected US commercial interests in China
● 1902 - Great Coal Strike of 1902 - President TR forced coal mine owners to negotiate
with United Mine Workers union
● 1902 - TR breaks up Northern Securities Company that monopolized rail in NW
● 1913 - Federal Reserve Act of 1913 - established 12 district banks coordinated by
the “Fed” bank, connection to BUS
● 1914 - Clayton Antitrust - strengthened Sherman Antitrust, protected unions
● 1914 - Opening of Panama Canal - made US a commanding world power
● 1914 - assassination Archduke Francis Ferdinand
● 1915 - Lusitania - German submarine sunk US ship, 128 Americans dead
● 1916 - Jones Act - Philippines finally gets independence in 1946
● 1916 - Federal Highway Act - created paved roads across country
● 1917 - Bolsheviks led by Lenin take control of Russia
● 1917 - Espionage Act - no espionage or interfering with war
● 1918 - Sedition Acts - no criticism of the US government
● 1918 - 18th Amendment - prohibition
● 1920 - 19th Amendment - suffrage
● 1920 - Palmer Raids - revealed paranoia under Red Scare, violation of citizen rights
● 1921 - The Washington Naval Conference - Japan agree to American Open Door policy
● 1924 - Dawes Plan - gave $200M loan to Germans, helped German eco recover after WW1
● 1924 - National Origins Act - limited immigration to 2% of population
● 1933 - TVA Tennessee Valley Authority - controlled floods, farming, created dams
● 1933 - Social Security Administration, Civil Works Administration, Public Works
Administration, National Industrial Recovery Act
● 1933 - Emergency Banking Act - stabilize confidence in banks

[17]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● 1933-1942 - Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) allowed men to volunteer in national

parks, public works, etc.
● 1934 - Hetch Hetchy Controversy - preservationists vs. dam building conservationists
showed conflicts, TR allowed building of dam
● 1936 - Hoover Dam
● 1937 - Farm Security Administration
● 1937 - Neutrality Acts - limited loans and selling of arms to warring nations
● 1940 - Lend-Lease Act - US could send war materials to countries whose defense was
vital for the US, Great Britain and France vs Germany for example
● 1941 - Pearl Harbor - 4 days later Germany/Italy declare war on US, US entered
● 1941 - Executive Order 8802 - no more racial discrimintation in defense industries,
created the Fair Employment Practices Committee
● 1945 - Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroyed by 2 atomic bombs (first ever used)
● 1945 - Japanese Surrender - WW2 over
Court Cases
● 1908 - Muller v Oregon - 10 hour work day for women
● 1918 - Hammer v Dagenhart - child labor unconstitutional
● 1919 - Schenck v US - ruled that free speech could be limited it it provoked “clear
and present danger” of substantive evils
● 1920s - Sacco and Vanzetti - two Italian radical anarchists executed, lack of
evidence (exposed nativism)
● 1925 - Gitlow v US - allowed criminalizing advocating violent rebellion
● 1925 - Scopes Trial - upheld Butler Act, no teaching evolution in Tennessee schools
(fundamentalism Christianity vs. modernism Science)
● 1943 - Hirabayashi vs US - court upheld curfews against Japanese Americans
● 1944 - Korematsu v. US - court upheld constitutionality of Exec Order 9066 (wartime)
● 1954 - Brown v. Board of Education
●
People
● Williams Jennings Bryan - Democratic Candidate supported by Populists in Election of
1896
● Upton Sinclair - The Jungle 1906 - muckraker exposed bad factory conditions
● Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens - Muckrakers
● President TR - trust buster, Progressive President
● John Muir - preservationist nature lover
● Woodrow Wilson - racist Progressivist, passed Clayton, etc.
● Captain Alfred T. Mahan - author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History
● Franz Fitzgerald - The Great Gatsby 1925 - criticized materialism + American dream
● Eleanor Roosevelt - promoted equality for women and African Americans
● FDR - progressive president throughout WW2 and Great Depression
● President Truman - Manhattan project - atomic bombs
● Philip Randolph - President of All Black Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - March
on Washington Movement, led to the passing of Executive Order 8802

[18]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

Unit 8 (1945 - 1980) (Cold War, Modern Progressives,

Civil Rights)
Quick Concepts
● US responded to uncertain postwar world by asserting/maintaining position of global
leadership, with long-term domestic/intl. consequences
● new liberal + civil rights efforts to expand the role of government generated a
variety of political/cultural responses
● postwar economic/demographic changes had long-term consequences for US society,
politics, culture
Notes
● The US emerged from WW2 as the world’s most powerful/prosperous nation
● Soviets had heavy losses during war (Nazis destroyed may Russian cities,etc)
○ → explains why postwar, US focused on maintaining prosperity while Soviets
focus on making buffer zone in East Europe to protect from future attacks
● 1946 Churchill “Iron Curtain” speech - Soviets building grip on East Europe by
installing pro-Soviet governments
● George Kennan - containment policy of blocking Soviet influence expansion
● 1947 - Britain can’t financially afford to support Greece and Turkey anymore →
President Truman gives $400 million in aid - Truman Doctrine-supporting freedom
● Truman Doctrine = start of Cold War - would run from 1947 to 1991: limit the spread
of communism!
● Marshall Plan - $13 billion to reconstruct Western Europe, which was ruined by WWII
● 1949 - NATO alliance is formed - collective security. Stalin responds w/ Warsaw Pact
(alliance between Soviets and East European countries)
● 1945 - Allies divided Germany/Berlin into 4 occupation zones. June 1948 -
US/Britain/France merge occupation zones → Stalin cuts off access to West Berlin
○ ^^first test of Cold War - Truman does Berlin Airlift → Stalin reopens access
to W. Berlin → West Allies make West Germany, Stalin makes East Germany state
○ Berlin Wall - Cold War symbol - knocked down in 1989 - joyful
● Postwar, US helped Japan rebuild economy + democratic govt. - Gen. Douglas McArthur
● Chinese civil war - Communist Mao Zedong beat Nationalist Chiang Kai-Shek, est.
People’s Republic of China - Mao allies with Soviets in 1950 - US defeat
● Korean War - divided at 38th parallel - Soviet commie govt in North, US pro-Western
govt. in South. Ended with armistice at 38th parallel, MacArthur fired by Truman
○ consequences - US expands involvement in Asia, sets precedent for Vietnam War,
huge defense spending, desegregation of US military
● Second Red Scare - fear of communist infiltration post-WWII.
○ March 1947 - Federal Employee Loyalty Program - 3 mil employee investigations
○ HUAC - Hollywood investigations (1947), Alger Hiss
○ McCarthyism - FALSE accusations of communist infiltration in govt - failed
when McCarthy accused the US Army → he got censored in 1954
● First/Second Red Scares were both followed by times of prosperity. Both had govt.
officials abusing authority (Palmer Raids, McCarthyism)
● 1950s - HUGE, UNPRECEDENTED ECONOMIC BOOM - fueled by cold war defense spending
(defense budget was $13 billion in 1949, $50 billion in 1953)
● thriving economy → more ppl have faith in future → marriage boom, BABY BOOM → new
industries, like baby food, also boom

[19]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● new zeal for consumer spending - credit cards made shopping+borrowing easier.
suburbs got new fridges, dishwashers, and especially TVs -TV commercials stimulated
demand for products like cars, toothpaste
● Most media focused on middle-class life in 1950s. Micheal Harrington’s The Other
America (1962) emphasized people in poverty, was significant
● SUBURBAN GROWTH - fueled by: 1.)mass production of homes: William Levitt’s
mass-produced homes called Levittowns, GI Bill let war vets buy homes easily,
Sunbelt suburb growth 2.)interstate highways: let suburbanites commute from suburb
home to city job, Federal Highway Act 1956. 3.)cult of domesticity revival - ideal
of married women staying in suburb homes while husbands work jobs
● frustration → 1963, Betty Friedan writes The Feminine Mystique - progressive
● critics of suburbans - many hated monotone corporate lifestyle (William H. Whyte -
The Organization Man). Beat Generation, 1950s - NY/SF,rejected suburban mindless
conformity - Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac - foreshadowed 1960s hippies
○ artistic rebellion - abstract expressionism by Jackson Pollock, etc.
○ rock and roll - Alan Freed, Elvis Presley - new teen counterculture
● Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 - overturned “separate but equal” clause of 1896
Plessy v. Ferguson - under Warren Court - Thurgood Marshall argued w/ 14th Amend.
● Southern Manifesto exemplified resistance to Brown. Little Rock - white mob
surrounds black students - Eisenhower sends paratroopers to enforce desegregation,
uphold black rights - turning point!!
● Montgomery Bus Boycott - Rosa Parks’ refused to give up her seat. Led by MLK Jr.,
black citizens boycotted Montgomery public buses - put MLK in national spotlight
● MLK pledged nonviolent civil disobedience, founded the SCLC
● Greensboro Sit-Ins - Feb.1,1960 - 4 black students sit at a “whites-only” Woolworth
diner - sit-in worked, and led to other Southern student protests - Ella Baker forms
SNCC to facilitate student activism
● multiplicity of fears- communism, domestic subversion, nuclear war: underlying fear
● Secretary of State John Foster Dulles - massive retaliation - brinksmanship
● Vietnam: postwar- France tries to regain control of Vietnam , loses to communist Ho
Chi Minh in 1954 → Geneva Accords - Ho Chi Minh rules north, french-backed govt gets
the south - supposed free elections in 1956 to unify Vietnam
● Eisenhower used domino theory as excuse for intervention in Vietnam
● 1956 election never happened. US sponsored new South Viet govt led by Ngo Dinh Diem.
Vietcong commies begin guerilla war against Diem.
● Sputnik landing - Russia in orbit → Congress alarmingly creates NASA in 1958
● 1920s/1950s both had big developments in technology + intolerance/discrimination, as
well as literature (F. Scott Fitzgerald/Sinclair Lewis vs. Riesman/Kerouac)
● 1960 election - JFK beats Nixon very closely, proclaims the New Frontier domestic
policy - plans to fight poverty, support black civil rights, aid education, give
health insurance to the elderly → Peace Corps, Alliance for Progress, man on moon
● Khrushchev (Soviet leader) wanted West Berlin, JFK opposed → Khrushchev builds the
Berlin Wall (1961) to cut flow of refugees fleeing from East Germany to West Berlin
● Bay of Pigs Invasion - Apr 17, 1961 - CIA wanted to invade Cuba, spark uprising to
overthrow Fidel Castro - but Cuban army destroyed the US, embarrassing
● Cuban Missile Crisis - Soviet missiles stationed in Cuba, Kennedy threatens to
invade Cuba to destroy the missiles → Khrushchev removes missiles himself
○ both Kennedy/Khrushchev realized danger of nuclear war, signed Partial Test
Ban Treaty

[20]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

● Birmingham protests - April 1963, massive civil rights demonstration - MLK jailed
○ June 11,1963 - Kennedy’s speech calls for racial justice→ civil rights bill
● March on Washington - 200k civil rights protestors, MLK “I have a Dream” speech
● MLK advocated nonviolence, while Malcolm X was more militant, black nationalist
● Nov. 22, 1963 - JFK is assassinated in Dallas - had 60% approval rate atm
● Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society very similar to FDR’s New Deal
● 1964 Civil Rights Act - outlaws discrimination based on race, sex (Title VII), etc.
● 1965 Voting Rights Act - abolished literacy tests, other tactics to suppress black
voters. 24th Amendment - outlawed poll tax in federal elections - civil rights!!
● LBJ’s War on Poverty - Job Corps camps, Headstart program for preschoolers
○ number of poor people reduce by 10 million from 1964 to 1967
● 1965 Immigration Act - abolished 1920s national quota system - let naturalized
immigrants bring families to US→ 1990 to 2010: 20 million new immigrants to US

Court Cases
● Army-McCarthy hearings - the end of Joseph McCarthy
● Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturned “separate but equal” clause

People
● Presidents: Truman (1944-52), Eisenhower(1952-60), Kennedy (1960-61), LBJ
(1961-1968)
● Civil Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, Ella Baker (SNCC)
● Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev
● George Kennan - containment
● Earl Warren - liberal Warren Supreme Court Chief Justice- 1953 to 1969
● Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh - communist North leader. Ngo Dinh Diem - US-backed South
leader
● George Wallace - segregationist Alabama Governor

[21]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

Unit 9 (1980 - Present) (Modern Conservatism, OBAMA,

etc.)

Key Concepts
● new conservative movement achieved several political+policy goals in 1980s,
continued to influence public discourse in following decades
● 21st century upcoming - great tech, econ, demographic changes in US
● end of Cold War, new challenges to US leadership → redefined US foreign policy

Notes
● LBJ crushed Barry Goldwater in 1964 election - conservatives retreat? NO
● 1970s- the Sunbelt states’ population grows, mostly conservative suburbanites
● Goldwater + conservative activists start the conservative resurgence - The New Right
- big by 1980 - states rights, free market, limited federal govt.
● 1960s counterculture + Supreme Court decisions triggered the Religious Right
○ Engel v. Vitale (1962) banned public school prayer, Roe v. Wade (1973)
● Jerry Falwell/Pat Robertson - new gen of evangelical ministers, televangelists -
formed Moral Majority in 1979 - thought 1960s was a serious moral decline
● Ronald Reagan was actor 1937-1953, developed a charisma→ easily won 1980 election
● Reagan inherited stagflation (rising unemployment+inflation), rejected New-Deal type
big govt to solve the econ downturn
● Reaganomics - supply-side economics - got 3-yr, 25% personal/corporate tax cut,
thought tax cuts would encourage ppl to buy more goods, corps to hire more ppl
○ also reduced govt funding of social welfare programs
● reaganomics initially failed, but got econ. growth from 1982 to 1988 - 17 mil jobs,
inflation to under 10%. long-term issues- federal spending continues to escalate
w/defense spending. Tax cuts→ less govt revenue→ US needs to borrow more money
● Reagan was anti-communist, called Soviets the “Evil Empire”
● Reagan Doctrine - US would oppose global influence of Soviets by supporting
anti-communist movements - ex. US troops in Grenada to oust pro-Soviet govt.
● huge military buildup: 1980-1985-US defense budget from $144 to $295 billion
● Strategic Defense Initiative - Star Wars - space-based defense missile system
● Reagan military buildup forces Soviets into arms race they couldn’t afford → Mikhail
Gorbachev takes new approach, 5 summit meetings with Reagan 1987
● → Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty - banned intermediate nuclear missiles
● Gorbachev - glasnost, perestroika reforms to Soviet Union
● VP George H.W. Bush wins 1988 election easily
● 1989 - Berlin Wall falls
● 1991 - Soviet Union dismantled
●

Court Cases
● F

[22]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

People
● F

[23]
 Armeet Jatyani, Hardeep Kainth, Shivam Pathak, Sourish Saswade
2021 APUSH Exam - Unit Summaries

Credits
Authors
● Armeet Jatyani - Units 6 and 7
● Hardeep Kainth - Units 1, 2, and 3
● Shivam Pathak - Units 4 and 5
● Sourish Saswade - Units 8 and 9
Sources
● Most of this information is from the APUSH Crash Course book, recommended by Mr.
Pacheco
● We also used information from the AMSCO book, also recommended by Mr. Pacheco
Purpose
● The purpose of this guide is to help APUSH students like ourselves to prepare for
the exam
● We picked out the most important information, that is the most important to perform
well on the AP exam
● :) Enjoy! GL on exams!

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