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2. RATE OF REACTIONS(2)

The document discusses the rate of chemical reactions, focusing on reaction kinetics, the change in concentration of reactants and products over time, and the factors influencing reaction rates such as temperature, concentration, and catalysts. It explains the concepts of average and instantaneous reaction rates, as well as collision theory and activation energy. Graphical representations of reaction rates are also provided, illustrating how the gradient of a graph indicates the speed of a reaction.

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2 views

2. RATE OF REACTIONS(2)

The document discusses the rate of chemical reactions, focusing on reaction kinetics, the change in concentration of reactants and products over time, and the factors influencing reaction rates such as temperature, concentration, and catalysts. It explains the concepts of average and instantaneous reaction rates, as well as collision theory and activation energy. Graphical representations of reaction rates are also provided, illustrating how the gradient of a graph indicates the speed of a reaction.

Uploaded by

esogobeni12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RATE OF A REACTION

 Study (reaction kinetics)


 Identify steps in chemical reaction
 Reactants (R) → products (P)
 Consumption formed
 n / c decreases n / c increases (over a certain unit of time)
 how fast reactants decrease and products increase
 this “speed” is the rate of the reaction or in short reaction rate
 reaction rate is change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time
 Δ c (mol.dm -3 ) in Δ t (s)
∆c ∆n ∆m ∆V
 So rate = or or or
∆t ∆t ∆t ∆t
 Also others such as pressure, pH, color, conductivity of electricity with change in ion concentration

 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF RATE OF REACTION


 A → B


 Gradient of graph indicates reaction rate - the steeper, the faster the rate of reaction
 Graph A - negative gradient
- 0 s - 30 s: steepest gradient, tempo increases, c decreases rapidly
- 30 s - 60 s: gradient less steep, reaction slower, c slows down
- After 60 s: graph horizontal and reaction complete, c of reactant remains the same, no
longer used up
 Graph B - positive gradient
- 0 s - 30 s: gradient steepest, pace increasing, c increasing rapidly
- 30 s - 60 s: gradient less steep, decrease in reaction course, c increases more slowly
- After 60 s: graph horizontal, reaction complete, c of product remains the same,
product no longer formed

 Average reaction rate


 Change in c of reactants or products over time
 Can calculate it by connecting two points with straight line and calculating gradient of the line

 Instantaneous Rate
 Momentary reaction rate is change in concentration of reactants and products at instantaneous
(instantaneous) time
 Obtained by drawing tangent at that time and calculating gradient


 Collision theory
 All particles of matter are constantly moving
 They collide with each other and with sides of container
 Reactions can only occur when particles collide with each other (collision theory)
 Conditions for collisions - particles must have enough energy to repel forces
overcome them and move closer to each other and
They must have the correct orientation
 Orientation of collisions
 Must be specifically orientated when they hit each other

 Energy of molecules
 Temperature of gas mixture is a measure of average kinetic energy of molecules
 Increase in temp causes more energy in molecules and increases average E k
 Lead to more effective collisions

 Activation energy
 Minimum kinetic energy required for reaction to take place
 E k ≥E A
 Rate at which reaction takes place is directly proportional to:
 Number of effective collisions per unit of time
 Particles with E k ≥ E A
 Particles with correct orientation

Factors influencing reaction rate


 Nature of reaction
 Temperature of reaction
 Concentration of reactants in solution (liquid or gaseous)
 Pressure on reactant in gas phase
 Reaction surface (state of distribution) of solid reactant
 Use of catalyst

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