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912_General Chapter 1de 5

The document outlines methods for measuring viscosity using rotational rheometers and viscometers, focusing on spindle viscometers and concentric cylinder rheometers. It emphasizes the importance of controlling temperature and reporting specific parameters to ensure reproducibility in viscosity measurements. Calibration procedures are also detailed to ensure accuracy in viscosity readings.

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4 views

912_General Chapter 1de 5

The document outlines methods for measuring viscosity using rotational rheometers and viscometers, focusing on spindle viscometers and concentric cylinder rheometers. It emphasizes the importance of controlling temperature and reporting specific parameters to ensure reproducibility in viscosity measurements. Calibration procedures are also detailed to ensure accuracy in viscosity readings.

Uploaded by

usergama04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Printed on: Tue Jul 18 2023, 11:11:48 AM(EST) Status: Currently Official on 18-Jul-2023 DocId: GUID-7DB73369-4D3E-41D7-9CE9-C301A1F8A216_1_en-US

Printed by: Guadalupe De La Fuente Official Date: Official as of 01-May-2015 Document Type: GENERAL CHAPTER @2023 USPC
Do Not Distribute DOI Ref: 6cv2l DOI: https://doi.org/10.31003/USPNF_M2305_01_01
1

á912ñ VISCOSITY—ROTATIONAL METHODS


The principle of the method is to measure the force (torque) acting on a rotor when it rotates at a constant angular velocity or
rotational speed in a liquid. Rotational rheometers/viscometers are used for measuring the viscosity of fluids, both Newtonian
and non-Newtonian. The following procedures are used to determine the viscosity of Newtonian fluids or the apparent
viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids. The calculated viscosity of Newtonian fluids should be the same (within experimental
error), regardless of the rate of shear (or rotational speed). Given the dependence of viscosity on temperature, the
temperature of the substance being measured should be controlled to within ±0.1°, unless otherwise specified in the
individual monograph. [NOTE—For additional information, see Rheometry á1911ñ.]
• METHOD I. SPINDLE VISCOMETERS
Apparatus: In the spindle viscometer, the apparent viscosity is determined by rotating a cylinder- or disk (or disc)-shaped
spindle, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively, immersed in a large volume of liquid.

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Figure 1. Cylinder-shaped spindles.

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Printed on: Tue Jul 18 2023, 11:11:48 AM(EST) Status: Currently Official on 18-Jul-2023 DocId: GUID-7DB73369-4D3E-41D7-9CE9-C301A1F8A216_1_en-US
Printed by: Guadalupe De La Fuente Official Date: Official as of 01-May-2015 Document Type: GENERAL CHAPTER @2023 USPC
Do Not Distribute DOI Ref: 6cv2l DOI: https://doi.org/10.31003/USPNF_M2305_01_01
2

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Figure 2. Disk-shaped spindles.
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An absolute viscosity cannot be calculated due to the large gap between the spindle and the container wall, or the
geometry of the spindle. The torque to maintain a given angular velocity does give a measure of the liquid resistance
to flow but is often described as an apparent viscosity.
Other spindle type viscometers may be used provided that the accuracy and precision is NLT that obtained with the
viscometers described in this chapter.
Procedure: When viscosity measurement is performed in a beaker or cup, as the shear rate is unknown, in order to enable
reproducibility among labs that measure viscosity using different instrumentation, these parameters must be reported
along with the measured viscosity:
1. Size and geometry of spindle
2. Angular velocity or rotational speed of the spindle
3. Temperature of the test substance
The spindle should be immersed to the recommended depth maintaining at least 1 cm clearance from the bottom and
side of the container.
The preparation of the test specimen, including its temperature equilibration, is specified in each individual monograph.
Follow the instrument manufacturer’s recommendations regarding sample loading, spindle selection, and viscometer
operation.
Calibration check: Check the calibration of a particular viscometer configuration at the test temperature using one or more
fluids of known viscosities (Newtonian viscosity standards). The viscosity values of the calibration standards should bracket
the expected viscosity value of the sample liquid. [NOTE—To help verify the linearity of the apparatus, it is suggested to
perform measurements of a Newtonian viscosity standard at multiple rotational speeds at the test temperature.]
A viscometer is deemed to be calibrated if the measured apparent viscosities are within ±5% of the stated values.
Generally, calibration, operation, and cleaning of the viscometer should be performed according to the recommendations
of the instrument manufacturer.
• METHOD II. CONCENTRIC CYLINDER RHEOMETERS
Apparatus: In the concentric cylinder rheometer, the apparent viscosity is determined by placing the liquid in the gap
between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder. Both controlled-stress and controlled-rate rotational rheometers are
available commercially in configurations with absolute geometries (e.g., very small annular gaps between concentric
cylinders) that allow calculation of apparent viscosities for non-Newtonian fluids. Controlled shear stress rheometers

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