To study for the Final (5/13 Tues.

), study Topic 1 and Topic 2 (Photosynthesis and

Respiration) and then the study guide below!! Enjoy!​
Questions and answers

(by Mitali Dutta )

Question Answers

Page 144: What is negative ●​ Negative feedback is the process by which a system is
feedback? Explain with an turned off by the condition it produces. ex) Body
example. temperature regulation and blood glucose control

Page 137: What is the ●​ The nervous system is the body’s communication
function of the nervous network that controls and regulates all other
system and what are their organ systems and their functions.
components? ●​ It is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and
nerves.

Page 137: What are the ●​ Neurons

building blocks of the
nervous system?
 Question Answers

Page 137: Label and

describe the functions of
the parts of the neuron.
(PAGE 138 DIAGRAM)

●​
Dendrites: picks up information/changes-> Axon:
receives information and sends it to cells

Page 137: What are the 2 ●​ Central nervous system and peripheral nervous
branches of the nervous system.
system?

Page 137: What are the -​ The components of the CNS are the brain and the
components of CNS and spinal cord.
PNS? -​ The components of the PNS are nerves.

Page 138
1.​ How many types of neurons are there and what are they?
-​ There are 3 types of neurons. They are motor neurons, interneurons,
and sensory neurons.
2.​ What are the functions of the 3 different types of neurons?
-​ Sensory neurons
Picks up information about a change that may be electromagnetic,
chemical or mechanical and taken to the sensory receptors (organs)
 -eyes
-ears
-nose
-tongue
-skin

-​ Interneurons
Pass on information from 1 neuron to another

-​ Motor neurons
A neuron that carries processed information from the brain to your
organs, glands or limbs/muscles and directs you how to react or
what you need to do to maintain homeostasis.

3.​ How is information transmitted to a nearby cell?

-​ The axon transmits information in the form of an electrical charge
called nerve impulses.
4.​ What is the junction over which 2 neurons will communicate?
-​ The synapse.

Page 139:
1.​ What are the different parts of the brain? Explain in detail.
-​ Cerebrum- interprets input from senses, controls movement,
carries out complex mental processes.
-​ Ex. learning, memory
-​ Cerebellum- coordinates muscle actions and helps keep your
balance.
-​ Brain stem- controls the body's involuntary actions.
-​ Ex. heartbeat and breathing
2.​ What protection is provided to the brain?
-​ A bony skull, connective tissues, and cerebrospinal fluid.
3.​ What is the spinal cord?
 -​ It is a part of the nervous system that is a thick cord and links the brain
to most of the nerves.
4.​ How many neurons are found in the brain and what type are they?
-​ 100 billion. They are all interneurons.
5.​ What products of the spinal cord?
-​ A bony backbone, connective tissue, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Page 140:
1.​ What is the peripheral nervous system?
-​ It is a network of nerves that connects the central nervous system to
the rest of the body.
2.​ How many pairs of nerves make up the peripheral nervous system?
-​ 43 pairs
3.​ Of the 43 pairs, how many cater to the head?
-​ 12 pairs`
4.​ What are the 2 branches of the peripheral nervous system and what are their
functions?
-​ Somatic and autonomic nervous system.
-​ Autonomic nervous system controls involuntary body activities and
function, ex: digestion, heart rate, respiration, processing of wastes,
etc.
-​ Somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions, ex: reading a
book, walking, playing a sport, etc.

Page 141:
1.​ What is a reflex?
-​ An involuntary reaction that prepares you for fight or flight during a
stressful situation. It is an automatic response that happens without
your conscious control.
2.​ What neuron can detect pain?
-​ Sensory neurons
3.​ What neuron helps you to respond to an event that causes pain?
-​ Motor neurons

Page 134:
 1.​ List all the organs that get rid of wastes and how.
-​ Lungs get rid of carbon dioxide.
-​ Skin gets rid of excess water and toxins (also small amounts of urea)
-​ Liver helps in the breakdown of proteins and other wastes producing
urea.
-​ Digestive system (large intestine and rectum) gets rid of solid wastes
in the form of feces.
-​ Kidneys filter blood to get rid of a waste and excess water that is then
eliminated as a liquid called urine.

Pages 132-133.
1.​ What does excretion mean?
-​ The process of removing wastes
2.​ What are the components of the excretory system?
-​ Kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, lungs, skin, and liver.
3.​ What are the kidneys?
-​ They are a pair of bean shaped organs that filter the blood and regulate
the amount of water in the body.
4.​ What are the kidneys made up of?
-​ Each kidney is made up of millions of tiny tubes called nephrons.
5.​ What is a nephron?
-​ It is a small filtering structure in the kidney that removes wastes from
blood and produces urine.
6.​ How many stages are there in filtration and what are they?
-​ There are two stages.
-​ In the first stage, nephrons filter both bad and useful substances
needed by the body and in the next stage the useful substances are
reabsorbed back into the body.

Respiratory System-
1.​ Function- Bring in air containing oxygen into the lungs and get rid of carbon
dioxide and water.
2.​ Parts- nose, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
3.​ Nose- Warms and moistens the air before it reaches the lungs
Trachea is called the windpipe directs air into the bronchi
Bronchi direct air into the lungs
alveoli - little air sacs or pockets that allow the exchange of gases between air and
blood
4.​ What are the differences between breathing and respiration?
5.​ What happens during breathing?
A- When you breathe in the rib cage moves up and out creating more space
in the chest cavity. Also, the diaphragm flattens out creating more space. The
pressure inside the chest drops and is lower than the outside air pressure
and so air from outside rushes in through the nose and into the lungs. This is
inhalation. When you breathe out the rib cage moves back to its original
position and the diaphragm becomes dome shaped again and this reduces
the space inside the chest cavity. The air pressure inside the chest cavity is
higher than the pressure outside and so we breathe out and this is called
exhalation.

6.​ How does exchange of gas take place?

A- By a process of diffusion oxygen from the lungs goes into the blood that
comes from the right side of the heart. The blood that comes from the right
side of the heart is loaded with carbon dioxide and so it moves into the lungs
and is later breathed out.

Circulatory system-
1.​ Function- transports food, oxygen, water, hormones and other useful
substances to all body cells and tissues
2.​ It is made up of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system
3.​ The main structures of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood
and blood vessels
4.​ What are the main characteristics of the heart (REFER TO YOUR
NOTES)

5.​ What is the route for the flow of blood? (LOOK AT THE CHART YOU
MADE WITH BLUE AND RED PEN)
6.​ What are the different types of blood vessels and what are their
functions?
 Artery- Carries blood away from the heart, they are thick walled and
muscular because they are under high pressure.
Veins- Carry blood towards the heart, thin walled
Capillaries- Allow for exchange of materials between blood and cells,
thinnest blood vessels only the thickness of a single layer of cells to
allow materials to pass through them by diffusion.

7.​ What is blood made up of?

Red blood cells that transport oxygen
White blood cells that fight infections
Platelets that help in clotting
Plasma the liquid that makes blood a liquid due to which blood can
flow
Plasma is pale yellow, it contains proteins, gases, hormones and other
dissolved materials

8.​ What is blood pressure?

Lymphatic system-
1.Made up lymph nodes and and lymphatic vessels and lymph
2. What is lymph?
3. What are the functions of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes?

The digestive system-

1.​ Why do we need food?
2.​ What is digestion?
3.​ List the main nutrients, their sources and functions.
A- Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fat(Lipids), Vitamins and Minerals and water
4.​ What are the different types of carbohydrates?
5.​ What are the building blocks of proteins?
6.​ Differentiate between the 2 types of Lipids.
A- Lipids are of 2 types- Fats and oils. Fats come from animals or animal
products and they are solids at room temp. Like butter, lard, tripe, bacon etc.
Fats are also called saturated fats. People should avoid saturated fats
because they cause heart diseases. Oils are also called unsaturated fats and
they are plant products and liquid at room temp. Like vegetable oil, olive oil,
sesame oil, avocado oil etc
7.​ How many types of vitamins are there?
A- 2 types, fat soluble vitamins which are D,E,K and A. and water soluble
vitamins like the vitamin B and C
Vitamins do not provide the body with energy or building materials but they
are still needed in small quantities
8.​ The most important nutrient is water. WHY???????
9.​ How many types of digestion are there?
A- 2. Mechanical and Chemical. Mechanical digestion is the movement of
food and the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces. Takes place in
the mouth and stomach and Esophagus.
10.​What is peristalsis? Where does it take place?
11.​ What is chemical digestion? Where does it take place?
A- Chemical digestion is the breakdown of food not only into smaller pieces
but also into simpler form. Chemical digestion takes place in the mouth,
stomach and small intestine
12.​What are enzymes and what are their functions? Where in the digestive
system do you find enzymes?
13.​DETAILS- SMALL INTESTINE, LIVER, PANCREAS, GALLBLADDER (CHECK
YOUR NOTES)
14.​Why is the large intestine called ‘large’ even though it is just 1.5m in length?
A- the large intestine has a larger diameter than the small intestine even
though it is much smaller.
15.​What does the large intestine do?
A- The large intestine absorbs water from the foods and prepares the
undigested and unabsorbed material for elimination. There are many bacteria
present in the large intestine that feed off of the undigested wastes and
produce Vitamin K.
16.​What is peristalsis? Where does it take place?