AK-47

The AK-47, officially known as the Avtomat Kalashnikova (Russian: Автомат Калашникова,
lit. 'Kalashnikov's automatic [rifle]'; also known as the Kalashnikov or just AK), is an assault rifle
that is chambered for the 7.62×39mm cartridge. Developed in the Soviet Union by Russian small-
arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov, it is the originating firearm of the Kalashnikov (or "AK") family
of rifles. After more than seven decades since its creation, the AK-47 model and its variants
remain one of the most popular and widely used firearms in the world.

Design work on the AK-47 began in 1945. It was presented for official military trials in 1947, and,
in 1948, the fixed-stock version was introduced into active service for selected units of the Soviet
Army. In early 1949, the AK was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces[10] and used by
the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact.

The model and its variants owe their global popularity to their reliability under harsh conditions,
low production cost (compared to contemporary weapons), availability in virtually every
geographic region, and ease of use. The AK has been manufactured in many countries and has
seen service with armed forces as well as irregular forces and insurgencies throughout the
world. As of 2004, "of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide, approximately 100 million
belong to the Kalashnikov family, three-quarters of which are AK-47s".[5] The model is the basis
for the development of many other types of individual, crew-served, and specialized firearms.

History

Origins

During World War II, the Sturmgewehr 44 rifle used by German forces made a deep impression
on their Soviet counterparts.[11][12] The select-fire rifle was chambered for a new intermediate
cartridge, the 7.92×33mm Kurz, and combined the firepower of a submachine gun with the range
and accuracy of a rifle.[13][14] On 15 July 1943, an earlier model of the Sturmgewehr was
demonstrated before the People's Commissariat of Arms of the USSR.[15] The Soviets were
impressed with the weapon and immediately set about developing an intermediate caliber fully
automatic rifle of their own,[11][12] to replace the PPSh-41 submachine guns and outdated Mosin–
Nagant bolt-action rifles that armed most of the Soviet Army.[16]

The Soviets soon developed the 7.62×39mm M43 cartridge, used in[15] the semi-automatic SKS
carbine and the RPD light machine gun.[17] Shortly after World War II, the Soviets developed the
AK-47 rifle, which quickly replaced the SKS in Soviet service.[18][19] Introduced in 1959, the AKM is
a lighter stamped steel version and the most ubiquitous variant of the entire AK series of
firearms. In the 1960s, the Soviets introduced
AK-47
the RPK light machine gun, an AK-type weapon
with a stronger receiver, a longer heavy barrel,
and a bipod, that eventually replaced the RPD
light machine gun.[17]

AK-47 Type 2A
Concept
Type Assault rifle
Mikhail Kalashnikov began his career as a
weapon designer in 1941 while recuperating Place of origin Soviet Union

from a shoulder wound that he received during

Service history
the Battle of Bryansk.[6][20] Kalashnikov himself
stated..."I was in the hospital, and a soldier in In service 1949–1974 (Soviet

the bed beside me asked: 'Why do our soldiers Union)

1949–present (other
have only one rifle for two or three of our men
countries)
when the Germans have automatics?' So I
designed one. I was a soldier, and I created a Used by See Users
machine gun for a soldier. It was called an
Wars See Conflicts
Avtomat Kalashnikova, the automatic weapon
of Kalashnikov—AK—and it carried the year of Production history
its first manufacture, 1947."[21]
Designer Mikhail Kalashnikov

The AK-47 is best described as a hybrid of

Designed 1947[1][2]
previous rifle technology innovations.
"Kalashnikov decided to design an automatic Manufacturer Kalashnikov Concern

rifle combining the best features of the and various others

including Norinco
American M1 Garand and the German StG
44."[22] Kalashnikov's team had access to Produced 1948–present[3][4]
these weapons and did not need to "reinvent
No. built ~75 million AK-47s,
the wheel". Kalashnikov himself observed: "A
100 million
lot of Russian Army soldiers ask me how one
Kalashnikov-family
can become a constructor, and how new
weapons[5][6]
weaponry is designed. These are very difficult
questions. Each designer seems to have his Variants See Variants

own paths, his own successes and failures.

Specifications (AK-47 with Type 3
But one thing is clear: before attempting to
receiver)
create something new, it is vital to have a good
appreciation of everything that already exists Mass Without magazine:
3.47 kg (7.7 lb)
Magazine, empty:
in this field. I myself have had many 0.43 kg (0.95 lb)

experiences confirming this to be so."[20] (early issue)[7]

0.33 kg (0.73 lb)
Some claimed that Kalashnikov copied (steel)[8]

designs like Bulkin's TKB-415[23] or Simonov's 0.25 kg (0.55 lb)

AVS-31.[24] (plastic)[9]
0.17 kg (0.37 lb)
(light alloy)[8]

Early designs Length Fixed wooden stock:

880 mm (35 in)[9]
Kalashnikov started work on a submachine
875 mm (34.4 in)
gun design in 1942[25] and a light machine gun
(folding stock
design in 1943.[26][27] Early in 1944, extended)
Kalashnikov was given some 7.62×39mm M43 645 mm (25.4 in)
cartridges and informed that other designers (stock folded)[7]
were working on weapons for this new Soviet
Barrel length Overall length:
small-arms cartridge. It was suggested that a
415 mm (16.3 in)[9]
new weapon might well lead to greater things.
Rifled bore length:
[28]
He then undertook work on the new rifle. In 369 mm (14.5 in)[9]
1944, he entered a design competition with
this new 7.62×39mm, semi-automatic, gas-
operated, long-stroke piston carbine, strongly Cartridge 7.62×39mm

influenced by the American M1 Garand.[29] The

Action Gas-operated, long-
new rifle was in the same class as the SKS-45 stroke piston, closed
carbine, with a fixed magazine and gas tube rotating bolt
[28]
above the barrel. However, the new
Rate of fire Cyclic rate:
Kalashnikov design lost out to a Simonov
600 rounds/min[9]
design.[30]
Practical rate:
Semi-automatic:
In 1946, a new design competition was
40 rounds/min[9]
initiated to develop a new rifle.[31] Kalashnikov
Bursts/ Fully
submitted a gas-operated rifle with a short-
automatic:
stroke gas piston above the barrel, a
100 rounds/min[9]
breechblock mechanism similar to his 1944
carbine, and a curved 30-round magazine.[32] Muzzle velocity 715 m/s
(2,350 ft/s)[9]
Kalashnikov's rifles, the AK-1 (with a milled
receiver) and AK-2 (with a stamped receiver) Effective firing range 350 m (380 yd)[9]
proved to be reliable weapons and were
Feed system 20-round, 30-round,
accepted to a second round of competition
50-round detachable
along with other designs.
box magazine,[9]
These prototypes (also known as the AK-46) 40-round, 75-round

had a rotary bolt, a two-part receiver with drum magazines

also available
separate trigger unit housing, dual controls
(separate safety and fire selector switches), Sights 100–800 m
and a non-reciprocating charging handle adjustable iron
[32][33]
located on the left side of the weapon. sights

This design had many similarities to the StG Sight radius:

44.[34] In late 1946, as the rifles were being 378 mm (14.9 in)[9]

tested, one of Kalashnikov's assistants,

Aleksandr Zaitsev, suggested a major redesign to improve reliability. At first, Kalashnikov was
reluctant, given that their rifle had already fared better than its competitors. Eventually, however,
Zaitsev managed to persuade Kalashnikov.

Trail prototype weapon with slab-sided

steel magazine

In November 1947, the new prototypes (AK-47s) were completed. The rifle used a long-stroke
gas piston above the barrel. The upper and lower receivers were combined into a single receiver.
The selector and safety were combined into a single control lever/dust cover on the right side of
the rifle and the bolt handle was attached to the bolt carrier. This simplified the design and
production of the rifle. The first army trial series began in early 1948.[35] The new rifle proved to
be reliable under a wide range of conditions and possessed convenient handling characteristics.
In 1949, it was adopted by the Soviet Army as the "7.62 mm Kalashnikov rifle (AK)".[10]

Further development

AKMS with a stamped Type 4B receiver

(top) and an AK-47 with a milled Type 2A
receiver
There were many difficulties during the initial phase of production. The first production models
had stamped sheet metal receivers with a milled trunnion and butt stock insert and a stamped
body. Difficulties were encountered in welding the guide and ejector rails, causing high rejection
rates.[36] Instead of halting production, a heavy[N 1] machined receiver was substituted for the
sheet metal receiver. Even though production of these milled rifles started in 1951, they were
officially referred to as AK-49, based on the date their development started, but they are widely
known in the collectors' and current commercial market as "Type 2 AK-47".[37][38] This was a more
costly process, but the use of machined receivers accelerated production as tooling and labor for
the earlier Mosin–Nagant rifle's machined receiver were easily adapted.[39] Partly because of
these problems, the Soviets were not able to distribute large numbers of the new rifles to soldiers
until 1956. During this time, production of the interim SKS rifle continued.[36]

Once the manufacturing difficulties of non-milled receivers had been overcome, a redesigned
version designated the AKM (M for "modernized" or "upgraded"; in Russian: Автомат
Калашникова Модернизированный [Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniy]) was introduced
in 1959.[37] This new model used a stamped sheet metal receiver and featured a slanted muzzle
brake on the end of the barrel to compensate for muzzle rise under recoil. In addition, a hammer
retarder was added to prevent the weapon from firing out of battery (without the bolt being fully
closed), during rapid or fully automatic fire.[36] This is also sometimes referred to as a "cyclic rate
reducer", or simply "rate reducer", as it also has the effect of reducing the number of rounds fired
per minute during fully automatic fire. The rifle was also roughly one-third lighter than the
previous model.[37]

Receiver
Description[39]
type

The original stamped receiver for the AK-47 was first produced in 1948[3] and adopted in 1949. The 1B
Type
was modified for an underfolding stock with a large hole present on each side to accommodate the
1A/B
hardware for the under folding stock.

The first milled receiver was made from steel forging. It went into production in 1951 and production
Type
ended in 1957. The Type 2A has a distinctive socketed metal "boot" connecting the butt stock to the
2A/B
receiver and the milled lightning cut on the sides runs parallel to the barrel.

"Final" version of the AK milled receiver made from steel bar stock. It went into production in 1955. The
Type
most ubiquitous example of the AK milled receiver. The milled lightning cut on the sides is slanted to
3A/B
the barrel axis.

AKM receiver stamped from a smooth 1.0 mm (0.04 in) sheet of steel supported extensively by pins
Type
and rivets. It went into production in 1959. Overall, the most-used design in the construction of AK-
4A/B
series rifles.

Most licensed and unlicensed productions of the Kalashnikov assault rifle abroad were of the
AKM variant, partially due to the much easier production of the stamped receiver. This model is
the most commonly encountered, having been produced in much greater quantities. All rifles
based on the Kalashnikov design are often colloquially referred to as "AK-47s" in the West and
some parts of Asia, although this is only correct when applied to rifles based on the original three
receiver types.[40] In most former Eastern Bloc countries, the weapon is known simply as the
"Kalashnikov" or "AK". The differences between the milled and stamped receivers includes the
use of rivets rather than welds on the stamped receiver, as well as the placement of a small
dimple above the magazine well for stabilization of the magazine.

Replacement

In 1974, the Soviets began replacing their AK-47 and AKM rifles with a newer design, the AK-74,
which uses 5.45×39mm ammunition. This new rifle and cartridge had only started to be
manufactured in Eastern European nations when the Soviet Union collapsed, drastically slowing
the production of the AK-74 and other weapons of the former Soviet bloc.

Design

The AK-47 was designed to be a simple, reliable fully automatic rifle that could be manufactured
quickly and cheaply, using mass production methods that were state of the art in the Soviet
Union during the late 1940s.[41] The AK-47 uses a long-stroke gas system generally associated
with high reliability in adverse conditions.[29][42][43] The large gas piston, generous clearance
between moving parts, and tapered cartridge case design allow the gun to endure large amounts
of foreign matter and fouling without failing to cycle.

Cartridge

Wound Profiles of Russian small-arms

ammunition compiled by Dr. Martin Fackler
on behalf of the US military

The AK fires the 7.62×39mm cartridge with a muzzle velocity of 715 m/s (2,350 ft/s).[9]

The cartridge weight is 16.3 g (0.6 oz), and the projectile weight is 7.9 g (122 gr).[44] The original
Soviet M43 bullets are 123-grain boat-tail bullets with a copper-plated steel jacket, a large steel
core, and some lead between the core and the jacket. The AK has excellent penetration when
shooting through heavy foliage, walls, or a common vehicle's metal body and into an opponent
attempting to use these things as cover. The 7.62×39mm M43 projectile does not generally
fragment when striking an opponent and has an unusual tendency to remain intact even after
making contact with bone. The 7.62×39mm round produces significant wounding in cases where
the bullet tumbles (yaws) in tissue,[45] but produces relatively minor wounds in cases where the
bullet exits before beginning to yaw.[46][47][48] In the absence of yaw, the M43 round can pencil
through tissue with relatively little injury.[46][49]

Most, if not all, of the 7.62×39mm ammunition found today is of the upgraded M67 variety. This
variety deleted the steel insert, shifting the center of gravity rearward, and allowing the projectile
to destabilize (or yaw) at about 3.3 in (8.4 cm), nearly 6.7 in (17 cm) earlier in tissue than the
M43 round.[50] This change also reduces penetration in ballistic gelatin to ~25 in (64 cm) for the
newer M67 round versus ~29 in (74 cm) for the older M43 round.[50][51] However, the wounding
potential of M67 is mostly limited to the small permanent wound channel the bullet itself makes,
especially when the bullet yaws.[50]

Operating mechanism

The gas-operated mechanism of a Norinco

AK-47

To fire, the operator inserts a loaded magazine, pulls back and releases the charging handle, and
then pulls the trigger. In semi-automatic, the firearm fires only once, requiring the trigger to be
released and depressed again for the next shot. In fully automatic, the rifle continues to fire
automatically cycling fresh rounds into the chamber until the magazine is exhausted or pressure
is released from the trigger. After ignition of the cartridge primer and propellant, rapidly
expanding propellant gases are diverted into the gas cylinder above the barrel through a vent
near the muzzle. The build-up of gases inside the gas cylinder drives the long-stroke piston and
bolt carrier rearward and a cam guide machined into the underside of the bolt carrier, along with
an ejector spur on the bolt carrier rail guide, rotates the bolt approximately 35° and unlocks it
from the barrel extension via a camming pin on the bolt. The moving assembly has about
5.5 mm (0.2 in) of free travel, which creates a delay between the initial recoil impulse of the
piston and the bolt unlocking sequence, allowing gas pressures to drop to a safe level before the
seal between the chamber and the bolt is broken. The AK-47 does not have a gas valve; excess
gases are ventilated through a series of radial ports in the gas cylinder. Unlike many other rifle
platforms, such as the AR-15 platform, the Kalashnikov platform bolt locking lugs are chamfered
allowing for primary extraction upon bolt rotation which aids reliable feeding and extraction,
albeit not with that much force due to the short distance the bolt carrier travels before acting on
the locking lug. The Kalashnikov platform then uses an extractor claw along with a fin shaped
ejector to eject the spent cartridge case.[52]

Barrel

AK-47 barrel and its distinctive gas block

with a horizontal row of gas relief ports

The rifle received a barrel with a chrome-lined bore and four right-hand grooves at a 240 mm (1 in
9.45 in) or 31.5 calibers rifling twist rate. The gas block contains a gas channel that is installed at
a slanted angle with the bore axis. The muzzle is threaded for the installation of various muzzle
devices such as a muzzle brake or a blank-firing adaptor.

Gas block

The gas block of the AK-47 features a cleaning rod capture or sling loop. Gas relief ports that
alleviate gas pressure are placed horizontally in a row on the gas cylinder.
Fire selector

Việt Cộng soldier armed with an

AK-47 with the fire selector in the
safe setting

The fire selector is a large lever located on the right side of the rifle; it acts as a dust cover and
prevents the charging handle from being pulled fully to the rear when it is on safe.[53] It is
operated by the shooter's right fore-fingers and has three settings: safe (up), full-auto (center),
and semi-auto (down).[53] The reason for this is that a soldier under stress will push the selector
lever down with considerable force, bypassing the full-auto stage and setting the rifle to semi-
auto.[53] To set the AK-47 to full-auto requires the deliberate action of centering the selector
lever.[53] To operate the fire selector lever, right-handed shooters have to briefly remove their right
hand from the pistol grip, which is ergonomically sub-optimal. Some AK-type rifles also have a
more traditional selector lever on the left side of the receiver, just above the pistol grip.[53] This
lever is operated by the shooter's right thumb and has three settings: safe (forward), full-auto
(center), and semi-auto (backward).[53]
Sights

Rear sight of a Chinese Type 56, featuring

100 to 800 m (109 to 875 yd) settings and
omission of a battle zero setting

The AK-47 uses a notched rear tangent iron sight calibrated in 100 m (109 yd) increments from
100 to 800 m (109 to 875 yd).[54] The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation in the field.
Horizontal adjustment requires a special drift tool and is done by the armory before the issue or
if the need arises by an armorer after the issue. The sight line elements are approximately
48.5 mm (1.9 in) over the bore axis. The "point-blank range" battle zero setting "П" standing for
постоянная (constant) on the 7.62×39mm AK-47 rear tangent sight element corresponds to a
300 m (328 yd) zero.[54][55] These settings mirror the Mosin–Nagant and SKS rifles, which the AK-
47 replaced. For the AK-47 combined with service cartridges, the 300 m battle zero setting limits
the apparent "bullet rise" within approximately −5 to +31 cm (−2.0 to 12.2 in) relative to the line of
sight. Soldiers are instructed to fire at any target within this range by simply placing the sights on
the center of mass (the belt buckle, according to Russian and former Soviet doctrine) of the
enemy target. Any errors in range estimation are tactically irrelevant, as a well-aimed shot will hit
the torso of the enemy soldier. Some AK-type rifles have a front sight with a flip-up luminous dot
that is calibrated at 50 m (55 yd), for improved night fighting.[54]

Furniture

The AK-47 was originally equipped with a buttstock, handguard, and an upper heat guard made
from solid wood. With the introduction of the Type 3 receiver the buttstock, lower handguard, and
upper heat guard were manufactured from birch plywood laminates.[39] Such engineered woods
are stronger and resist warping better than the conventional one-piece patterns, do not require
lengthy maturing, and are cheaper. The wooden furniture was finished with the Russian amber
shellac finishing process.[56] AKS and AKMS models featured a downward-folding metal butt-
stock similar to that of the German MP40 submachine-gun, for use in the restricted space in the
BMP infantry combat vehicle, as well as by paratroops. All 100 series AKs use plastic furniture
with side-folding stocks.
Magazines

"Bakelite" rust-colored steel-reinforced 30-

round plastic box 7.62×39mm AK
magazines. Three magazines have an
"arrow in triangle" Izhmash arsenal mark
on the bottom right. The other magazine
has a "star" Tula arsenal mark on the
bottom right

The standard magazine capacity is 30 rounds. There are also 10-, 20-, and 40-round box
magazines, as well as 75-round drum magazines.

The AK-47's standard 30-round magazines have a pronounced curve that allows them to
smoothly feed ammunition into the chamber. Their heavy steel construction combined with
"feed-lips" (the surfaces at the top of the magazine that control the angle at which the cartridge
enters the chamber) machined from a single steel billet makes them highly resistant to damage.
These magazines are so strong that "Soldiers have been known to use their mags as hammers,
and even bottle openers".[57][58] This contributes to the AK-47 magazine being more reliable but
makes it heavier than US and NATO magazines.

The early slab-sided steel AK-47 30-round detachable box magazines had 1 mm (0.039 in) sheet-
metal bodies and weighed 0.43 kg (0.95 lb) empty.[43] The later steel AKM 30-round magazines
had lighter sheet-metal bodies with prominent reinforcing ribs weighing 0.33 kg (0.73 lb)
empty.[43][59] To further reduce weight, a lightweight magazine with an aluminum body with a
prominent reinforcing waffle rib pattern weighing 0.19 kg (0.42 lb) empty was developed for the
AKM that proved to be too fragile, and the small issued amount of these magazines were quickly
withdrawn from service.[60] As a replacement steel-reinforced 30-round plastic 7.62×39mm box
magazines were introduced. These rust-colored magazines weigh 0.24 kg (0.53 lb) empty and
are often mistakenly identified as being made of Bakelite (a phenolic resin), but were fabricated
from two parts of AG-S4 molding compound (a glass-reinforced phenol-formaldehyde binder
impregnated composite), assembled using an epoxy resin adhesive.[61][62][63] Noted for their
durability, these magazines did however compromise the rifle's camouflage and lacked the small
horizontal reinforcing ribs running down both sides of the magazine body near the front that
were added on all later plastic magazine generations.[63] A second-generation steel-reinforced
dark-brown (color shades vary from maroon to plum to near black) 30-round 7.62×39mm
magazine was introduced in the early 1980s, fabricated from ABS plastic. The third generation
steel-reinforced 30-round 7.62×39mm magazine is similar to the second generation, but is darker
colored and has a matte non-reflective surface finish. The current issue is a steel-reinforced
matte true black non- reflective surface finished 7.62×39mm 30-round magazine, fabricated from
ABS plastic weighing 0.25 kg (0.55 lb) empty.[9]

Early steel AK-47 magazines are 9.75 in (248 mm) long; the later ribbed steel AKM and newer
plastic 7.62×39mm magazines are about 1 in (25 mm) shorter.[64][65]

The transition from steel to mainly plastic magazines yields a significant weight reduction and
allows a soldier to carry more ammunition for the same weight.

Weight of empty Weight of loaded Max. 10.12 kg (22.3 lb) ammunition

Rifle Cartridge
magazine magazine load*

AK-47 slab-sided steel 30-rounds 11 magazines for 330 rounds

[43]
(1949) 430 g (0.95 lb) 916 g (2.019 lb) 10.08 kg (22.2 lb)

ribbed stamped-steel 30-rounds 12 magazines for 360 rounds

AKM (1959) 7.62×39mm [43][59]
330 g (0.73 lb) 819 g (1.806 lb) 9.83 kg (21.7 lb)

AK-103 steel-reinforced plastic 30-rounds 13 magazines for 390 rounds

[43][59]
(1994) 250 g (0.55 lb) 739 g (1.629 lb) 9.61 kg (21.2 lb)

All 7.62×39mm AK magazines are backward compatible with older AK variants.

10.12 kg (22.3 lb) is the maximum amount of ammo that the average soldier can comfortably
carry. It also allows for the best comparison of the three most common 7.62×39mm AK
magazines.

Most Yugoslavian and some East German AK magazines were made with cartridge followers
that hold the bolt open when empty; however, most AK magazine followers allow the bolt to
close when the magazine is empty.

Accessories

AK-47 6H2 bayonet and scabbard

 AK-47 with Kalashnikov grenade
launcher mounted on the muzzle

Accessories supplied with the rifle include a 387 mm (15.2 in) long 6H3 bayonet featuring a
200 mm (7.9 in) long spear point blade. The AK-47 bayonet is installed by slipping the 17.7 mm
(0.70 in) diameter muzzle ring around the muzzle and latching the handle down on the bayonet
lug under the front sight base.[66]

All current model AKM rifles can mount under-barrel 40 mm grenade launchers such as the GP-
25 and its variants, which can fire up to 20 rounds per minute and have an effective range of up
to 400 meters.[67] The main grenade is the VOG-25 (VOG-25M) fragmentation grenade which has
a 6 m (9 m) (20 ft (30 ft)) lethality radius. The VOG-25P/VOG-25PM ("jumping") variant explodes
0.5–1 metre (1.6–3.3 ft) above the ground.[68]

The AK-47 can also mount a (rarely used) cup-type grenade launcher, the Kalashnikov grenade
launcher that fires standard RGD-5 Soviet hand grenades. The maximum effective range is
approximately 150 meters.[69] This launcher can also be used to launch tear gas and riot control
grenades.

All current AKs (100 series) and some older models have side rails for mounting a variety of
scopes and sighting devices, such as the PSO-1 Optical Sniper Sight.[70] The side rails allow for
the removal and remounting of optical accessories without interfering with the zeroing of the
optic. However, the 100 series side folding stocks cannot be folded with the optics mounted.

Characteristics

Service life

The AK-47 and its variants have been and are made in dozens of countries, with "quality ranging
from finely engineered weapons to pieces of questionable workmanship."[71] As a result, the AK-
47 has a service/system life of approximately 6,000,[72] to 10,000,[73] to 15,000[74] rounds. The
AK-47 was designed to be a cheap, simple, easy-to-manufacture rifle,[75] perfectly matching
Soviet military doctrine that treats equipment and weapons as disposable items.[76] As units are
often deployed without adequate logistical support and dependent on "battlefield
cannibalization" for resupply, it is more cost-effective to replace rather than repair weapons.[76]
The AK-47 has small parts and springs that need to be replaced every few thousand rounds.
However, "Every time it is disassembled beyond the field stripping stage, it will take some time
for some parts to regain their fit, and some parts may tend to shake loose and fall out when firing
the weapon. Some parts of the AK-47 line are riveted together. Repairing these can be quite a
hassle since the end of the rivet has to be ground off and a new one set after the part is
replaced."[54]

Variants

7.62×39mm cartridges from Russia, China

and Pakistan

Early variants (7.62×39mm)

Issue of 1948/49: Type 1: The very earliest models, stamped sheet metal receivers, are now
very rare.

Issue of 1951: Type 2: Has a milled receiver. The barrel and chamber are chrome-plated to
resist corrosion.

Issue of 1954/55: Type 3: Lightened, milled receiver variant. Rifle weight is 3.47 kg (7.7 lb).[7]

AKS (AKS-47): Type 1, 2, or 3 receivers: Featured a downward under folding metal stock similar
to that of the MP 40, for use in the restricted space of the BMP infantry combat vehicle, as well
as for airborne troops.

AKN (AKSN): Night sight rail.[77]

Modernized (7.62×39mm)

AKM: A simplified, lighter version of the AK-47; the Type 4 receiver is made from stamped and
riveted sheet metal. A slanted muzzle device was added to reduce muzzle rise in automatic
fire. The rifle weight is 3.1 kg (6.8 lb)[9] due to the lighter receiver. This is the most ubiquitous
variant of the AK-47.
AKMS: Under-folding stock version of the AKM intended for airborne troops.

AKMN (AKMSN): Night scope rail.

AKML (AKMSL): Slotted flash suppressor and night scope rail.[78]

 RPK: Hand-held machine gun version with longer barrel and bipod. The variants—RPKS, RPKN
(RPKSN), RPKL (RPKSL)—mirror AKM variants. The "S" variants have a side-folding wooden
stock.

Foreign Variants (7.62×39mm)

Type 56: Chinese assault rifle based on the AK-47 Type 3.[79] Still in production primarily for
export markets.

For the further developed AK models, see Kalashnikov rifles.

Production

Manufacturing countries of AK-47 and its variants in alphabetical order.

 Country Military variant(s)

Automatiku Shqiptar 1978 model 56 (ASH-78 Tip-1) made at Poliçan Arsenal (copy of Type 56
based on AKM rifle); model 56 Tip-2, copy of RPK; model 56 Tip-3 hybrid for multi-purpose roles
with secondary rifle and grenade launcher capability; 1982 model (ASH-82) copy of AKMS.
Albania Several other versions of the AKMS have been produced mainly with short barrels similar to
Soviet AKS-74U for special forces, tank & armoured crew and for helicopter pilots and police.
There have also been modified ASh-82 (AKMS) with SOPMOD accessories, mainly for Albania's
special forces RENEA & exports.[80]

Armenia K-3 (bullpup, 5.45×39mm)

Azerbaijan Khazri (AK-74M)[81]

Bangladesh Chinese Type 56

AKK/AKKS (Type 3 AK-47/w. side-folding buttstock); AKKMS (AKMS), AKKN-47 (fittings for
NPSU night sights); AK-47M1 (Type 3 with black polymer furniture); AK-47MA1/AR-M1 (same
as -M1, but in 5.56mm NATO); AKS-47M1 (AKMS in 5.56×45mm NATO); AKS-47S (AK-47M1,
Bulgaria
short version, with East German folding stock, laser aiming device); AKS-47UF (short version of
-M1, Russian folding stock), AR-SF (same as −47UF, but 5.56mm NATO); AKS-93SM6 (similar to
−47M1, cannot use grenade launcher); and RKKS (RPK), AKT-47 (.22 rimfire training rifle)

Cambodia Chinese Type 56, Soviet AK-47, and AKM

China Type 56

Colombia Galil ACE, Galil Córdova

Croatia APS-95

Cuba AKM[82]

MPi-K/MPi-KS (AK-47/AKS); MPi-KM (AKM; wooden and plastic stock), MPi-KMS-72 (side-
East Germany[83] folding stock), MPi-KMS-K (carbine); MPi-AK-74N (AK-74), MPi-AKS-74N (side-folding stock),
MPi-AKS-74NK (carbine); KK-MPi Mod.69 (.22 LR select-fire trainer)[83]

Egypt AK-47, Misr rifle (AKMS), Maadi ARM (AKM)

AK-47, AK-103 (manufactured locally at the State-run Gafat Armament Engineering Complex as
Ethiopia
the Et-97/1)[84]

Finland Rk 62, Valmet M76 (other names Rk 62 76, M62/76), Valmet M78 (light machine gun), Rk 95 Tp

AK-55 (domestic manufacture of the 2nd Model AK-47); AKM-63 (also known as AMD-63 in the
US; modernized AK-55), AMD-65M (modernized AKM-63, shorter barrel and side-folding stock),
Hungary
AMP-69 (rifle grenade launcher); AK-63F/D (other name AMM/AMMSz), AK-63MF (modernized);
NGM-81 (5.56×45mm NATO; fixed and under-folding stock)[85]

INSAS (fixed and side-folding stock), KALANTAK (carbine), INSAS light machine gun (fixed and
side-folding stock), a local unlicensed version with carbon fibre furniture designated as AK-7;[86]
India
and Trichy Rifle 7.62 mm manufactured by Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli of Ordnance
Factories Board[87]

Iran KLS/KLF (AK-47/AKS), KLT (AKMS)

Tabuk Sniper Rifle, Tabuk Rifle (with fixed or underfolding stock, outright clones of Yugoslavian
Iraq
M70 rifles series), Tabuk Short Rifle (carbine)

Israel IMI Galil: AR (battle rifle), ARM (rifle/light machine gun), SAR (carbine), MAR (compact carbine),
 Sniper (sniper rifle), SR-99 (sniper rifle); and Galil ACE

Italy Bernardelli VB-STD/VB-SR (Galil AR/SAR)[88]

Nigeria Produced by DICON as OBJ-006[89][90]

Type 58A/B (Type 3 AK-47/w. stamped steel folding stock), Type 68A/B (AKM/AKMS), Type
North Korea
88A/B-2 (AK-74/AKS-74/w. top folding stock)[91][92]

Reverse engineered by hand and machine in Pakistan's highland areas (see Khyber Pass Copy)
Pakistan near the border of Afghanistan; more recently the Pakistan Ordnance Factories started the
manufacture of an AK-47/AKM clone called PK-10[93]

PmK (kbk AK) / PmKS (kbk AKS), Kalashnikov SMG name change to Kbk AK, Kalashnikov
Carbine in 1960s, (AK-47/AKS); kbkg wz. 1960 (rifle grenade launcher), kbkg wz. 1960/72
Poland (modernized); kbk AKM / kbk AKMS (AKM/AKMS); kbk wz. 1988 Tantal (5.45×39mm), skbk wz.
1989 Onyks (compact carbine); kbs wz. 1996 Beryl (5.56×45mm), kbk wz. 1996 Mini-Beryl
(compact carbine)[94]

PM md. 63/65 (AKM/AKMS), PM md. 80, PM md. 90, collectively exported under the umbrella
name AIM or AIMS; PA md. 86 (AK-74) exported as the AIMS-74; PM md. 90 short barrel, PA
Romania
md. 86 short barrel exported as the AIMR; PSL (designated marksman rifle; other names PSL-
54C, Romak III, FPK and SSG-97)

South Africa R4 rifle, Truvelo Raptor, Vektor CR-21 (bullpup)

Sudan MAZ (based on the Type 56)[95]

Türkiye SAR 15T,[96] SAR 308[97]

Ukraine Vepr (bullpup, 5.45×39mm), Malyuk (bullpup)[98]

Century Arms: C39 (AK-47 var.), RAS47 (AKM var.), and C39v2 (AK-47 var.), InterOrdnance:
AKM247 (AKM var.) M214 (pistol), Palmetto State Armory: PSAK-47 (AKM var.), Arsenal Inc: SA
United States
M-7 (AK-47 var.), Destructive Devices Industries: DDI 47S (AKM var.) DDI 47M (AK-47 var), Rifle
Dynamics: RD700 and other custom build AK / AKM guns

Vietnam AKM-1 (AKM), TUL-1 (RPK), Galil Ace 31/32, STV rifle

Venezuela License granted, factory under construction[99]

Yugoslavia/Serbia M64, M70, M72, M76, M77, M80, M82, M85, M90, M91, M92, M99, M21

A private company Kalashnikov Concern (formerly Izhmash) from Russia has repeatedly claimed
that the majority of foreign manufacturers are producing AK-type rifles without proper
licensing.[100][101]

Accuracy potential

US military method

The AK-47's accuracy is generally sufficient to hit an adult male torso out to about 300 m
(328 yd),[102][103] though even experts firing from prone or bench rest positions at this range were
observed to have difficulty placing ten consecutive rounds on target.[104] Later designs did not
significantly improve the rifle's accuracy.[104] An AK can fire a 10-shot group of 5.9 in (15 cm) at
100 m (109 yd),[105] and 17.5 in (44 cm) at 300 m (328 yd)[104] The newer stamped-steel receiver
AKM models, while more rugged and less prone to metal fatigue, are less accurate than the
forged/milled receivers of their predecessors: the milled AK-47s are capable of shooting 3 to 5 in
(8 to 13 cm) groups at 100 yd (91 m), whereas the stamped AKMs are capable of shooting 4 to
6 in (10 to 15 cm) groups at 100 yd (91 m).[103]

The best shooters can hit a man-sized target at 800 m (875 yd) within five shots (firing from a
prone or bench rest position) or ten shots (standing).[106]

The single-shot hit-probability on the NATO E-type Silhouette Target (a human upper body half
and head silhouette) of the AK-47 and the later developed AK-74, M16A1, and M16A2 rifles were
measured by the US military under ideal proving ground conditions in the 1980s as follows:

NATO E-type
Silhouette
Target

Single-shot hit-probability on Crouching Man (NATO E-type Silhouette) Target[107]

Hit-probability (With no range estimation or aiming errors)

Rifle Chambering
50 m 100 m 200 m 300 m 400 m 500 m 600 m 700 m 800 m

AK-47 (1949) 7.62×39mm 100% 100% 99% 94% 82% 67% 54% 42% 31%

AK-74 (1974) 5.45×39mm 100% 100% 100% 99% 93% 81% 66% 51% 34%

M16A1 (1967) 5.56×45mm NATO M193 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 87% 73% 56% 39%

M16A2 (1982) 5.56×45mm NATO SS109/M855 100% 100% 100% 100% 98% 90% 79% 63% 43%

Under worst field exercise circumstances, the hit probabilities for all the tested rifles were
drastically reduced, from 34% at 50m down to 3–4% at 600m with no significant differences
between weapons at each range.[107]

Russian method

The following table represents the Russian circular error probable method for determining
accuracy, which involves drawing two circles on the target, one for the maximum vertical
dispersion of hits and one for the maximum horizontal dispersion of hits. They then disregard the
hits on the outer part of the target and only count half of the hits (50% or R50) on the inner part of
the circles. This significantly reduces the overall diameter of the groups. They then use both the
vertical and horizontal measurements of the reduced groups to measure accuracy. When the R50
results are doubled, the hit probability increases to 93.7%.

Circular error probable 20 hits distribution

example

AK-47 semi-automatic and short burst dispersion with 57-N-231 steel core service ammunition[108]

Horizontal Vertical
Vertical accuracy Horizontal
accuracy of fire accuracy of fire Remaining Remaining
Range of fire (R50) accuracy of fire
(R50) semi- (R50) short bullet energy bullet velocity
semi-automatic (R50) short burst
automatic burst

0m 2,036 J 718 m/s

0 cm (0.0 in) 0 cm (0.0 in) 0 cm (0.0 in) 0 cm (0.0 in)
(0 yd) (1,502 ft⋅lbf) (2,356 ft/s)

100 m 1,540 J 624 m/s

8 cm (3.1 in) 4 cm (1.6 in) 9 cm (3.5 in) 11 cm (4.3 in)
(110 yd) (1,140 ft⋅lbf) (2,047 ft/s)

200 m 1,147 J 539 m/s

11 cm (4.3 in) 8 cm (3.1 in) 18 cm (7.1 in) 22 cm (8.7 in)
(219 yd) (846 ft⋅lbf) (1,768 ft/s)

300 m 843 J 462 m/s

17 cm (6.7 in) 12 cm (4.7 in) 27 cm (10.6 in) 33 cm (13.0 in)
(330 yd) (622 ft⋅lbf) (1,516 ft/s)

400 m 618 J 395 m/s

23 cm (9.1 in) 16 cm (6.3 in) 31 cm (12.2 in) 44 cm (17.3 in)
(440 yd) (456 ft⋅lbf) (1,296 ft/s)

500 m 461 J 342 m/s

29 cm (11.4 in) 20 cm (7.9 in) 46 cm (18.1 in) 56 cm (22.0 in)
(550 yd) (340 ft⋅lbf) (1,122 ft/s)

600 m 363 J 303 m/s

35 cm (13.8 in) 24 cm (9.4 in) 56 cm (22.0 in) 67 cm (26.4 in)
(656 yd) (268 ft⋅lbf) (994 ft/s)

700 m 314 J 282 m/s

42 cm (16.5 in) 29 cm (11.4 in) 66 cm (26.0 in) 78 cm (30.7 in)
(770 yd) (232 ft⋅lbf) (925 ft/s)

800 m 284 J 268 m/s

49 cm (19.3 in) 34 cm (13.4 in) 76 cm (29.9 in) 89 cm (35.0 in)
(870 yd) (209 ft⋅lbf) (879 ft/s)
 R50 means the closest 50 percent of the shot group will all be within a circle of the mentioned
diameter.

The vertical and horizontal mean (R50) deviations with service ammunition at 800 m (875 yd) for
AK platforms are.

SKS, AK-47, AKM, and AK-74 dispersion at 800 m (875 yd)[109]

Rifle Firing mode Vertical accuracy of fire (R50) Horizontal accuracy of fire (R50)

SKS (1945) semi-automatic 38 cm (15.0 in) 29 cm (11.4 in)

AK-47 (1949) semi-automatic 49 cm (19.3 in) 34 cm (13.4 in)

AK-47 (1949) short burst 76 cm (29.9 in) 89 cm (35.0 in)

AKM (1959) short burst 64 cm (25.2 in) 90 cm (35.4 in)

AK-74 (1974) short burst 48 cm (18.9 in) 64 cm (25.2 in)

Users

A map of current AK users (including

derivative and modernized variants in
orange and purple)

Current

Afghanistan[110] Bosnia and Herzegovina[111]

Albania[111] Botswana[112]

Algeria[111] Bulgaria[111]

Angola[111] Burkina Faso[113][114]

Armenia[111] Burundi[115][116]

Azerbaijan[111] Cambodia[111]

Bangladesh[111] Cape Verde[111]

Belarus[111] Central African Republic[111]

Benin[111] Chad[111]
 Chile[117] Lesotho[111]

China − Type 56 variant.[118] Liberia[111]

Comoros[111] Libya[111]

Congo[111] Madagascar[111]

Cuba[111] Mali[111]

DR Congo[111] Moldova[111]

Djibouti[119] Mongolia[111]

Egypt[111] Morocco[111]

Equatorial Guinea[111] Mozambique[111]

Eritrea[111] Namibia[126]

Ethiopia[111] Nicaragua[127]

Finland[120] North Korea − Type 58 variant[111]

Gabon[111] North Macedonia[111][128]

Georgia[111] Pakistan – Locally made as well as

being in service with the Army[129]
Greece − EKAM: The counter-terrorist
unit of the Hellenic Police[121][122] Peru[111]

Guinea[111] Qatar[111]

Guinea-Bissau[111] Romania[111]

Guyana[111] São Tomé and Príncipe[111]

Hungary[111] Saudi Arabia[130]

India[111][123] Serbia[111]

Indonesia[124] Seychelles[111]

Iran[111] Sierra Leone[111]

Iraq[110][111] Somalia[111]

Israel[125] Sudan[111]

Kazakhstan[111] Suriname[111]

Kyrgyzstan[111] Syria[111]

Laos[111] Tajikistan[111]

Lebanon[111] Tanzania[111]
 Thailand − Used by Thahan Phran[131] Uzbekistan[111]

Togo[111] Vietnam[118]

Turkey[111] Yemen[111]

Turkmenistan[111] Zambia[111]

Ukraine[111] Zimbabwe[111]

United States[132][133]

Non-state current

ELN[134]

FARC dissidents[135]

Hamas[136]

Hezbollah[137]

Islamic State − Captured from the Syrian Army[138]

Karen National Defence Organisation[139]

Karen National Liberation Army[140]

Kurdistan Workers Party[141]

National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad[142]

New People's Army[143]

Palestine Liberation Organization[144]

Syrian opposition[145]

Ta'ang National Liberation Army[146]

Former

East Germany − MPi-K (AK-47) and MPi-KM (AKM)[147]

Grenada[148]

North Vietnam[149] − Passed on to the unified Vietnamese state[150]

Panama − Used by the Panama Defense Forces[151]

Rhodesia[152]

Soviet Union − Replaced by the AKM and AK-74[153]

South Vietnam − Captured rifles were issued to ARVN irregular units[154]

Non-state former

Afghan mujahideen − CIA supplied Egyptian and Chinese variants[155]

Chechen Republic of Ichkeria[156]

Contras[157][158]

Donetsk People's Republic[159]

Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front[160]

Iraqi insurgents[161]

Khmer Rouge[162]

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam[163]

Luhansk People's Republic[159]

Malayan National Liberation Army[164]

Moro National Liberation Front[165]

Northern Alliance[166]

Provisional Irish Republican Army − Supplied by Libya[167]

RENAMO[168]

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia[134][169]

Viet Cong[149]

Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors[170]

Illicit trade

AK-47 copies confiscated from Somali

pirates by Finnish mine-layer Pohjanmaa
during Operation Atalanta, photographed in
Manege Military Museum. The stocks are
missing on the top three AKs.

Throughout the world, the AK and its variants are commonly used by governments,
revolutionaries, terrorists, criminals, and civilians alike. In some countries, such as Somalia,
Rwanda, Mozambique, Congo, and Tanzania, the prices for Black Market AKs are between $30
and $125 per weapon and prices have fallen in the last few decades due to mass
counterfeiting.[171] In Kenya, "an AK-47 fetches five head of cattle (about 10,000 Kenya shillings
or 100 US dollars) when offered for barter, but costs almost half that price when cash is
paid".[172] There are places around the world where AK-type weapons can be purchased on the
black market "for as little as $6, or traded for a chicken or a sack of grain".[173][174][175]

The AK-47 has also spawned a cottage industry of sorts and has been copied and manufactured
(one gun at a time) in small shops around the world (see Khyber Pass Copy).[176][177] The
estimated numbers of AK-type weapons vary greatly. The Small Arms Survey suggests that
"between 70 and 100 million of these weapons have been produced since 1947".[178] The World
Bank estimates that out of the 500 million total firearms available worldwide, 100 million are of
the Kalashnikov family, and 75 million are AK-47s.[5] Because AK-type weapons have been made
in many countries, often illicitly, it is impossible to know how many exist.[179]

Conflicts

The AK-47 has been used in the following conflicts:

1940s

Malayan Emergency (1948−1960)[164]

1950s

Hungarian Revolution (1956)[180]

Vietnam War (1955–1975)[154]

Laotian Civil War (1959–1975)

1960s

Congo Crisis (1960–1965)[181]

Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974)

Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979)[182]

The Troubles (late 1960s–1998)[167]

Communist insurgency in Thailand (1965–1983)

South African Border War (1966–1990)

India-China clashes (1967)

Cambodian Civil War (1968–1975)

Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)

Moro conflict (1968−2019)[165]

1970s

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991)[183]

Western Sahara War (1975–1991)

Cambodian–Vietnamese War (1978–1989)

Chadian–Libyan War (1978–1987)

Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989)

1980s

1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran

Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)[184]

Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir (1988–present)[185]

Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)[163]

United States invasion of Grenada (1983)[148][186]

South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)[137]

Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)[187]

United States invasion of Panama (1989)[151]

1990s

KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)

Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)[188]

Gulf War (1990–1991)[184]

Somali Civil War (1991–present)

Yugoslav Wars (1991–2001)

Burundian Civil War (1993–2005)[189]

First Chechen War (1994−1996)[156]

Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)[190]

Kargil War (1999)

2000s

War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)

Iraq War (2003–2011)[184]

 South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)

Mexican drug war (2006–present)

2010s

Libyan Civil War (2011)

Syrian civil war (2011–present)[138][145]

Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)[161]

Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present)[191]

Mali War (2012–present)[142]

Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)

Western Iran clashes (2016–present)

2020s

Second Nagorno-Karabakh War (2020)

Tigray War (2020–2022)

Myanmar civil war (2021–present)[139][140]

Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)

September–October 2022 attacks on Iraqi Kurdistan

Gaza war (2023–present)[136]

Cultural influence and impact

The AK-47 on the flag of Mozambique

 The AK-47 on the former coat of arms of
Burkina Faso

CIA Agent drawing of the alleged first

westerner sighting of the AK-47 in 1953

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of
"Basically, it's the
China, as well as United States and other NATO nations supplied arms
anti-Western cachet
and technical knowledge to numerous countries and rebel forces
of it ... And you
around the world. During this time the Western countries used
know, one man's
relatively expensive automatic rifles, such as the FN FAL, the HK G3,
terrorist is another
the M14, and the M16. In contrast, the Russians and Chinese used the
man's freedom
AK-47; its low production cost and ease of manufacture allow them to
fighter, so we all sort
make AKs in vast numbers.
of think, oh boy,
In the pro-communist states, the AK-47 became a symbol of the Third we've got a little bit
World revolution. They were utilized in the Cambodian Civil War and of Che Guevara in
[193]
the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. During the 1980s, the Soviet us. And this
Union became the principal arms dealer to countries embargoed by accounts for the
Western nations, including Middle Eastern nations such as Libya and popularity of the (AK
Syria, which welcomed Soviet Union backing against Israel. After the 47) weapon. Plus I
fall of the Soviet Union, AK-47s were sold both openly and on the think that in the
black market to any group with cash, including drug cartels and United States it's
dictatorial states, and more recently they have been seen in the hands considered
of Islamic groups such as Al-Qaeda, ISIL, and the Taliban in counterculture,
which is always
Afghanistan and Iraq, and FARC, Ejército de Liberación Nacional something that
[192]
guerrillas in Colombia. citizens in this
country kind of
In Russia, the Kalashnikov is a tremendous source of national
like ... It's kind of
pride.[194] "The family of the inventor of the world's most famous rifle,
sticking a finger in
Mikhail Kalashnikov, has authorized German engineering company
the eye of the man, if
MMI to use the well-known Kalashnikov name on a variety of not-so-
you will."
deadly goods."[195] In recent years, Kalashnikov Vodka has been
marketed with souvenir bottles in the shape of the AK-47 —Larry Kahaner, author
of AK-47: The Weapon
Kalashnikov.[196][197] There are also Kalashnikov watches,[198]
That Changed the Face
umbrellas,[199] and knives.[200][201]
of War[192]

The Kalashnikov Museum (also called the AK-47 museum) opened on

4 November 2004 in Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic. This city is in the Ural Region of Russia. The
museum chronicles the biography of General Kalashnikov and documents the invention of the
AK-47. The museum complex of Kalashnikov's small arms, a series of halls, and multimedia
exhibitions are devoted to the evolution of the AK-47 rifle and attracts 10,000 monthly
visitors.[202] Nadezhda Vechtomova, the museum director, stated in an interview that the purpose
of the museum is to honor the ingenuity of the inventor and the hard work of the employees and
to "separate the weapon as a weapon of murder from the people who are producing it and to tell
its history in our country".

On 19 September 2017 a 9 metres (30 ft) monument of Kalashnikov was unveiled in central
Moscow. A protester, later detained by police, attempted to unfurl a banner reading "a creator of
weapons is a creator of death".[203]

The proliferation of this weapon is reflected by more than just numbers. The AK-47 is included on
the flag of Mozambique and its emblem, an acknowledgment that the country gained its
independence in large part through the effective use of their AK-47s.[204] It is also found in the
coats of arms of East Timor, Zimbabwe and the revolution era Burkina Faso, as well as in the
flags of Hezbollah, Syrian Resistance, FARC-EP, the New People's Army, TKP/TIKKO and the
International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces.

US and Western Europe countries frequently associate the AK-47 with their enemies, both Cold
War era and present-day. For example, Western works of fiction (movies, television, novels, video
games) often portray criminals, gang members, insurgents, and terrorists using AK-47s as the
weapon of choice. Conversely, throughout the developing world, the AK-47 can be positively
attributed with revolutionaries against foreign occupation, imperialism, or colonialism.[192]

In Ireland the AK-47 is associated with The Troubles due to its extensive use by republican
paramilitaries during this period.[205] In 2013, a decommissioned AK-47 was included in the A
History of Ireland in 100 Objects collection.[206]

The AK-47 made an appearance in US popular culture as a recurring focus in the Nicolas Cage
film Lord of War (2005). Numerous monologues in the movie focus on the weapon, and its
effects on global conflict and the gun running market.[207]

In Iraq and Afghanistan, private military company contractors from the UK and other countries
used the AK-47 and its variants along with Western firearms such as the AR-15.[208]

In 2006, the Colombian musician and peace activist César López devised the escopetarra, an AK
converted into a guitar. One sold for US$17,000 in a fundraiser held to benefit the victims of anti-
personnel mines, while another was exhibited at the United Nations' Conference on
Disarmament.[209]

In Mexico, the AK-47 is known as "Cuerno de Chivo" (literally "Goat's Horn") because of its curved
magazine design. It is one of the weapons of choice of Mexican drug cartels. It is sometimes
mentioned in Mexican folk music lyrics.[210]
Gallery

An AK-47 Type 1 (top) A US Army MP AK-47s of the PAIGC- A Soviet Spetsnaz

and 2 (bottom) on inspects a Chinese liberation movement, (special operations)
display. The Type 1 AK-47 recovered in ready to be group prepares for a
features a stamped Vietnam, 1968 transported from mission in
receiver while the Senegal to Guinea- Afghanistan, 1988
Type 2 receiver is Bissau, 1973
milled.

During the Soviet–

Afghan War in the
1980s, several
sources
simultaneously
armed both sides of
the Afghan conflict,
filling the country with
AK-47s and their
derivatives.[211]

See also

Comparison of the AK-47 and M16

AK-12

PK machine gun
 Draco

Notes

1. 2.6 lb milled from 6 lb stock. This was about 2.2 lb heavier than the stamped receiver.

References

1. "AK47 assault rifle designer Kalashnikov dies at 94" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-eur

ope-25497013) . BBC News. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.

2. "Mikhail Kalashnikov, inventor of AK-47, dies at 94" (https://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/23/w

orld/europe/mikhail-kalashnikov-dies/index.html) . CNN. 23 December 2013. Retrieved
23 December 2013.

3. Ezell, Edward Clinton (1986). The AK47 Story, Evolution of the Kalashnikov Weapons (https://
books.google.com/books?id=FroVAQAACAAJ) . Stackpole Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-811-
70916-3.

4. Joe, Poyer (2004). The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=EPArOwAACAAJ) . North Cape Publications Inc. p. 8. ISBN 1-
882391-33-0.

5. Killicoat, Phillip (April 2007). "Weaponomics: The Global Market for Rifles" (http://www-wds.
worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/13/000016406_2007041314
5045/Rendered/PDF/wps4202.pdf) (PDF). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper
4202 (Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper No. 10). University of Oxford. p. 3. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20120112121512/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSC
ontentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/13/000016406_20070413145045/Rendered/PDF/wps420
2.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2010.

6. "AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention" (https://www.fo
xnews.com/story/ak-47-inventor-doesnt-lose-sleep-over-havoc-wrought-with-his-inventio
n) . Fox News Channel. USA. 6 July 2007. OCLC 36334372 (https://search.worldcat.org/ocl
c/36334372) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100603232941/http://www.foxne
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Further reading

Chivers, C.J. (2010). The Gun (https://archive.org/details/gun00chiv) . Simon & Schuster.

p. 459 (https://archive.org/details/gun00chiv/page/459) . ISBN 978-0-7432-7076-2.

Chivers, C. J. (1 November 2010). "How the AK-47 Rewrote the Rules of Modern Warfare" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20230421205056/https://www.wired.com/2010/11/ff-ak47/) .
Wired. Archived from the original (https://www.wired.com/2010/11/ff-ak47/) on 21 April
2023.

Dewey, William J. (November 1994). "AK-47S for the Ancestors". Journal of Religion in Africa.
24 (4): 358–374. doi:10.1163/157006694X00200 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006694X00
200) . JSTOR 1581342 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1581342) .

Ezell, Edward Clinton; Stevens, R. Blake (2001). Kalashnikov: The Arms and the Man. Cobourg,
ON: Collector Grade Publications. ISBN 978-0-88935-267-4.

Fackler, Martin L.; Surinchak, John S.; Malinowski, John A.; Bowen, Robert E. (1984).
"Wounding potential of the Russian AK-74 assault rifle". Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection &
Critical Care. 24 (3): 263–66. doi:10.1097/00005373-198403000-00014 (https://doi.org/10.109
7%2F00005373-198403000-00014) . PMID 6708147 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/67081
47) .

Hodges, Michael (2007). AK47: The Story of the People's Gun (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=j82yAAAACAAJ) . Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-92104-3.

Honeycutt, Fred L. Jr & Anthony, F. Patt (1996). Military Rifles of Japan (5th ed.). Palm Beach
Gardens, FL: Julin Books. ISBN 0-9623208-7-0.

Kahaner, Larry (2007). AK-47: The Weapon That Changed the Face of War (https://books.google.
com/books?id=oBAhAQAAIAAJ) . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-72641-8.

Kalashnikov, Mikhail Timofeevich; Joly, Elena (2006). The Gun That Changed the World (https://
books.google.com/books?id=CY2HlLDiaNwC) . Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-3691-7.

Shilin, Valery; Cutshaw, Charlie (1 March 2000). Legends and Reality of the AK: A Behind-The
Scenes Look at the History, Design, and Impact of the Kalashnikov Family of Weapons (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=U3kIAAAACAAJ) . Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-069-8.

Walter, John (4 September 1999). Kalashnikov: machine pistols, assault rifles, and machine-
guns, 1945 to the present (https://books.google.com/books?id=XnybC2qSORAC) . Greenhill
Books/Lionel Leventhal. ISBN 978-1-85367-364-1.
 Ружье. Оружие и амуниция, 1999/3, pp. 18–21 has an article about the AK-47 prototypes.

Kalashnikov, М.Т. (2002). "Кто автор АК-47?" (https://www.kalashnikov.ru/medialibrary/8c5/0

4_07.pdf) [Who is the author of AK-47?] (PDF). Kalashnikov (in Russian). No. 2. pp. 4–7.
Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.kalashnikov.ru/medialibrar
y/8c5/04_07.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. An article rejecting some of the
alternative theories as to the authorship of the AK-47.

Degtyaryov, М. (2009). "Неочевидное очевидное" (https://web.archive.org/web/2007092910

2901/http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/) . Kalashnikov (in Russian). No. 4. pp. 18–23. Archived from
the original (http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/) on 29 September 2007. An article comparing the
internals of the StG 44 and AK-47.

"В преддверии юбилея..." (https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102901/http://kalashnikov.

guns.ru/) Kalashnikov (in Russian). No. 8. 2009. pp. 18–23. Archived from the original (http://
kalashnikov.guns.ru/) on 29 September 2007. Transcription of the commission report on the
testing round from the summer of 1947; no winner was selected at this point, but the
commission held Kalashnikov's, Dementiev's and Bulkin's designs as most closely satisfying
TTT number 3131.

"Путёвка в жизнь" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102901/http://kalashnikov.guns.r

u/) . Kalashnikov (in Russian). No. 9. 2009. pp. 16–22. Archived from the original (http://kalas
hnikov.guns.ru/) on 29 September 2007. Report/letter on the final round of testing, 27
December 1947, declaring Kalashnikov's design the winner.

"Первый В Династии" (http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/c06/008_013.pdf)

[First In The Dynasty] (PDF). Kalashnikov (in Russian). No. 11. 2009. pp. 8–13. Archived (http
s://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/c06/0
08_013.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Articles on the 1948 military trials.

External links

US Army Operator's Manual for the AK-47 Assault Rifle

"Kalashnikov AK" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102901/http://kalashnikov.guns.r

u/) . Archived from the original (http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/) on 29 September 2007.

"AK 47 Operator's Manual" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060214072004/http://www.nazaria

n.no/images/wep/284_US_Army_AK47.pdf) (PDF). U.S. Army. Archived from the original on
14 February 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2005.

"The Timeless, Ubiquitous AK-47" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100225040332/http://www.

time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1964810,00.html) . Time. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1964810,00.html) on 25 February 2010.
"Legendary Kalashnikov: Story of AK-47 Rifle" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210808134353/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQtFYkvascA) . RT. Archived from the original (https://w
ww.youtube.com/watch?v=UQtFYkvascA) on 8 August 2021.

"AK-47: The Weapon Changed the Face of War" (https://web.archive.org/web/2023021712063

1/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6539945) . NPR. Archived from the
original (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6539945) on 17 February
2023.

"The AK-47: The Gun That Changed The Battlefield" (https://web.archive.org/web/2023032613

4156/https://www.npr.org/2010/10/12/130493013/the-ak-47-the-gun-that-changed-the-battlef
ield) . NPR. Archived from the original (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyI
d=130493013) on 26 March 2023.

"AK-47 Documentary: Part 1" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211227204939/https://www.you

tube.com/embed/na2_Nw31BBI) . YouTube. Archived from the original (https://www.youtube.
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