LEARNING GUIDE IV

INTELLIGENCE AND SECRET SERVICE

INTRODUCTION

History will tell us how intelligence and secret service preserved and the other way
around, compromised the integrity and sovereignty of a nation.

It is a common knowledge that there were countries all over the world that failed in
their quest for territorial expansion, and likewise, jeopardized their national stability
because of poor intelligence operations, despite of their military might and vast
resources.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this learning guide, the students will be able to explain and discuss the
history of intelligence and identify the persons and their respective contributions
relevant to it.

I. SUN TZU & SOME OF HIS MAXIMS

https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/sun-tzu-261.php
Sun-Tzu authored the book entitled “PING FA (The art of War)” written about 400
B.C. which the following statements could be found.

“IF YOU KNOW YOUR ENEMY AND YOU KNOW YOURSELF, YOU NEED NOT
FEAR THE RESULTS OF HUNDRED OF BATTLES. IF YOU KNOW YOURSELF
BUT NOT THE ENEMY, FOR EVERY VICTORY YOU WILL SUFFER DEFEAT. IF
YOU KNOW NEITHER YOURSELF NOR THE ENEMY, YOU ARE FOOL WHO
WILL SUFFER DEFEAT IN EVERY BATTLE.”

N.B. “What is called foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits, or from gods, or
from analogy to the past events nor from calculations. He wrote “It must be obtained
from men who know the enemy situation.”

II. HISTORY OF INTELLIGENCE

BIBLICAL RECORDS

1. Moses - One of the first recorded formalized intelligence effort with format can
be found in the Holy Bible (Numbers 13:17). The Scriptures also named the
12 intelligences agents whom the Lord directed Moses to send into the land of
Canaan and also recorded that all those men were heads of the children in
Israel. And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan (Num 13:17-20).
Moses sent the 12 agents and said
unto them, get you up this way
southward, and go up into the
mountain; and see the land, what
it is; and the people the dwelt
therein, whether they be strong or
weak, few or many, and; what the
land dwell in, whether in tenths or
strongholds; and what the land https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/moses-103.php
is,
whether it be fat or lean,
whether there be wood therein, or not. And be ye good courage and bring the
fruit of the land.”
 2. Rahab - The harlot of Jericho (Joshua 2:1-21) who sheltered and concealed
the agents of Israel, She made
covenant to the agents and duped
their pursuers. She was not only an
impromptu confederate of immense
value for the Jewish leader of that far
distant day, but also established a
plot-pattern which is still of periodic
relief to motion picture producers.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rahab_and
3. Delilah - was an impromptu
_the_Emissaries_of_Joshua.jpg

intelligence agent of the Philistines. She

allowed Philistine spies to hide in her
house (Judges 16:9). Apart from her
tonsorial specialty, she seduced
Samson of Israel to reveal the
secret of his strength and used
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/peop
herself to gain intelligence from le-in-the-bible/samson-true-weakness-hair-delilah/

powerful enemy. She achieved the largest effective force of her employer’s
adversaries and contriving the stoke which put that force out of action (Paquitol,
B.S.)

III. INTELLIGENCE IN PRE-MODERN ERA

1. Alexander the Great

He devised “first letter sorting and opening” to

obtain information. While marching into Asia, it is
recorded there came to his hints, and rumors of
disaffection growing among his allies and
mercenaries*.

The young conqueror thereupon sought the truth

and got it by the simplest expedient. He announced that he was writing home and
 recommended to his officers that they do likewise. Then, when the couriers were
ladened and had set out for Greece, he ordered them quietly recalled and
proceeded to investigate all the letters that they carried. Malcontents were detected,
legitimate causes of grievances exposed.
2. Akbar

The “Great Mogul and sagacious master” of

Hindustan who employed more than four
thousand agents for the sole purpose of
bringing him the truth that his throne might rest
upon him.
https://dailyasianage.com/news/219514/akbar-the-great
3. Genghis Khan

He used intelligence to conquer China and invade

Cathay. He instructed his Generals to send spies
and used prisoners as sources of information.
Genghis Khan was regarded as leader of the so
called “Mongol Conquerors” and used effective
propaganda by spreading rumors of Mongol terror.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanholiday/
2012/05/07/9-lessons-on-leadership-from-
They collected information on weaknesses and
genghis-khan-yes-genghis-khan/
rivalries of Europe and usually disguised as
merchants.

4. Hannibal - The Carthaginian General

considered as one of the brilliant military
strategist. He developed an effective
intelligence system for 15 years in Rome.
He roamed around the city often
disguising as a beggar to gather first-
hand information. Hannibal’s invasion of Italy,
his brilliant and victorious raid in the
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hannibal-
history, gained him many success Carthaginian-general-247-183-BC and
nearly bled Rome to death.
5. Frederick the Great - Frederick the Great was known as the Father of military
espionage. He established rules for obtaining and using every grade of
intelligence agents and divided his agents into
four classes as follows:
a. Common Spies - Recruited among poor
folk, glad to earn small amount of money or to
be accommodated as military officer.
b. Double Spies - The low informers and
unreliable renegades who are significant in
spreading false information to the enemy.
c. Spies of consequences - Couriers and nobleman, staff and officers, and
kindred conspirators, invariably requiring substantial bribe or bait.

d. Intimidated Spies - Persons who were forced to undertake espionage

against their will.

6. Sertorius, Quintos
He was a Roman General and possessor of white
fawn* that tried to follow Polyneus
everywhere. The fawn was used as
intelligence agent. His intelligence agents
credited their information to the
supernatural power of animal. https://medium.com/@BlueSertorius

7. Gaius Julius Caesar - During his time, his

staff legion includes ten “speculator” who
served as information-collecting agency.
Speculators were the first intelligence
personnel to appear definitely in military
organization.
8. Napoleon Bonaparte - He was a great leader who believes in the principle that
“One spy in the right place is worth 20,000 men
in field.” He also organized two bureaus of
interest:
a. Bureau of Intelligence - Consolidated all
incoming information regarding the enemy for
presentation to the emperor and to obtain
information as desired.
b. Topographic Bureau - Maintained a large map
which covers the latest information regarding both
enemy and friendly forces.

9. Karl Schulmesiter - He was Napoleon’s military secret service and Napoleon’s

eyes. He began his career in offensive espionage. Under a cover role, he was
able to infiltrate the Austrian General Staff and studied the characters of the
Generals. His Royal foes selected to defeat him.

10. George Washington - Conspirators under oath

abound in the history of every nation. He, as
grandmaster, mobilized the free masons of the
colonies at the outbreak of American war
independence. America’s first military
intelligence director.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/
George-Washington

11. Francis Walshingham - Under Queen

Elizabeth, He organized the first National
Intelligence Service. He employed spies on the
staff of the Admiral in Command of the
Spanish Army and able to obtain information
regarding Spanish Army and able to obtain
https://www.historic-
information regarding Spanish Army as to uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Sir-
Francis-Walsingham-Spymaster-General/
 their ships, Equipment, forces and stores. He protected Queen Elizabeth I from
countless assassins*.
12. Richelieu - He introduced the “network of covert collectors” who
transmitted prompt and accurate information to
Paris regarding the activities of the rebels and
dissidents of the kingdom.

https://twitter.com/cardinalriche16

13. Louis XIV (Sun King) - He systemized

political policy, continuous surveillance,
postal censorship and military
organization.

14. Wilhelm Stieber - He incorporated intelligence in the General Staff Support

System. He contributed to the Science of
Military Censorship and Organized Military
Propaganda. He worked as a census taker and
developed an informal format in the gathering
of data.

15. Alfred Redl - One of the most brilliant intelligence agent, even though he
was a homosexual. Chief of the Austro-Hungarian
secret service and at the same time, agent of Russia
(convicted of treason in 1913, but he committed
suicide). His treason led to the death of 500,000
agents and the soldiers combine in his 13 years’
https://historyofspies.com/alfred-redl/ espionage episode.
 16. Brahma Kautilya - In ancient India, he
overthrew the Nanda Dynasty and established the
first Mayuryan King in the Indian throne. He
recommended on his king that for the ruler to
succeed, the ruler should strike at the enemies’
weak points by means of spies.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya

17. Joseph Fouche - He was known as the Father of Espionage in France. He

was born on May 21, 1759, near Nantes. Trained
for priesthood but never look orders, instead he
becomes a teacher, he rose to become the most
feared and respected intelligence director in French
history. Created a network of agents with its
assistance and founded the modern system of
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9_duc_d%
spying on spies, which was later known as a
27Otrante.png
Counter espionage.

18. Gen. William Donovan - He was regarded as

the father of today’s CIA (Central
Intelligence Agency). He was the first chief
of the OSS (Office of the Strategic Service-
Forerunner of CIA) when former president
Roosevelt established it in June 14, 1942
https://historyofspies.com/alfred-redl/

19. Edward I - In 1725, he organized a systematic police system known as “Watch

and Award” and royal proclamation; the Profession
“State Informer” was created in 1734 enjoining all
informers to exposed criminal activities and be
compensated.
20. Joseph Petrosino - He was the former head of
Italian squad. Through extensive intelligence
network, he credited to smash the “Black
Society”.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Petrosino

IV. INTELLIGENCE AND THE WORLD WAR

A. World War I
1. 1900 - Europe powers developed modern staff systems and place
intelligence on the same level with personnel, operations and logistics.
Intelligence the functioned in time of peace and war. Intelligence during
this period, concentrated on information about the armed forces of the
enemy and their capabilities.
2. Aircraft was introduced as a tool of conducting aerial reconnaissance.
3. Wireless Telegraph was used
wherein codes and ciphers were
applied.
https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWwireless.htm

4. Army Intelligence rapidly expanded during this period.

5. “Agent Provocateur” – was employed by the Russian for the purpose
of internal security and political repression. Spying was always the
specialty of the Russians.
6. German Intelligence – gained a high reputation for offensive
effectiveness throughout Europe but declined at the outset of war.
7. British Intelligence – succeeded greatly by means of censorship and
its Code Room combined with skilful use of Covert agents.
8. United States expanded their Naval Intelligence wherein Domestic
Counterintelligence became a principal activity.
 B. US THREE BRANCHES OF INTELLIGENCE

1. Positive Branch - Its function is to collect, evaluate and disseminate

intelligence Information. Prepare situation, estimate and translate
documents.

2. Negative Branch - Counterintelligence functions: investigate disloyalty

and sedition*; investigate graft and fraud in organization.

3. Geographic Branch - Produces maps, photographs and terrain

studies. Sections: administration, collection by attaches troops, codes and
ciphers*.

V. INTELLIGENCE DURING WORLD WAR II

1. German Intelligence - German
intelligence started the war with the world’s best
organized intelligence service through
advance preparation of intelligence
accompanied by troop movements.
2. Japanese Intelligence - Japanese intelligence failed because it was not
provided with sufficient number of trained
personnel to assemble and evaluate the mass of
materials which were collected although Japanese
Intelligence was involved in short war and
defensive in nature.

3. British Intelligence - Its achievement was the delay in the use of

German V bomb. The operation was conducted with
the OSS and through the penetration and technical
intelligence; they discovered Peenemunde, the V2
guided missile research project of Nazi Germany.
 4. United State Intelligence -In 1941, the US office of
Strategic Service (OSS) forerunner of today’s Central
Intelligence agency (CIA) was established to analyze
military, political and economic information as it affected
the security of the country. US JOINT CHIEF OF
STAFFS – was organized to act in support of the army
and the navy in the collection and analysis of strategic information and
to be responsible for the planning and operation of special services.

5. Chinese Intelligence - In 1932, TAI LI was organized, the China’s

Secret Police to conduct espionage and
counterespionage against Japanese spies and
Chinese communist. The organization is noted in
manhandling their captives, such as but not limited
to torture, rape, and other forms of inhuman abuse.
6. Soviet Intelligence - AMTORG was organized for the purpose of
purchasing all kinds of material for Soviet Union.
Smersh or “Death to Spies” - Smersh was organized
during the war as counterintelligence concerned with
disaffection among soviet troops and anti-communism
in any form. There were five divisions: Administration,
operation, investigation, prosecution and personnel.

N.B. Smersh agents are credited for their harsh treatment of their captives that include
summary killings, torture, maltreatment and sexual abuse.

V. OTHER SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN INTELIGGENCE DURING WORLD WAR II

1. In 1942, a female specialist agent was able to transmit vital information

concerning the activities and installations of the main research station at
Peenemunde. British failed in the defeat of Gen. Montgomery’s forces at
Annenheim.
 2. United State Intelligence – in 1942, the US Strategic Service was
established to research and analyse military, political and economic
information as it affected the security of the country.

3. Battle of Midway – In 1942; the turning point of the US-Naval force in

the Pacific. The victory gained by the
Americans was due to the disrupted
messages from the Imperial
Japanese Navy.

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6924650/

Courtesy of the motion picture,

“Battle of Midway” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway

4. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto - In

April 1943, the crypto-analyst of the
U.S. Navy Communications
Intelligence intercepted a top-secret
signal relaying the travel of the
admiral. En route, he was
intercepted and crashed in the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoroku_
Yamamoto%27s_sleeping_giant_quote
Jungles of Bougainville.

5. U.S. Joint Chief of Staffs

Was organized to act in support of the army and the navy in the collection
and analysis of Strategic Information and to be responsible for the
planning and operation of the Special Service.
 6. Amphibious Warfare - U.S. greatest contributions was its development
where coordination of many types of
intelligence activities was required to
provide adequate knowledge upon
which is the basis of the successful
operation of a complex military
transported over water with the
https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/a-capability-of-
first-resort-australia-and-amphibious-warfare/ objective of establishing itself on an
enemy-held shore against opposition.

7. U.S. Success in WWII was that their Personnel were drawn from the
civilian populace, business and professional men and woman.

VI. POST WAR PERIOD: The Superpowers

1. Soviet Intelligence
a. Soviet Intelligence System
Described as the “omnipotent* and omnipresent*” for its vast
intricate organization involving millions of people.
b. Soviet Counterintelligence
Described as the “Iron Curtain” – because no one can cross in the
borders of USSR without being detected – all communications are
rigidly controlled. Its contribution to the modern intelligence was the
dissemination of false information designed to mislead and confuse
opponents and prospective victims.
c. Military Intelligence and Ministry of State Security (formerly
NKGB)
It is concerned with the political events and
economic conditions and also collects
information for intelligence purposes all over
the world. It directs foreign sabotage and
maintain network of agents in military and
special agents.
It is concerned on political espionage
activities of foreign communist countries.
 d. KGB (Komitetor Komissija Goudartsvennoy Bezopasnasti)
It is the official secret police agency of the
Soviet Union in charge of the state security
(Commission of the State Security)

2. British Intelligence System - It is

composed of several intelligence agencies as follows;

a. British Military Intelligence Division (MID) It is divided into 20

different departments.
• MI5 - Devoted to counter
espionage and security.
• Special Branch of
Scotland Yard - It is
charged with guarding the Royal family and Important British
Officials and visiting foreign dignitaries.

3. Israel Intelligence System

a. Mossad - In charge of the National Intelligence. The number one

Intelligence Agency in the whole world.

b. Aman - Concerned with military Intelligence.

c. Shinbet - Concerned with Internal Security

 e. IIC - Israel Intelligence agency – Report to the
prime minister.

4. French Intelligence
a. Sdece De Documentation Exterieure and Et Der Contre
Espionage
Foreign Intelligence and Counterintelligence
Service. This is under the Prime Minister.

b. General, Charles De Gaulle - He set-up the

Bureau Central Renseignements et d’ Action.
(BCRA Central Office for Intelligence Action) in
London in 1940. It is an expansion of the service d’
Renseignements (sr- Intelligence Service) which is
part of the old Renzieme Bureau (second Bureau)
of French General staff.

b. SDECE - Concerned in Strategic and Counter Intelligence.

c. Surete Nationale - Part of French Intelligence Service.

5. German Intelligence
Red Gestapo - The security service organized by the East Germany to
combat the covert activities of the West
Germany group when it was still divided by
Berlin Walls.

6. GREAT BETRAYALS
1. Judith Coplon

She was a political analyst of the Department

of Justice who is accused of taking unlawful
possession of government documents and
spying for a foreign power. She was a well-
known communist activist.

2. Dr. Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs

He was accused of releasing
American Atomic Secrets to the
Soviet in 1945 and British in 1947. He
detailed knowledge of the
construction of the atomic bomb.

3. Ernst Hilding Anderson

In 1951, a Royal Navy provided military
secrets to a foreign power and was
found guilty and sentenced to life
imprisonment.
 Assessment For Learning Module IV

Direction: Analyse the questions carefully and answer only what is being asked. Write
your answers on a separate piece of paper.

For computer generated, the same should be printed in an A-4 bond paper, Font style
is “Arial”, and the Font size is 11.

1. In business and in war, this principle of Sun Tzu in his book “The Art of War” (“IF
YOU KNOW YOUR ENEMY AND YOU KNOW YOURSELF, YOU NEED NOT FEAR
THE RESULTS OF HUNDRED OF BATTLES. IF YOU KNOW YOURSELF BUT NOT
THE ENEMY, FOR EVERY VICTORY YOU WILL SUFFER DEFEAT. IF YOU KNOW
NEITHER YOURSELF NOR THE ENEMY, YOU ARE FOOL WHO WILL SUFFER
DEFEAT IN EVERY BATTLE.”) remain very popular. Explain in your own
understanding the aforementioned excerpt.

2. From among the pioneers of intelligence in the pre-modern era, who among them
have greater influence to intelligence of the modern world?

3. During World War II, the most dreaded organization among the different intelligence
organizations of the world was the Red Gestapo of Germany. Relevant thereof,
determine the reasons why it earned said recognition.

4. The former Soviet Union during World War II (USSR, now Russia) was known for
their counterintelligence courtesy of the “Iron Curtain” operations. Determine and
explain the nature of their operation.

5. In the history of great betrayals, Dr. Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs is the most renowned.
Determine and explain the nature of his betrayal and its effect to international safety
during the cold war era.