INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL SECRETARIA ACADÉMICA

DIRECCIÓN DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA

SUPERIOR
CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS CIENTÍFICOS Y TECNOLÓGICOS No. 13
“RICARDO FLORES MAGÓN”

GUÍA de Estudio
para presentar EXTAORDINARIO Y/O ETS de la UNIDAD DE
APRENDIZAJE
INGLÉS V
Semestre 2025-1 TURNO MATUTINO

Integrantes de la academia: Fecha de Elaboración: Julio/2024

ELISA EVELYN DE LA CRUZ GARCIA

EDUARDO IVAN RUIZ FRUTOS
SILVINO FUENTES GALVAN
AXEL VIJOSAS CORIA
CAROLINA ANGELES MARTINEZ
Ma CARMEN DEL CARMEN MELENDES CASTRO

Área: Nombre de la Unidad de Aprendizaje: Nivel/semestre:

Humanística Inglés V QUINTO

Instrucciones generales de la guía:

Esta guía no tiene valor alguno sobre el examen. La fecha del examen ETS se dará a conocer a través de la
página oficial del CECyT.

Presentación:
La Unidad de Aprendizaje Inglés III tiene como finalidad el dominio de las 4 habilidades del idioma, las cuales
te servirán para poder interactuar en diversos ámbitos de la vida personal, escolar y laboral.
 Objetivos
Satisface necesidades comunicativas en lengua inglesa, utilizando los tiempos presente simple y continuo, así
como el vocabulario y las expresiones pertinentes para describir actividades cotidianas en forma oral y
escrita, en contextos sociales formales e informales.

Justificación
El idioma inglés, considerado como lengua universal, es utilizado en la mayoría de las áreas del conocimiento,
científico y tecnológico. Por lo tanto, es una herramienta lingüística y comunicativa a nivel mundial
indispensable.
Esta guía retoma los contenidos vistos a lo largo del semestre, reafirmándolos para así tener una visión
general de todos los temas que se abordarán en éste.

Evaluación
No tiene valor en la evaluación.
Materiales para la elaboración de la guía
Diversas páginas web
Libros de Texto

Actividades de estudio
•Auto estudio ya sea con base en el libro de texto, ejercicios de internet o de aplicaciones para aprender el
idioma.

Información Adicional
Se recomienda elaborar un cuadro sinóptico, mapa conceptual o infografía con ejemplos de cada estructura
gramatical de la sección.
Asesoría en línea o presencial con el maestro

Información Adicional
• Se recomienda elaborar un cuadro sinóptico, mapa conceptual o infografía con ejemplos de cada
estructura gramatical de la sección.
• Asesoría en línea o presencial con el maestro titular.

Bibliografía Básica
• For Real Plus Elementary / Martyn Hobbs & Julia Starr / Helbling Languages
May, Might
We use may and might to talk about things that are possibly true, but we don’t know for sure.
• He’s more than 2 meters tall. He might be a basketball player. (=perhaps he is)
• He says Betty is his friend, but I think she may be his girlfriend.
We use may not or might not to talk about things that are possibly not true, but we don’t know for sure.
• You should call her. She might not know where you are. (= perhaps she doesn’t know)
Don’t use can for deduction
We don’t use can as a modal of deduction.
• He can be at home now.
• He might/may be at home now.
Must, Can’t
We use must when we are sure, or quite sure, that something is true.
• You must be tired after the long journey. (=I’m sure you are tired)
• I’m sure I had the keys when I left. They must be in the car.
But we use can’t (NOT mustn’t) when we are sure, or quite sure, that something is not true.
• We’ve been walking for hours. It mustn’t be far from here.
• We’ve been walking for hours. It can’t be far from here.
• They’ve lived here only for a couple of months. They can’t know many people.
+ be + -ing
After may, might, must or can’t, we can use be + -ing, when we are talking about actions in progress.
• They’ve gone to Ibiza, and right now, they must be having a great time.
• Call him. He might be waiting for us.
Will
We use the future simple with 'will' to predict the future. It is the basic way we talk about the future in
English, and we often use it if there is no reason to use another future tense. We can use it for future facts
and for things that are less certain.
• The sun will rise at 7am.
• I think the Conservatives will win the next election.
The simple future tense is very easy to make and is very useful. Here's the positive form (it's just 'will' +
infinitive):
• I will meet him later (I'll ..)
• You will come (you'll..)
• It will rain tomorrow (it'll)
• She will be late (she'll..)
• He will help us later (he'll..)
• We will get married in September (we'll)
• They will cook dinner (they'll..)
The short form: 'll is very, very common, and is almost always used when speaking. It's really much more
natural to say 'I'll' instead of 'I will':
• I'll meet him later
• You'll come
• It'll rain tomorrow
 • She'll be late
• He'll help us later
• We'll get married in September
• They'll cook dinner
Next, here's the negative form (just add 'not' - remember will not = won't):
• I will not go (I won't ..)
• You will not be late (you won't ..)
• It will not snow tomorrow (it won't..)
• She will not get the job (she won't..)
• He will not pass the exam (he won't ..)
• We will not come (we won't..)
• They will not stop (they won't ..)
Finally, here's the question: 'yes / no' questions
• Will I go?
• Will you come early?
• Will it be cold?
• Will she dance?
• Will he arrive soon?
• Will we cook?
• Will they leave?
'wh' questions:
• Where will I go?
• Why will you come early?
• When will it be cold?
• Who will she dance with?
• What time will he arrive?
• What will we cook?
• When will they leave?
Future Simple (Will) Positive Exercise. Make the future simple positive:
1. A: "There's someone at the door."
B: "I _________________________ (get) it."
2. Joan thinks the Conservatives _________________________ (win) the next election.
3. A: "I'm moving house tomorrow."
B: "I _________________________ (come) and help you."
4. If she passes the exam, she _________________________ (be) very happy.
5. I _________________________ (be) there at four o'clock, I promise.
6. A: "I'm cold."
B: "I _________________________ (turn) on the fire."
7. A: "She's late."
B: "Don't worry she _________________________ (come)."
8. The meeting _________________________ (take) place at 6 p.m.
9. If you eat all of that cake, you _________________________ (feel) sick.
10. They _________________________ (be) at home at 10 o'clock.
Future Simple Negative Exercise. Make the future simple negative:
1. I'm afraid I _________________________ (not / be) able to come tomorrow.
2. Because of the train strike, the meeting ________________________ (not / take) place at 9 o'clock.
 3. A: "Go and tidy your room."
B: "I _________________________ (not / do) it!"
4. If it rains, we _________________________ (not / go) to the beach.
5. In my opinion, she _________________________ (not / pass) the exam.
6. A: "I'm driving to the party, would you like a lift?"
B: "Okay, I _________________________ (not / take) the bus, I'll come with you."
7. He _________________________ (not / buy) the car, if he can't afford it.
8. I've tried everything, but he _________________________ (not / eat).
9. According to the weather forecast, it _________________________ (not / snow) tomorrow.
10. A: "I'm really hungry."
B: "In that case we _________________________ (not / wait) for John."
Future Simple Questions Exercise. Make future simple questions:
1. ____________________ (they / come) tomorrow?
2. When ____________________ (you / get) back?
3. If you lose your job, what ____________________ (you / do)?
4. In your opinion, ____________________ (she / be) a good teacher?
5. What time ____________________ (the sun / set) today?
6. ____________________ (she / get) the job, do you think?
7. ____________________ (David / be) at home this evening?
8. What ____________________ (the weather / be) like tomorrow?
9. There’s someone at the door, ____________________ (you / get) it?
10. How ____________________ (he / get) here
Choose all the correct modal verbs of deduction for each gap below. In some sentences there are
two possible answers.
1. 1Paul is behaving in a very unusual way. I think he ______ again.
a.can't drink b.can be drinking c.might be drinking
2. 2I think there ______ a mistake in your tax return. You should check it. Choose TWO correct options

a.can't be b.might be c.may be

3. 3If Suzan said that, it ______ true. She never lies.
a.might be b.must be c.can be
4. 4Sorry, but I'm not Connor. You ______ me for someone else.
a.might be confusing b.must confuse c.must be confusing
5. 5I'm not sure I trust Peter. He ______ the person we think he is.
a.might not be b.can't be c.must not be
6. 6You have been walking for ten hours. You ______ exhausted.
a.can be b.can't be c.must be
7. 7He ______ his son, they look completely different.
a.might be b.can't be c must not be
8. 8There's a bit of traffic, so I ______ arrive in time. Choose TWO correct options

a.might not b.must not c.may not

9. 9He ______ be very proud of you right now. You disappointed him.
a.must not b.can't c.might
 10. 10I wouldn't swim in this river if I were you. It ______ dangerous. Choose TWO correct options
a.might be b.may be c.can be
Reported Speech
Reported Statements
When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the
cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said. Here's how it works:
We use a reporting verb like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy.
We just put 'she says' and then the sentence.
Direct speech: I like ice cream.
Reported speech: She says she likes ice cream.
We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for
example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.
On the other hand, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the
reported speech:
Direct speech: I like ice cream.
Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream.
Tense Change Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple –
"I like ice cream." She said (that) she liked ice cream.
past simple
present
continuous – "I am living in London." She said she was living in London.
past continuous
past simple – She said she had bought a car OR She
"I bought a car."
past perfect said she bought a car.
past continuous
"I was walking along the street." She said she had been walking along the
– past perfect
street.
continuous
present perfect
"I haven't seen Julie." She said she hadn't seen Julie.
– past perfect
past perfect* "I had taken English lessons before." She said she had taken English lessons before.
will – would "I'll see you later." She said she would see me later.
would* "I would help, but…" She said she would help but...
can - could "I can speak perfect English." She said she could speak perfect English.
could* "I could swim when I was four." She said she could swim when she was four.
shall - would "I shall come later." She said she would come later.
should* "I should call my mother." She said she should call her mother.
might* "I might be late." She said she might be late.
"I must study at the weekend." She said she must study at the weekend. OR
must – had to
She said she had to study at the weekend.
* doesn't change.
Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is
still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the
tense):
Direct speech: The sky is blue.
Reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue.
Reported Questions
So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how
about questions?
Direct speech: Where do you live?
Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.
How can we make the reported speech here? In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The
tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once
we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a
normal positive sentence.
Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple
question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple.
Another example:
Direct speech: Where is Julie?
Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.
The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by
inverting (changing the position of) the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting
the verb into the past simple. Here are some more examples:
Direct Question Reported Question
"Where is the Post Office, please?" She asked me where the Post Office was.
"What are you doing?" She asked me what I was doing.
"Who was that fantastic man?" She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any
question words to help us. Instead, we use 'if':

Direct speech: Do you like chocolate?

Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.
No problem? Here are a few more examples:
Direct Question Reported Question
"Do you love me?" He asked me if I loved him.
"Have you ever been to Mexico?" She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
"Are you living here?" She asked me if I was living here
Reported Requests
There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For example:
Direct speech: Close the window, please.
Or: Could you close the window please?
Or: Would you mind closing the window please?
All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when we tell another
person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':
Reported speech: She asked me to close the window.
Here are a few more examples:
Direct Request Reported Request
"Please help me". She asked me to help her.
"Please don't smoke". She asked me not to smoke.
"Could you bring my book tonight?” She asked me to bring her book that night.
"Could you pass the milk, please?" She asked me to pass the milk.
"Would you mind coming early tomorrow?" She asked me to come early the next day.
To report a negative request, use 'not':
Direct speech: Please don't be late.
Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.
Reported Orders
And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order' in English, when
someone tells you very directly to do something. For example:
Direct speech: Sit down!
In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use 'tell' instead of 'ask.'
Reported speech: She told me to sit down.
Direct Order Reported Order
"Go to bed!" He told the child to go to bed.
"Don't worry!" He told her not to worry.
"Be on time!" He told me to be on time.
"Don't smoke!" He told us not to smoke.
Mixed Reported Speech 1 (Statements, Questions, Requests and Orders)
Change the direct speech into reported speech. Choose the past simple of 'ask', 'say' or 'tell'.
1. "Don't do it!"
She ______________________________________________________________
2. "I'm leaving tomorrow"
She ______________________________________________________________
3. "Please get me a cup of tea"
She ______________________________________________________________
4. "She got married last year"
She ______________________________________________________________
5. "Be quick!"
She ______________________________________________________________
6. "Could you explain number four, please?"
She ______________________________________________________________
7. "Where do you live?"
She ______________________________________________________________
8. "We went to the cinema and then to a Chinese restaurant"
She ______________________________________________________________
9. "I'll come and help you at twelve"
She ______________________________________________________________
10. "What are you doing tomorrow?"
She__________________________________________________
11. "Don't go!"
She ______________________________________________________________
12. "Do you work in London?"
She ______________________________________________________________
13. "Could you tell me where the post office is?"
She ______________________________________________________________
14. "Come here!"
She ______________________________________________________________
15. "I've never been to Wales"
She ______________________________________________________________
16. "Have you ever seen 'Lord of the Rings'?"
She ______________________________________________________________
17. "I don't like mushrooms"
She ______________________________________________________________
 18. "Don't be silly!"
She ______________________________________________________________
19. "Would you mind waiting a moment please?"
She ______________________________________________________________
20. "How often do you play sport?"
She ______________________________________________________________
Mixed Reported Speech 2 (Statements, Questions, Requests and Orders)
Change the direct speech into reported speech. Choose the past simple of 'ask', 'say' or 'tell'.
1. "Come quickly!"
She ______________________________________________________________
2. "Did you arrive before seven?"
She ______________________________________________________________
3. "How was your holiday?"
She ______________________________________________________________
4. "I would have visited the hospital, if I had known you were sick"
She ______________________________________________________________
5. "Don't touch!"
She ______________________________________________________________
6. "Do you usually cook at home?"
She ______________________________________________________________
7. "They had never been to Scotland until last year"
She ______________________________________________________________
8. "Make sure you arrive early!"
She ______________________________________________________________
9. "I should have studied harder for the exam"
She ______________________________________________________________
10. "Would you mind telling me how to get to the art gallery, please?"
She ______________________________________________________________
11. "Please don't forget my book"
She ______________________________________________________________
12. "Make sure you arrive at six!"
She ______________________________________________________________
13. "Remember to study hard!"
She ______________________________________________________________
14. "Where do you want to eat tonight?"
She ______________________________________________________________
15. "I usually drink coffee in the mornings"
She ______________________________________________________________
16. "Do you like studying English?"
She ______________________________________________________________
17. "I'll come and help you on Saturday"
She ______________________________________________________________
18. "Please buy some bread on your way home"
She ______________________________________________________________
19."Please give this to John"
She ____________________________________________________________
20"Could you give me the glass on the table, please?"
She ______________________________________________________________
Reported Statements Mixed Exercise
Change this direct speech into reported speech.
1. "He works in a bank"
She said _____________________

2. "We went out last night"

She told me ________________________________________________________
3. "I'm coming!"
She said ___________________________________________________________
4. "I was waiting for the bus when he arrived"
She told me ________________________________________________________
5. "I'd never been there before"
She said ___________________________________________________________
6. "I didn't go to the party"
She told me ________________________________________________________
7. "Lucy'll come later"
She said ___________________________________________________________
8. "He hasn't eaten breakfast"
She told me ________________________________________________________
9. "I can help you tomorrow"
She said ___________________________________________________________
10. "You should go to bed early"
She told me ________________________________________________________
11. "I don't like chocolate"
She told me ________________________________________________________
12. "I won't see you tomorrow"
She said ___________________________________________________________
13. "She's living in Paris for a few months"
She said ___________________________________________________________
14. "I visited my parents at the weekend"
She told me ________________________________________________________
15. "She hasn't eaten sushi before"
She said ___________________________________________________________
16. "I hadn't travelled by underground before I came to London"
She said ___________________________________________________________
17. "They would help if they could"
She said ___________________________________________________________
18. "I'll do the washing-up later"
She told me ________________________________________________________
19. "He could read when he was three"
She said ___________________________________________________________
20. "I was sleeping when Julie called"
She said ___________________________________________________________
Reported Requests and Orders
Change the direct speech into reported speech.
1. "Please help me carry this"
She asked me ______________________________________________________
2. "Please come early"
She ______________________________________________________________
3. "Please buy some milk"
She ______________________________________________________________
4. "Could you please open the window?"
She ______________________________________________________________
 5. "Could you bring the book tonight?"
She ______________________________________________________________
6. "Can you help me with my homework, please?"
She ______________________________________________________________

7. "Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?"

She ______________________________________________________________
8. "Would you mind passing the salt?"
She ______________________________________________________________
9. "Would you mind lending me a pencil?"
She ______________________________________________________________
10. "I was wondering if you could possibly tell me the time?"
She ______________________________________________________________
11. "Do your homework!"
She told me ________________________________________________________
12. "Go to bed!"
She ______________________________________________________________
13. "Don't be late!"
She ______________________________________________________________
14. "Don't smoke!"
She ______________________________________________________________
15. "Tidy your room!"
She ______________________________________________________________
16. "Wait here!"
She ______________________________________________________________
17. "Don't do that!"
She ______________________________________________________________
18. "Eat your dinner!"
She ______________________________________________________________
19. "Don't make a mess!"
She ______________________________________________________________
20. "Do the washing-up!"
She ______________________________________________________________
Tag Questions
Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are often used for checking
information that we think we know is true.
Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example be or have) and a subject pronoun (for
example I, you, she). Negative question tags are usually contracted:
• It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is it not').
Usually if the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative, and if the main clause is negative, it's
positive. For example:

• It's cold (positive), isn't it (negative)?

• It isn't cold (negative), is it (positive)?
If the main clause has an auxiliary verb in it, you use the same verb in the tag question. If there is no
auxiliary verb (in the present simple and past simple) use do / does / did (just like when you make a normal
question).
There is one weird exception: the question tag after I am is aren't I. For example:
• I'm in charge of the food, aren't I?
Positive sentences, with negative tags
Present simple 'be' She's Italian, isn't she?
Present simple other verbs They live in London, don't they?
Present continuous We're working tomorrow, aren't we?
Past simple 'be' It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?
Past simple other verbs He went to the party last night, didn't he?
Past continuous We were waiting at the station, weren't we?
Present perfect They've been to Japan, haven't they?
Present perfect continuous She's been studying a lot recently, hasn't she?
Past perfect He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he?
Past perfect continuous We'd been working, hadn't we?
Future simple She'll come at six, won't she?
Future continuous They'll be arriving soon, won't they?
Future perfect They'll have finished before nine, won't they?
Future perfect continuous She'll have been cooking all day, won't she?
Modals He can help, can't he?
Modals John must stay, mustn't he?
Negative sentences, with positive tags
Present simple 'be' We aren't late, are we?
Present simple other verbs She doesn't have any children, does she?
Present continuous The bus isn't coming, is it?
Past simple 'be' She wasn't at home yesterday, was she?
Past simple other verbs They didn't go out last Sunday, did they?
Past continuous You weren't sleeping, were you?
Present perfect She hasn't eaten all the cake, has she?
Present perfect continuous He hasn't been running in this weather, has he?
Past perfect We hadn't been to London before, had we?
Past perfect continuous You hadn't been sleeping, had you?
Future simple They won't be late, will they?
Future continuous He won't be studying tonight, will he?
Future perfect She won't have left work before six, will she?
Future perfect continuous He won't have been travelling all day, will he?
Modals She can't speak Arabic, can she?
Modals They mustn't come early, must they?
Choose the correct form to complete the questions tags below.
1. 1You are a student, aren't you / are you / don't you?
2. 2It isn't too cold today, isn't it / is it / it is?
3. 3He was at the concert, wasn't he / wasn't it / didn't he?
4. 4You like chocolate, don't it / do you / don't you?
5. 5She arrived too late, did she / didn't she / wasn't she?
6. 6Tom couldn't find the place, didn't he / could he / could Tom?
7. 7Henry and Juliet have just arrived, haven't they / have they / they have?
8. 8Your little Angie can't walk yet, can't she / she can't / can she?
9. When you arrived, she had already left, she didn't / didn't she / hadn't she?
10. 1You would never tell him, wouldn't you / would he / would you?
Choose the correct form to complete the questions tags below.
11. 1I'm not interrupting anything, ______?
a.I am b.aren't I c.am I
12. 2I am quite stupid, ______?
a.aren't I b.am I not c.am I
13. 3I should go now, ______?
a.aren't I b.shouldn't I c.don't I
14. 4Elisabeth has passed the test, ______?
a.has she b.hasn't she c.hasn't Elisabeth
15. 5You won't do anything stupid, ______?
a.will you b.shall you c.won't you
16. 6They had already been in Paris, ______?
a.didn't they b.had they c.hadn't they
17. 7Jimmy passed the exam, ______?
a.doesn't he b.didn't he c.isn't it
18. 8You work nights, ______?
a.are you b.do you c.don't you
19. 9David was trying to hide something from us, ______?
a.wasn't he b.weren't he c.was he
20. 10Peter can't keep a secret, ______?
a.isn't he b.does he c.can he

Fill in the gaps with the correct questions tag.

Dialoge
A: You haven't washed the dishes, _______?
B: No, sorry. I didn't have time. And you are angry now, _______?
A: Well, if you promise you will do something, you should do it, _______?
B: Yes, yes, OK, mum! You want me to wash them now, _______?
A: Of course I want you to wash them now, because you won't pay me to wash them for you, _____?
 Dialoge
A: You went to Denali National Park last month, _______?
B: Yes, it was great!
A: But you had been there before, _______?
B: Yes, but when you really loved a place the first time you went, it's always nice to go back, _____?
A: Of course. I'm sure the views are amazing.
B: Yes, they're great. You have never been there, _______?
A: No, it's a shame. I suppose I should go one day, _______?

Present simple - be and other verbs (be careful: 'I am' → 'aren't I' but 'I'm not' → 'am I'). Add the tag
question.
1. She's from a small town in China, ________________ ?
2. They aren't on their way already, ________________ ?
3. We're late again, ________________ ?
4. I'm not the person with the tickets, ________________ ?
5. Julie isn't an accountant, ________________ ?
6. The weather is really bad today, ________________ ?
7. He's very handsome, ________________ ?
8. They aren't in Mumbai at the moment, ________________ ?
9. You aren't from Brazil, ________________ ?
10. John's a very good student, ________________ ?
11. I like chocolate very much, ________________ ?
12. She doesn't work in a hotel, ________________ ?
13. They need some new clothes, ________________ ?
14. We live in a tiny flat, ________________ ?
15. She studies very hard every night, ________________ ?
16. David and Julie don't take Chinese classes, ________________ ?
17. I often come home late, ________________ ?
18. You don't like spicy food, ________________ ?
19. She doesn't cook very often, ________________ ?
20. We don't watch much TV, ________________ ?
Conditionals
What are conditionals in English grammar? Sometimes we call them 'if clauses'. They describe the result of
something that might happen (in the present or future) or might have happened but didn't (in the past) . They
are made using different English verb tenses.
There are four main kinds of conditionals:
• The Zero Conditional:
(if + present simple, ... present simple)
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
 • The First Conditional:
(if + present simple, ... will + infinitive)
If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.
• The Second Conditional:
(if + past simple, ... would + infinitive)
If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
• The Third Conditional
(if + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle)
If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.

(Notice we can put 'if' at the beginning, or in the middle. It doesn't change the meaning. When 'if' is at the
beginning of the sentence, we put a comma at the end of the 'if' clause. We don't use a comma when 'if' is in
the middle of the sentence.)
ZERO CONDITIONAL
We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if clause' and one in
the 'main clause'):
• If ☺ + present simple, ☺ + present simple.
This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees, it always
boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular situation. The result of the 'if clause' is always
the main clause.
The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning.
For example: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a different result
sometimes). If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone, but it's still true
that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts)
Here are some more examples:
• If people eat too much, they get fat.
• If you touch a fire, you get burned.
• People die if they don't eat.
• You get water if you mix hydrogen and oxygen.
• Snakes bite if they are scared
• If babies are hungry, they cry

The First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause:
• if ☺ + present simple, ☺ will + infinitive
It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in
the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.
• If it rains, I won't go to the park.
• If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
• If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
• She'll be late if the train is delayed.
• She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
• If I see her, I'll tell her.
First vs. Zero conditional
The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero conditional describes what happens in
general.
For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm talking about every time a
person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the sitting)
But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about what will happen today,
another day might be different)
First vs. Second conditional
The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future, whereas the second
conditional talks about things that I don't think will really happen. It's subjective; it depends on my point of
view.
For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think it's possible she will study
harder and so she'll pass).
But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think that she won't study
harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass).
The Second Conditional
The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:
if ☺ + past simple, ☺ would + infinitive
(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal writing).
It has two uses:
1. We can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm
imagining some dream for example.
• If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house. (I probably won't win the lottery).
• If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
• She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
• She would pass the exam if she ever studied. (She never studies, so this won't happen).
2. We can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that
clear? Have a look at the examples:
• If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call
him.)
• If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.
How is this different from the first conditional?
This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot more unlikely. For
example (second conditional):
• "If I had enough money, I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool." (I'm
probably not going to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real.)
But (first conditional):
• "If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes." (It's much more likely that I'll have enough money
to buy some shoes.)
The Third Conditional
We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past participle
in the second part of the sentence:
if ☺ + past perfect, ☺ would + have + past participle
It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the
result of this situation.
• If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she
didn't pass).
• If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick).
• If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane.
• She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier.
• She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university.
• He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine.
Zero Conditional Exercise 1
Make sentences with the zero conditional. For example:
(not / rain / the flowers / die)
If it doesn't rain, the flowers die.
1. (I / wake up late / I / be late for work)
_______________________________________________________________
2. (my husband / cook / he / burn the food)
_______________________________________________________________
3. (Julie / not wear a hat / she / get sunstroke)
_______________________________________________________________
4. (children / not eat well / they / not be healthy)
_______________________________________________________________
5. (you / mix water and electricity / you / get a shock)
_______________________________________________________________
6. (people / eat / too many sweets / they / get fat)
_______________________________________________________________
7. (you / smoke / you / get yellow fingers)
_______________________________________________________________
8. (children / play outside / they / not get overweight)
_______________________________________________________________
9. (you / heat ice / it / melt)
_______________________________________________________________
10. (I / speak to John / he / get annoyed)
_______________________________________________________________
11. (I / feel good the next day / I / go to bed early)
_______________________________________________________________
12. (lots of people / come / Jenny / have a party)
_______________________________________________________________
13. (she / buy expensive clothes / she / go shopping)
_______________________________________________________________
14. (my daughter / pass her exams / she / work hard)
_______________________________________________________________
15. (David / be sick / he / drink milk)
_______________________________________________________________
16. (the river / freeze / it / be very cold)
_______________________________________________________________
17. (I / like to visit the museums / I / be in a new city)
_______________________________________________________________
18. (I / cycle to work / the weather / be fine)
_______________________________________________________________
19. (my flatmate / clean it really well / she / clean the house)
_______________________________________________________________
20. (everybody / be grumpy / it / rain a lot)
_______________________________________________________________

First Conditional Exercise

Put the verb into the correct first conditional form.
1. If I __________________ (go) out tonight, I __________________ (go) to the cinema.
2. If you __________________ (get) back late, I __________________ (be) angry.
3. If we ______________ (not / see) each other tomorrow, we ____________ (see) each other next week.
4. If he __________________ (come), I __________________ (be) surprised.
5. If we __________________ (wait) here, we __________________ (be) late.
6. If we __________________ (go) on holiday this summer, we __________________ (go) to Spain.
7. If the weather __________________ (not / improve), we __________________ (not / have) a picnic.
8. If I __________________ (not / go) to bed early, I __________________ (be) tired tomorrow.
9. If we __________________ (eat) all this cake, we __________________ (feel) sick.
10. If you __________________ (not / want) to go out, I __________________ (cook) dinner at home.
11. I __________________ (come) early if you __________________ (want).
12. They __________________ (go) to the party if they __________________ (be) invited.
13. She __________________ (stay) in London if she __________________ (get) a job.
14. He __________________ (not / get) a better job if he __________________ (not / pass) that exam.
15. I __________________ (buy) a new dress if I __________________ (have) enough money.
16. She __________________ (cook) dinner if you __________________ (go) to the supermarket.
17. They __________________ (go) on holiday if they __________________ (have) time.
18. We __________________ (be) late if we __________________ (not / hurry).
19. She __________________ (take) a taxi if it __________________ (rain).
20. I __________________ (not / go) if you __________________ (not / come) with
Second Conditional Exercise
Put the verb into the correct tense to make the second conditional.
1. If I _________________ (be) you, I _________________ (get) a new job.
2. If he _________________ (be) younger, he _________________ (travel) more.
3. If we _________________ (not / be) friends, I _________________ (be) angry with you.
4. If I _________________ (have) enough money, I _________________ (buy) a big house.
5. If she _________________ (not / be) always so late, she _________________ (be) promoted.
6. If we _________________ (win) the lottery, we _________________ (travel) the world.
7. If you _________________ (have) a better job, we _________________ (be) able to buy a new car
8. If I _________________ (speak) perfect English, I _________________ (have) a good job.
9. If we _________________ (live) in Mexico, I _________________ (speak) Spanish.
10. If she _________________ (pass) the exam, she _________________ (be) able to enter university.
11. She _________________ (be) happier if she _________________ (have) more friends.
12. We _________________ (buy) a house if we _________________ (decide) to stay here.
13. They _________________ (have) more money if they _________________ (not / buy) so many clothes
14. We _________________ (come) to dinner if we _________________ (have) time.
15. She _________________ (call) him if she _________________ (know) his number.
16. They _________________ (go) to Spain on holiday if they _______________ (like) hot weather.
17. She _________________ (pass) the exam if she _________________ (study) more.
18. I _________________ (marry) someone famous if I _________________ (be) a movie star.
19. We never _________________ (be) late again if we _________________ (buy) a new car.
20. You _________________ (lose) weight if you _________________ (eat) less.
Third Conditionals
Put in the correct third conditional verb form.
1. If you ______________ (not / be) late, we ______________ (not / miss) the bus.
2. If she ______________ (study), she ______________ (pass) the exam.
3. If we ______________ (arrive) earlier, we ______________ (see) John.
4. If they ______________ (go) to bed early, they ______________ (not / wake) up late.
5. If he ______________ (become) a musician, he ______________ (record) a CD.
6. If she ______________ (go) to art school, she ______________ (become) a painter.
7. If I ______________ (be) born in a different country, I ___________ (learn) to speak a different language.
8. If she ______________ (go) to university, she ______________ (study) French.
9. If we ______________ (not / go) to the party, we ______________ (not / meet) them.
10. If he ______________ (take) the job, he ______________ (not / go) travelling.
11. He ______________ (be) happier if he ______________ (stay) at home.
12. She ______________ (pass) the exam if she ______________ (study) harder.
13. We ______________ (not / get) married if we ______________ (not / go) to the same university.
14. They ______________ (be) late if they ______________ (not / take) a taxi.
15. She ______________ (not / meet) him if she ______________ (not / come) to London.
16. He ______________ (take) a taxi if he ______________ (have) enough money.
17. I ______________ (call) you if I ______________ (not / forget) my phone.
18. We ______________ (come) if we ______________ (be) invited.
19. She ______________ (not / do) it if she ______________ (know) you were ill.
20. He ______________ (be) on time if he ______________ (leave) earlier.
Wish
Wishes about the present or future
Wish + (that) + past simple
We can use 'wish' to talk about something that we would like to be different in the present or the future. It's
used for things which are impossible or very unlikely.
• I wish that I had a big house (I don't have a big house, but it's a nice idea!).
• I wish that we didn't need to work today (we do need to work today, unfortunately).
• I wish that you lived close by (you don't live close by).
• I wish that John wasn't busy tomorrow (he is busy, unfortunately).
(*In formal writing, you will see 'were' instead of 'was' after wish. This is correct, but it's also
fine to use 'was', in the same way as with the second conditional.
• 'I wish I were rich' or 'I wish I was rich'.)
We also use 'wish' with 'could' to talk about things in the present or future that we would like to be different.
In this situation, 'could' is the past simple of 'can'.
Of course, we use 'can' to talk about ability - if we know how to do something or not. For example, 'I can
speak Spanish' or 'I can't drive'. We also use 'can' to talk about possibility – if things are possible or not
possible. For example, 'we can't come to the party tonight' or 'John can help you clean up'. We use 'could'
with 'wish' to talk about ability and to talk about possibility.
• I wish that I could speak Spanish (but, unfortunately, I can't speak Spanish).
• I wish that I could drive (I can't drive).
• I wish that we could go to the party tonight (unfortunately, we're busy so we can't go).
• I wish that John could help you clean up (John is at work, so he can't help).
We don't usually use 'wish' in this way for things that are really possible in the future. Instead, we use 'hope'.
• I hope that you pass your exam (NOT: I wish that you passed the exam).
• I hope that it's sunny tomorrow (NOT: I wish that it was sunny tomorrow).
• I hope that Julie has a lovely holiday (NOT: I wish that Julie had a lovely holiday).
Wish + (that) + would:
On the other hand, we use 'would' with 'wish' in a little bit of a special way. It's generally used about other
people who are doing (or not doing) something that we don't like and we want that person to change. It's not
usually used about ourselves, or about something which nobody can change though, exceptionally, we do
use it about the weather.
• I wish that John wouldn't eat all the chocolate. (John does usually eat all the chocolate and I don't like it. I
want him to change his behaviour!)
• I wish that the neighbours would be quiet! (They are not quiet and I don't like the noise.)
• I wish that you wouldn't smoke so much! (You do smoke a lot and I don't like it. I want you to change this.)
• I wish that you didn't work late so often.
• I wish that it would stop raining!
We don't usually use 'would' when there's no feeling that we want somebody to change their behaviour.
• NOT: I wish that tomorrow would be a holiday. (Instead: I wish that tomorrow was a holiday.)
• NOT: I wish that I would work harder. (It's strange to use 'wish' + 'would' about yourself, as you can change
your behaviour if you don't like it!)
Wishes about the past
Wish + (that) + past perfect
We can use 'wish' with the past perfect to talk about regrets from the past. These are things that have
already happened but we wish they'd happened in a different way. This use of 'wish' is very similar to the
third conditional.
• I wish that I had studied harder at school. (I didn't study hard at school, and now I'm sorry about it.)
• I wish that I hadn't eaten so much yesterday! (But I did eat a lot yesterday. Now I think it wasn't a good
idea.)
• I wish that the train had been on time. (But unfortunately, the train was late, and so I missed my interview.)
Other uses of 'wish'
Wish + to + infinitive
We can use 'wish' with the infinitive to mean 'would like'. This is very formal. We don't usually use a
continuous tense with 'wish' in this case.
• I wish to speak to the headmaster. (This means the same as 'I would like to speak to the headmaster'.)
• I wish to go now.
Wish + object + to + infinitive
In the same way, we can use 'wish' with an object and an infinitive.
• I do not wish you to publish this article.
• I wish these people to leave.
Wish + somebody + something
This is used mostly in set phrases.
• I wished him a happy birthday.
• They wished us Merry Christmas.
Wish Exercise 1
I wish things were different! Make sentences using 'wish' + past simple about the things I don't like. You can
put in 'that' if you want, or leave it out. For example:
'I'm cold' becomes 'I wish (that) I wasn't cold'.
1. I don't have a car.
__________________________________________________________________
2. I can't play the piano.
__________________________________________________________________
3. I'm at work.
__________________________________________________________________
4. It's winter.
__________________________________________________________________
5. I'm ill.
__________________________________________________________________
6. I don't have new shoes.
__________________________________________________________________
7. I can't afford to go on holiday.
__________________________________________________________________
8. I don't have time to read lots of books.
__________________________________________________________________
9. I can't drive.
__________________________________________________________________
10. My laptop is broken.
__________________________________________________________________

PASSIVE VOICE
Let's look at this sentence:
• I drank two cups of coffee.
This is an active sentence, and it has the subject first (the person or thing that does the verb),
followed by the verb, and finally the object (the person or thing that the action happens to). So, in
this example, the subject is 'I', the verb is 'drank' and the object is 'two cups of coffee'.
But we don't always need to make sentences this way. We might want to put the object first, or perhaps
we don't want to say who did something. This can happen for lots of reasons (seethe explanation further
down the page). In this case, we can use a passive, which puts the object first:
• Two cups of coffee were drunk (we can add 'by me' if we want, but it isn't necessary).
How to make the passive in English
We make the passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we need and then adding the past
participle. For regular verbs, we make the past participle by adding 'ed' to the infinitive. So 'play'
becomes 'played'.

Tense Active Passive

present simple I make a cake. A cake is made (by me).
present continuous I am making a cake. A cake is being made (by me).
past simple I made a cake. A cake was made (by me).
past continuous I was making a cake. A cake was being made (by me).
present perfect
I have made a cake. A cake has been made (by me).
present perfect continuous I have been making a cake. A cake has been being made (by me).
past perfect I had made a cake. A cake had been made (by me).
future simple I will make a cake. A cake will be made (by me).
future perfect I will have made a cake. A cake will have been made (by me).

Verbs with two objects

Some verbs that have two objects can make two different active sentences, and so two different passive
sentences too. For example, the verb 'give' is like this:
• Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me.
You can choose either of the two objects to be the subject of the passive sentence.
• Passive: I was given the book (by him)/ The book was given to me (by him).
Other verbs like this are: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell, throw.

The passive in subordinate clauses

You can make the passive in a subordinate clause that has a subject and a normal conjugated verb.
This is really the same as a normal passive.
• Active: I thought that Mary had kissed John.
• Passive: I thought that John had been kissed by Mary.
• Active: He knew that people had built the church in 1915.
• Passive: He knew that the church had been built in 1915.
You can also make the passive using a passive gerund or a passive infinitive in the same-place as a
normal gerund or infinitive.
• The child loves being cuddled.
 • She would like to be promoted.
When should we use the passive
1. When we want to change the focus of the sentence:
• The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more interested in the painting than the
artist in this sentence)
2. When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant or obvious or 'people in general:
• He was arrested (obvious agent, the police).
• My bike has been stolen (unknown agent).
• The road is being repaired (unimportant agent).
• The form can be obtained from the post office (people in general).
3. In factual or scientific writing:
• The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the computer.
4. In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these can be used in speaking or informal
writing):
• The brochure will be finished next month.
5. In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to improve style:
• Three books are used regularly in the class. The books were written by Dr. Bell. ('Dr. Bell wrote the
books' sound clumsy)
6. When the subject is very long:
• I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More natural than: 'how well the
students did in the test surprised me')
The Passive: Present Simple
Make the sentences passive.
1. Somebody cleans the office every day.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Somebody sends emails.
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Somebody cuts the grass.
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Somebody prefers chocolate.
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Somebody often steals cars.
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Somebody plays loud music.
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Somebody speaks English here.
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Somebody loves the London parks.
_______________________________________________________________________
9. Somebody wants staff.
_______________________________________________________________________
10. Somebody writes articles.
_______________________________________________________________________

11. Somebody loves Julie.

_______________________________________________________________________
12. Somebody reads a lot of books.
_______________________________________________________________________
13. Somebody cooks dinner every day.
_______________________________________________________________________
14. Somebody delivers milk in the mornings.
_______________________________________________________________________
15. Somebody buys flowers for the flat.
_______________________________________________________________________

16. Somebody washes the cars every week.

_______________________________________________________________________
17. Somebody writes a report every Friday.
_______________________________________________________________________
18. Somebody fixes the roads.
_______________________________________________________________________
19. Somebody builds new houses every year.
_______________________________________________________________________
20. Somebody sells vegetables in the market.
_______________________________________________________________________

The Passive: Past Simple

Make the sentences passive (past simple).
1. Somebody lost the letter.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Somebody found the key.
________________________________________________________________________
3. Somebody made mistakes.
________________________________________________________________________
4. Somebody loved that woman.
________________________________________________________________________
5. Somebody cleaned the rooms.
________________________________________________________________________
6. Somebody fixed the computer.
________________________________________________________________________
7. Somebody built that house.
________________________________________________________________________
8. Somebody wrote War and Peace.
________________________________________________________________________
9. Somebody painted The Mona Lisa.
________________________________________________________________________
10. Somebody stole my wallet.
________________________________________________________________________
11. Somebody prepared lunch.
________________________________________________________________________

12. Somebody drank a lot of coffee.

________________________________________________________________________
13. Somebody forgot the papers.
________________________________________________________________________
14. Somebody closed the windows.
________________________________________________________________________
15. Somebody invited Julie and Luke to a party.
________________________________________________________________________
16. Somebody built a website.
________________________________________________________________________
17. Somebody ate all the cakes.
________________________________________________________________________
18. Somebody told me to wait.
________________________________________________________________________
19. Somebody employed a lot of new waiters.
________________________________________________________________________
20. Somebody opened a shop.
________________________________________________________________________

The Passive: Present Perfect

Make the sentences passive.
1. Somebody has cleaned the kitchen.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Somebody has watered the plants.
________________________________________________________________________
3. Somebody has taken the money.
________________________________________________________________________
4. Somebody has bought the presents.
________________________________________________________________________
5. Somebody has finished the report.
________________________________________________________________________
6. Somebody has killed the President.
________________________________________________________________________
7. Somebody has repaired the road.
________________________________________________________________________
8. Somebody has elected that man.
________________________________________________________________________
9. Somebody has learned lessons.
________________________________________________________________________
10. Somebody has fired John.
________________________________________________________________________
11. Somebody has ordered new books.
________________________________________________________________________
12. Somebody has prepared the meal.
________________________________________________________________________
13. Somebody has sent the email.
________________________________________________________________________
14. Somebody has eaten the strawberries.
________________________________________________________________________
15. Somebody has fixed the heating.
________________________________________________________________________
16. Somebody has made coffee.
________________________________________________________________________
17. Somebody has turned on the air conditioning.
________________________________________________________________________
18. Somebody has downloaded the song.
________________________________________________________________________
19. Somebody has rented a flat.
________________________________________________________________________
20. Somebody has booked the holiday.
________________________________________________________________________

The Passive: Future Simple

Make the sentences passive.
1. Somebody will clean the windows.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Somebody will meet you at the airport.
________________________________________________________________________
3. Somebody will process your application.
________________________________________________________________________
4. Somebody will find your glasses.
________________________________________________________________________
5. Somebody will bring food.
________________________________________________________________________
6. Somebody will help you.
________________________________________________________________________
7. Somebody will steal that bicycle.
________________________________________________________________________
8. Somebody will take your order.
________________________________________________________________________
9. Somebody will write a new book.
________________________________________________________________________
10. Somebody will build a stadium.
________________________________________________________________________
11. Somebody will collect your luggage.
________________________________________________________________________
12. Somebody will explain the plan.
________________________________________________________________________
13. Somebody will wash the floor later.
________________________________________________________________________
14. Somebody will deliver a parcel
________________________________________________________________________
15. Somebody will drink all the juice.
________________________________________________________________________
16. Somebody will prepare everything.
________________________________________________________________________
17. Somebody will write the article next week.
________________________________________________________________________
18. Somebody will eat the chocolate.
________________________________________________________________________
19. Somebody will send the information.
_______________________________________________________________________
20. Somebody will call you.
________________________________________________________________________

The Passive: Mixed Tenses

Change these sentences from active to passive.
1. People speak Portuguese in Brazil.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The Government is planning a new road near my house.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. My grandfather built this house in 1943.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Picasso was painting Guernica at that time.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. The cleaner has cleaned the office.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. He had written three books before 1867.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. John will tell you later.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Somebody should do the work.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. The traffic might have delayed Jimmy.
_____________________________________________________________________
11. Everybody loves Mr Brown.
_____________________________________________________________________
12. They are building a new stadium near the station.
_____________________________________________________________________
13. The wolf ate the princess.
_____________________________________________________________________
14. At six o'clock someone was telling a story.
_____________________________________________________________________
15. Somebody has drunk all the milk!
_____________________________________________________________________
16. I had cleaned all the windows before the storm.
_____________________________________________________________________
17. A workman will repair the computer tomorrow.
_____________________________________________________________________
18. By next year the students will have studied the passive.
_____________________________________________________________________
19. James might cook dinner.
_____________________________________________________________________
20. Somebody must have taken my wallet.
_____________________________________________________________________

Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are very common in English but they also cause a few problems.
First, there are very, very many phrasal verbs and it can be hard to know where to start. However, two
linguists called Mélodie Garnier and Norbert Schmitt have made a very useful list of the 150 most common
ones. My explanations below each look at 15 of the most common phrasal verbs.
Second, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning. 'Take off' can mean both 'leave the ground' and
'become successful'. 'Go on' has eight meanings in the Oxford Learner's Dictionary. How can we choose
which meanings to study? Again, the list made by Garnier and Schmitt is helpful. Here I'm looking at the
most common meaning for each phrasal verb.
Third, phrasal verbs are often used only in very specific situations. They have narrow meanings and you will
often see the same examples again and again. These are the situations that it's important to learn. Even
though 'go on' means 'happen', we can use 'happen' in a lot more situations than we can use 'go on'.
Phrasal Verbs Exercise 1
Choose the correct phrasal verb: go on / pick up / come back / come up with / go back / find out / come out /
go out / point out / grow up / set up / turn out / get out / come in (to) / take on.
1. Can you ___________________________________ (think of an idea) a better idea?
2. She _______________________________ (showed, mentioned) that the shops would already be closed.
3. I wish I hadn't ___________________________________ (become responsible for) so much work!
4. I ___________________________________ (went to an event) for dinner with my husband last night.
5. He ________________________ (entered a place where the speaker is) the kitchen and made some tea.
6. Where did you ________________________________________ (become an adult)?
7. I'd love to ____________________________________ (arrange / create) my own business.
8. I really want to _________________________________ (leave a building) of this office and go for a walk.
9. As I arrived, he _____________________________________ (appeared from a place) of the door.
10. She ______________________________ (got something from a place) some dinner on the way home.
11. Could you _____________________________________ (get information) what time we need to arrive?
12. I thought the conference was going to be boring but it __________________ (in the end we discovered)
to be quite useful.
13. What time did you ___________________________ (return to a place where the speaker is) yesterday?
14. She ________________________________ (appeared from a place) of the café and put on her gloves.
15. A performance _________________________________________ (is happening) at the moment.
16. He ________________________________________ (left a car) of the car.
17. He ________________________________ (went to an event) a lot at the weekend, so he's tired today.
18. Can we _______________________________________ (arrange / create) a meeting next week?
19. Would anybody like to ______________________________ (become responsible for) this new client?
20. He _________________________________ (returned to a place where the speaker is) before I left.
21. It's lovely watching my children _______________________________ (become adults).
22. She _________________________________ (returned to a place where the speaker is not) to school.
23. He ________________________________ (showed, mentioned) the stars to the children.
24. He __________________________ (returned to a place where the speaker is not) to Poland last year.
25. He ________________________________________ (thought of an idea) a solution.
26. Please ____________________________________ (enter a place where the speaker is)!
27. At the end of the film, it _____________________ (in the end we discovered) that John was a good guy.
28. Could you ___________________________ (get someone from a place) Lucy later?
29. We need to __________________________ (get information) how much it costs.
30. What ________________________________________ ('s happening)?
Phrasal Verbs Exercise 2
Choose the correct phrasal verb: give up / make up / end up / get back / look up / figure out / sit down
/ get up / take out / come on / go down / show up / take off / work out / stand up.
1. She ________________________________________ (arrived somewhere again) to London last week.
2. David ________________________ (removed clothes or jewellery) his gloves and put them in his pocket.
3. John _________________________ (changed from lying or sitting to standing – not casual) and left the
room without a word.
4. What time did John ___________________________________ (arrive somewhere again) yesterday?
5. Please _____________________ (I am encouraging the person to go faster or try harder)! We're already
miles behind the others.
6. She ___________________________ (raised her eyes) from her laptop and smiled.
7. She _________________________ (stopped having or doing) coffee last year but was so grumpy that
she started drinking it again.
8. You should ___________________________________ (remove clothes or jewellery) your hat inside.
9. People from other countries ______________________ (are the parts that form something) about a third
of the population of London.
10. He didn't even ______________________________ (raise his eyes) when she came in. So rude!
11. We _____________________ (are moving to a lower place) to the beach now. Would you like to come?
12. Lucy! _________________________ (change from lying or sitting to standing – more casual) quick! The
teacher is coming!
13. The children ____________________________ (changed from lying or sitting to standing – less casual)
when the headmaster arrived.
14. She came into the room and _____________________________ (changed from standing to sitting).
15. She ___________ the bags __________ (removed from a container) of the car and put them in the hall.
16. _____________________________ (I'm encouraging the person to go faster or try harder)! You're doing
really well. Keep going!
17. She finally ________________________________ (thought until she understood, planned – more UK)
the answers to the maths homework.
18. They ______________________________ (moved to a lower place) to the kitchen and made some tea.
19. Please ____________________________ (change from standing to sitting). You're making me nervous!
20. She _________________________ (changed from lying or sitting to standing – more casual) slowly and
picked up her bag.
21. After a long day, we ___________________________ (finally did or were something, especially when
you don't expect it) getting a pizza and falling asleep on the sofa.
22. I can't ____________________________ (think about until I understand, plan – more UK) why Andrew
is so upset.
23. We'll ________________________________ (stop having or doing) chocolate after the holidays!
24. I can't _____________________________ (think about until I understand, plan – more USA) how to do
this exercise.
25. I couldn't believe it! He didn't _______________________ (arrive at or come to an event / meeting,
especially if there's something surprising) until 11pm!
26. They ________________________ (thought about until they understood, planned – more USA) that it
must have been the toddler who put the milk in the oven.
27. She wanted to go travelling but she _____________________________ (finally did or was something,
especially when you don't expect it) working in a shop all summer.
28. I ______________the book _____________ (removed from a container) of my bag and gave it to him.
29. I think coffee and cakes ______________________ (are the parts that form something) most of her diet!
30. We had a meeting yesterday but only a few people ________________________ (arrive at or come to
an event / meeting, especially if there's something surprising).
Phrasal Verbs Exercise 3
Choose the correct phrasal verb: come down (from) / go ahead / go up / look back (on) / wake up / carry out
/ take over / hold up / pull out (of) / turn around / take up / look down / put up / bring back / bring up.
1. Now that Amanda has quit, we really need someone to __________________________ (take control of)
that part of the business.
2. If you want to get started on the report, please ___________________________ (begin to do something).
3. We were talking about the weather and then she _________________ (started to talk about) the election.
4. This project ________________________ (is using a certain amount of space or time) far too much time.
5. The repairs were ___________________________ (done and finished a task or activity) by a carpenter.
6. John is going to _______________________________ (take control of) the project.
7. Why don't you _________________________ (begin to do something) and have dinner? I'll join you later.
8. She ______________________ (moved from a high place to a lower place) the attic with dust in her hair.
9. I __________________________ (changed from sleeping to being awake) in the middle of the night and I
couldn't go back to sleep.
10. The scientists _____________________________ (did and finished a task or activity) an experiment.
11. He felt something touch his leg so he ______________________ (moved his eyes down) and saw a cat.
12. _______________________________ (change from sleeping to being awake)! We need to go out!
13. She often ___________________________ (thought about something in the past) her time at university.
14. We used to call each other every week. Let's __________ that _____________ (make something
return). It was really good.
15. She ______________ her purse ________________ (took something out of a container) her pocket.
16. Her phone call _____________________ (used a certain amount of space or time) the whole evening.
17. Let's ________________________ (fix something where it will be seen) a notice to tell people the class
has been cancelled.
18. Please _________________________ (move from a high place to a lower place) that tree! It's not safe!
19. Her house will probably ____________________________ (increase) in value.
20. The stock market __________________________________ (has increased) recently.
21. She __________________________ (moved her eyes down) at her feet and mumbled an answer.
22. She _____________________ (fixed something where it would be seen) some photos of her family next
to her bed.
23. Please ____________________ (hold something high up so people can see it) the sign so I can read it.
24. He likes to ___________________________ (think about something in the past) his trip round Australia.
25. She ____________________________ (held something high up so people could see it) the camera.
26. He _________________ the conversation ___________ (make something return) to the problem.
27. We walked to the lake, then ___________________ (moved to face the other direction) and came back.
28. Could you ______________________ (start to talk about) this problem at the meeting, please?
29. He _____________________ (moved to face the other direction) and left the room.
30. He reached into the drawer and ______________________ (took something out of a container) a
notebook and pen.

Phrasal Verbs
1. go on (happen)
• What's going on?
• There's a class going on at the moment.
• What went on last night?
2. pick up (get something or someone from a place)
• I picked up my brother from the airport.
• Please pick up some bread.
• Would you come and pick me up from work tonight?
3. come back (return to a place – the speaker is in that place)
• She came back around 10 pm last night.
• When will you come back from France?
• Please come back! It's boring here without you.
4. come up with (produce an idea)
• Julie came up with a great idea.
• He came up with an answer to the question very quickly.
• Can you come up with a better solution?
5. go back (return to a place – the speaker isn't in that place)
• He finished his work and went back to his flat.
• When is she planning to go back to Japan?
• I'll go back to the library later.
6. find out (get information)
• Can you find out what time the restaurant opens?
• I found out that we need to submit our essays next Tuesday.
• I don't know what the weather forecast is for tomorrow, but I'll find out.
7. come out (appear from a place)
• She came out of the kitchen.
• He went to the café and came out with a coffee.
• Please come out of the bedroom.
8. go out (go to an event / restaurant / pub / party)
• Let's go out for dinner.
• You're going out a lot these days.
• We should go out more.
9. point out (show, mention)
• She pointed out the beautiful paintings on the walls.
• Please point out to the students that they must attend all the lectures.
• 'We'll miss the bus if we don't hurry', he pointed out.
10. grow up (become an adult)
• I grew up in Scotland.
• My children are growing up too fast!
• When will he grow up?
11. set up (create / arrange)
• I need to set up a new bank account.
• She's decided to set up her own company.
• I set up some language classes at the school
12. turn out (in the end we discover)
• The maid turned out to have stolen the money.
• He turned out to be a friend of Alex's.
• The party turned out to be a big success.
13. get out (leave a room / building / car)
• I need to get out of the house!
• She got out of the car and went into the shop.
• Get out! There's a fire in the kitchen!
14. come in(to) (enter – the speaker is in that place)
• Please come in! It's great to see you.
• She came into the living room and sat down.
• Don't come in! I'm not ready yet!
15. take on (be responsible for)
• He's going to take on the new project.
• She isn't taking on any new students at the moment.
• Could you take on some extra work?
16. give up (stop having or doing)
• She has finally given up smoking.
• I had to give up coffee when I was ill.
• He gave up chocolate for a month.
17. make up (be the parts that form something – often used in the passive with 'of')
• Women make up 46% of the employees here.
• This class is made up entirely of boys.
• People who can speak English make up a quarter of the world's population.
18. end up (finally do or be something, especially when you don't expect it)
• We ended up going back home because it was raining so hard.
• They ended up passing the last exam, even though they failed all the other exams.
• Be careful! You'll end up without a job if you are rude to your boss.
19. get back (arrive somewhere again, especially your home, + to + place)
• She got back to Paris last night.
• What time did you get back yesterday?
• We got back very late because the train was delayed.
20. look up (raise your eyes)
• She looked up from her computer and asked a question.
• I called his name, but he didn't look up.
• John looked up from his book when Julie came in.
21. figure out (think about until you understand, plan – more common in USA)
• Let's figure out how we can get to London very early in the morning.
• She couldn't figure out why he had left.
• He finally figured out that the cat must have broken the plate.
22. sit down (change from standing to sitting)
• Do please sit down.
• She sat down and took out her book.
• The children sat down in rows and crossed their legs.
23. get up (change from lying or sitting to standing – more casual than 'stand up')
• She got up when we arrived (= she was sitting and she stood up).
• I don't want to get up. It's so comfortable sitting here.
• What are you doing on the floor? Get up!
24. take out (remove from a container, + 'of' before a noun)
• She took the letter out of the envelope.
• I'll take the sweets out of the box and put them under the Christmas tree now.
• He took his clothes out of the suitcase and put them away in the wardrobe.
25. come on (we say this to encourage someone to go faster or try harder)
• Come on! You're going to be left behind.
• Come on, don't worry. It's all going to be fine.
• She kept telling me to come on, but I was already going as fast as I could.
26. go down (move to a lower place, + to + place)
• She started to go down the stairs.
• We went down to the café and bought some coffee.
• Let's go down to the cellar and see if we can find those books.
27. Show up (arrive at or come to an event / meeting, especially if there's something surprising)
• We all went to the party, but Lucy didn't show up.
• He showed up at the meeting two hours late. Julie was very angry.
• I wonder if John's going to show up today. He didn't come last time.
28. take off (remove clothes or jewellery)
• I took off my coat because it was very hot.
• She always takes off all her rings before she goes to bed.
• Is it okay to take off my shoes?
29. work out (think about until you understand, plan – more common in the UK)
• We need to work out how to get to the wedding.
• She couldn't work out how the bird had got into the living room.
• I don't know why the car won't start but I'll work it out.
30. stand up (change from lying or sitting to standing – less casual than 'get up')
• Please stand up when the Queen comes in.
• She finished her coffee, stood up and left the restaurant.
• He stood up to let an old man have his seat.
31. come down (from) (move from a high place to a lower place)
• She came down slowly from the roof.
• Do come down! You're going to fall!
• They came down from the tower.
32. go ahead (begin to do something)
• I asked the manager and she says to go ahead and start the meeting.
• Go ahead! You don't need to wait for us!
• I'm going to go ahead and book the holiday.
33. go up (increase in price or temperature etc.)
• House prices have gone up a lot in the last few months.
• At the beginning of our trip, it was really cold but then the temperature went up.
• I can't believe how much the prices have gone up since my last visit here.
34. look back (on) (think about something in the past)
• When I look back on my childhood, I realise how different the world is now.
• She spent time looking back on the race and thinking about ways to improve it for next time.
• When I look back on those days, I can't believe how young and foolish we were.
35. wake up (change from sleeping to being awake)
• What time do you usually wake up?
• She woke me up at 5 am!
• Could you wake up the children, please?
36. carry out (do and finish a task or activity)
• She carried out an experiment on the cells in her laboratory.
• Please carry out the survey as soon as you can.
• The work was carried out by a local builder.
37. take over (take control of)
• I don't want to invite Mark! He always takes over the conversation.
• When the boss resigned, Julie took over the company.
• The rebels took over the Parliament.
38. hold up (hold something high up so people can see it)
• She held up her hand.
• He held up the bag and asked if anyone would like a closer look.
• Please hold this up for a moment.
39. pull out (of) (take something out of a container)
• She pulled her purse out of her pocket.
• He reached into the drawer and pulled out a notebook and pen.
• She grabbed her bag and pulled out a bottle of water.
40. turn around/turn round (move so you face the other direction)
• He turned around and looked out the window.
• We walked along the beach for a while, then turned around and walked back.
• Turn around and don't look! I've got a surprise for you!
41. take up (use a certain amount of space or time)
• The table takes up most of the kitchen!
• This work will take up the whole weekend.
• The children take up most of my time.
42. look down (move your eyes down)
• She was very shy and she looked down when she met anyone new.
• I looked down to see a puppy at my feet.
• He opened the window and looked down.
43. put up (fix something where it will be seen)
• She put up lots of pictures in her new flat.
• Please put up this notice.
• The children put their drawings up on the wall.
44. bring back (make something return)
• She brought the conversation back to the weekend.
• He wants to bring back traditional schools.
• We had stopped having weekly meetings but the new boss brought them back.
45. bring up (start to talk about)
• I wasn't going to mention it, but Julie brought up the plans for the holidays.
• I want to talk to my boss about my pay but I don't know how to bring it up.
• After we sat down, she brought up the problems that she'd been having at work
46. look out (look at something outside or far away)
• She looked out at the sea.
• He walked to the window and looked out at the garden.
• Let's go up the tower and look out over the whole town.
47. bring in (bring something to a place, often a workplace)
• I brought in some cakes for us as a treat.
• Please bring in your books tomorrow.
• I think I left my umbrella at your flat. Could you bring it in tomorrow?
48. open up (make something be available)
• Learning English opened up many new job opportunities for him.
• Now I've got an Italian passport, the whole of Europe has opened up. I can travel anywhere.
• She learned German and the work of Goethe opened up to her.
49. check out (look at, especially to find new information)
• Please check out my Facebook page.
• You should check out John Smith's book. It's really good.
• The next time you're in London, check out the Science Museum.
50. move on (start talking about or doing something new)
• After they had talked about the report, they moved on to the next topic.
• Please let's stop talking about this! Let's move on.
51. put out (publish or tell the public about)
• The school put out a call for donations.
• The hospital put out leaflets telling people about the flu.
• The government put out a book explaining how to do your taxes.
52. look around (look at where you are or walk around it to see what is there)
• Let's have a look around the shopping centre.
• She looked around the office.
• We were in Lisbon for only one day but we managed to look around the city.
53. catch up (be involved in something, often something you don't want to be – often passive: be or get
caught up)
• Sorry I'm late. I got caught up at work.
• She was caught up in the strike at the airport.
• Let's leave now. They're going to ask for volunteers for the party and I don't want to be caught up in
that!
54. go in(to) (enter)
• She went into the house and shut the door.
• Let's go in here.
• John went into the café.
55. break down (stop working)
• Unfortunately, her car broke down on the way to the school.
• My washing machine has broken down. Can I wash my clothes at your house?
• The truck broke down and blocked the whole road.
56. get off (leave a train / bus / plane)
• I need to get off the bus near the hospital.
• She got off the plane and took a taxi to the party.
• We got off at the wrong station!
57. keep up (move at the same speed as)
• Wages haven't kept up with rent prices.
• Do keep up! Why are you walking so slowly?
• She talks so fast that I can't keep up.
58. put down (place something on a table or the floor or similar)
• I came into my room and put down my bag on the floor.
• She put her glass down on the table.
• Please put down that box! It's too heavy for one person to carry.
59. reach out (stretch your arm to get something)
• She reached out for the book on the floor.
• He reached out and picked an apple from the tree.
• The baby reached out for the toy.
60. go off (go somewhere to do something)
• Julie went off to the gym.
• Where's Lucy? She's gone off to work.
• She went off to buy a skirt.