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UNIT 1 PHYSICS Lab Manual-1stDraft 3

The document outlines various laboratory experiments focused on measuring physical properties such as density, acceleration due to gravity, oscillations of springs, and Young's modulus. Each lab includes specific aims, apparatus, methods, calculations, and discussions to analyze results and identify errors. The experiments utilize different setups and measurements to explore concepts in physics, emphasizing the importance of uncertainty and error analysis.

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2 views

UNIT 1 PHYSICS Lab Manual-1stDraft 3

The document outlines various laboratory experiments focused on measuring physical properties such as density, acceleration due to gravity, oscillations of springs, and Young's modulus. Each lab includes specific aims, apparatus, methods, calculations, and discussions to analyze results and identify errors. The experiments utilize different setups and measurements to explore concepts in physics, emphasizing the importance of uncertainty and error analysis.

Uploaded by

jarrdeja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab: 1

TOPIC: Uncertainty (M&M/ A&I)

AIM: To measure the density of a spherical object (marble)

APPARATUS: Beam balance, marbles, micrometer screw gauge and Styrofoam


cup
DIAGRAM OF APPARATUS

METHOD

• Record the smallest division on the micrometer scale as ∆d.


• Using the micrometer, find the diameter of three marbles and record their
average as D.
• Record the diameter of the marble as D ±∆ d.
• Record the smallest division on the beam balance as ∆m
• Record the mass of the empty Styrofoam cup as m1
• Place 10 marbles in the cup and record mass as m2
• Calculate the mass of the 10 marbles as m = m2 – m1
• Record the mass of the 10 marbles as
m±∆m
RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

• RECORD ALL DATA IN A SUITABLE FORMAT


• Calculate the mass of one marble using the formula M = (m±∆m)/10
• What is the uncertainty in the mass of one (1) marbled
• Using the formulae density p = 6M/(πD3) calculate the density of the marble
• Calculate the uncertainty in the density of the marble.

• Why were 10 marbles used instead of one in this experlment7


• Identify one source of system error and one source of random error.
• Suggest a possible limitation in this experiment.

CONCLUSION

• Make an appropriate conclusion.


Lab#: 2

TOPIC: THE SIMPLE PENDULUM

AIM: To find the acceleration, g, due to gravity

APPARATUS: Pendulum, metre rule, stopwatch, clam and stand and pin in cork.

DIAGRAM:

METHOD:

 Arrange apparatus as shown above using an initial length of string of about


100cm long.
 Pull string aside a very small angle and release it.
 When the system is oscillating smoothly find the time, t1, for 20
oscillations, starting your count from the centre.
 Repeat step above to find the time, t2. for another 20 oscillations using the
same length and then find, t, the average of t1and t2.
 Find the time t, using six (6) different lengths of string between 110cm and
5cm, for 20 oscillations and the corresponding periods T.
 Complete the table below and include the uncertainty, Δl, in the length l
and the uncertainty Δt, in the time t.
Length of Time for 20 oscillations Period T Log l Log T
string,
t1±Δt t2±Δt t = (t1+t2)/2
l/ ±Δlcm

CALCULATIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS

The relationship between the period T and the length, l, of the simple pendulum
is said to be related by the expression Tn = (4π2l)/g where g is the acceleration due
to gravity. Transform the given equation for period into a linear one and plot an
appropriate straight line graph.

1. Find the gradient of the line drawn


2. Using the gradient calculate the value of n correct to one (1) significant
digit.
3. Write an appropriate non-linear equation to relate T and l.
4. Using the y-intercept find a value for g justifying the number of significant
digits used.

DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION

1. Comment on the value obtained for g.


2. Identify one source of error and how it was reduced.
3. Write an appropriate conclusion
OSCILLATIONS
Lab#: 4
TOPIC: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
AIM: To investigate the oscillations of a spring when load is added to it.
APPARATUS: Helical spring, clamp and stand, standard loads and load
holder, stop watch.
DIAGRAM:

METHOD
 Attach one end of spring from clamp and attach the load holder to
the other end of the spring as shown above.
 Place a 20g mass on the holder and pull the system down and
release.
 Record the time taken for 20 oscillations and then find the period T
 Repeat this process at least 7 times and finding the period T for the
total load added to the load holder.
 Complete the table below for at least 7 observations and include the
uncertainty in the time for 20 oscillations.
 Plot a graph of periodT2 against mass, m, and draw the best fit line.

Mass /kg Load/N Time for 20 Period T T2


oscillations/s
CALCULATIONS AND ANALYSIS

The period T, of oscillation of a helical spring is given by T 2 = (4π2 m)/k


where k is the spring constant and m is the mass of the load.

1. Using the gradient of the line drawn, find the spring constant k, for
the spring.
2. Find the uncertainty in the spring constant.

DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION

3. Identify two sources of error and what you did to reduce them
4. Make an appropriate conclusion.
Lab#: 7

TOPIC: ELASTIC CONSTANT OF A SPRING

AIM: To find the spring constant of a helical spring

APPARATUS: Helical spring, mass holder, standard masses, metre rule, pointer,
cork with pin and clamp and stand.

DIAGRAM:

METHOD:

1. Suspend the helical spring from the support provided by clamp as shown in
the diagram
2. Place the mass holder and pointer at the other end of the helical spring
3. Place metre rule in a vertical position alongside the mass holder using a
second clamp stand.
4. When the system is settled record the reading of the pointer at the metre
rule and use this value as a reference.
5. Add a 20g mass to the mass holder and record the new length of the spring
and consequently the extension of the spring.
6. Repeat step 5 using 40g, 60g, 80g, 100g and a 120g masses alternatively
and find the corresponding extensions.
RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

7. Tabulate results using SI units and plot a graph of load against extension.
8. Determine the spring constant from the graph
9. Estimate the percentage error in the gradient and the error in the value of
the spring constant

DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

10.Identify two sources of error stating what was done to reduce them
11.Make appropriate conclusions
Lab#: 5

Planning and Designing


Topic: Sound Waves
Lab#: 6

HEAT CAPACITY – METHOD OF MIXTIURES


Lab#: 8

YOUNG’S MODULUS

AIM: To determine the Young’s modulus for a cantilever

APPARATUS: Hacksaw blade, 100g mass, two small pieces of board,


metre rule, stopwatch, G-clamp, micrometer.

METHOD:

 The hacksaw blade is to be used a cantilever


 Using the G-clamp secure the hacksaw blade (with the 100g mass
M, at its end) using the two pieces of board on the work bench as
shown in the diagram
 Measure the length l, from the support of the clamp to the centre
of the 100g mass
 Displace the 100g mass a small distance downward and release.
 Use a suitable method to determine the period T, of oscillation
 Repeat the last three steps for six different values of l
 Plot a graph of T2 against l3and use it gradient to determine E,
given the equation
T2 = 16π2Ml3
Ebd3
, where b is the width of the cantilever and d is the thickness
 Use appropriate instruments to measure b and d.

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