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Lecture 1 part 1

The document provides an overview of human and animal anatomy and physiology, defining anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body functions. It covers various subdivisions of anatomy, including gross and microscopic anatomy, and details the structural organization of the body, tissue classifications, and the functions of different organ systems. Additionally, it outlines the principal organs and functions of each of the 11 human body systems.

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4 views

Lecture 1 part 1

The document provides an overview of human and animal anatomy and physiology, defining anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body functions. It covers various subdivisions of anatomy, including gross and microscopic anatomy, and details the structural organization of the body, tissue classifications, and the functions of different organ systems. Additionally, it outlines the principal organs and functions of each of the 11 human body systems.

Uploaded by

maittt.22ba13211
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic human and animal

anatomy

[email protected]
Life Science Department
Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is the study of physically body structure


• Science of structure

• Physiology is the study of how the body functions


• Science of body functions
Anatomy
The term anatomy is derived from the Greek word
• Ana: meaning “up”
• Temenin: meaning “to cut”
• Antomia means cutting up or cut open
Structural organization
Atoms and molecules > Cellular level > Tissues > Organs > Systems >
Organism – the whole individual
Subdivisions of anatomy

 Gross or macroscopic: visible to naked eye


• Systemic, regional, surface

 Microscopic anatomy: uses microscope


• Cytology: study of cells
• Histology: study of tissues
• Developmental anatomy
Embryology: study changes that occur before birth study
Gross anatomy

 Systemic anatomy
The study of anatomy by systems
Examples
The entire skeletal system
The entire muscular system

 Surface anatomy
Study of external structures to locate deeper structures
Anatomical position
The anatomic position is a standardized method
of observing or imaging the body that allows
precise and consistent anatomical references
• Body erect
• Head, eyes, toes directed forward
• Limbs at sides of body
• Palms directed forward

Standard anatomical position


Directional terms

 Words that describe the location of one structure relative


to another are called the directions terms of anatomy.

• Anterior = In the front/Posterior = Behind


• Lateral=toward the side/Medial= toward the midline
• Superior = above/Inferior = Below
• Proximal = near the origin/Distal = away from the origin
• Dorsal = near the upper surface/Ventral = toward the bottom
• Rostral = toward the head/Caudal = toward the tail
Regional Anatomy
Regional terms used to indicate all structures in one
particular region
 Axial and appendicular regions
Body planes
Sagittal (Median) Plane
Frontal (Dorsal) Plane
Transverse Plane
Body Planes and Sections
Body cavities
 Dorsal cavity is divided into
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity

 Ventral cavity is divided into


Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity

 Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
HISTOLOGY

 Examination of the fine (micro) structure of: Organs, Tissues and Cells
 Methods
 Microscopic observation
• Optical and electron microscopy

 Tissues and cells are prepared by fixation (preserved) by chemical


and then cut into very thin sections
• Hematoxylin and eosin staining
• Immunohistochemistry staining
• Immunofluorescence staining
Classification of Tissues

 Epithelial tissue
 Connective tissue
 Muscular tissue
 Nervous tissue
Tissue compositions
 Cells
• Muscle cells
• Epithelial cells
• Bone and cartilage cells
• Neural cells
• Blood cells
• Endocrine cells
• Fibroblast
• Immune cells

 Extracellular matrix: Connective Tissue


• Collagen, elastic fiber
Epithelial tissue

 Epithelial tissue location: lines the cavities, tube, ducts and


blood vessels inside the body, covers the organs inside body
cavities
• Single or multiple layers

 Epithelial tissue functions


• Protection from physical and chemical injury
• Absorption and secretion of chemicals between external and
internal environments
• Transportation between inside and outside of tissue
Classification of epithelia cells
Connective tissue
Connective tissue

 Connective tissue:
Most abundant and widely distributed tissue

 Connective tissue functions


• Connects, binds and support structures (Tendons, ligament)
• Protection, cushions organs and tissues
• Insulates (Fat)
• Transport substances (blood
Muscle tissue
 Muscle tissue
Associated with the bones of the skeleton, the heart and in the
walls of the hollow organs of the body
 Muscle Tissue Functions
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Maintain posture
• Produce heat
• Facial expression
• Pumps blood
Neural tissue
 Composition: Neurons and neuroglia cells

 Nervous tissue functions


• Regulates and control body functions
• Generates and transmits nerve impulses
• Support, insulates and protects neurons
Systems of the human body

There are 11 systems of the human body


Integumentary system (hails, nails, sweat gland, oil glands)
Systems of protection, support and movement System of fluid transport
Integumentary system Circulatory system
Lymphatic system
Skeletal system
Systems of intake and output
Muscular system Respiratory system
Systems of internal communication and control Urinary system
Digestive system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Systems of reproduction
Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system
Integumentary system
Principal organs:
Skin, hair , nails, cutaneous glands,

Principal functions
Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D
synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication
Skeletal system

Principal organs:
Bones, cartilages, ligaments
Muscular system
Principal functions
Movement, stability, communication, control of body
openings, heat production
Lymphatic system

Principal functions
• Recovery of excess tissue fluid
• Detection of pathogens
• Production of immune cells
• Defense against disease
Respiratory system
Principal functions
• Absorption of oxygen
• Discharge of carbon dioxide
• Acid-bae balance,
• Speech
Circulatory system
Principal functions
• Distribution, of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, heat,
immune cells and antibodies, fluid
• Acid-base balance
Urinary system

Principal functions
• Elimination of wastes,
• Regulation of blood volume and pressure,
• Stimulation of red blood cell formation,
• Control of fluid
• Electrolyte and acid-base balance,
• Detoxification
Nervous system
Principal functions
Rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation
Endocrine system
 Principal functions
Hormone production, internal chemical communication and
coordination
Digestive system
Principal functions
• Nutrient breakdown and absorption
• Liver functions include metabolism
• Synthesis of plasma proteins
• Disposal of drugs, toxins
• Cleansing of blood
Reproductive systems
Structure that can be observed with the naked eye is called
Gross anatomy
Ultrastructure
Microscopic anatomy
Histology cytology
The simplest structures considered to be alive are
Organisms
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
A self-amplifying chain of physiological events is called
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Dynamic constancy
Homeostasis
Metabolisms
Which of the following is not a human organ system
Integumentary
Muscular epithelial
Nervous
Endocrine

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