, shared Caribbean

arculnbitutriaolns. Events
B) Regionalevelopment che
to
ibute
common
CARIFESTA
values, laws and
hersitage,
celebrate the Caribbean'
B4 Pegional Objectives
So 25 Examine the factors that promote regional
mon
culturalheritageand encourage
citizens,and countries.
solidarity
Lommon economic and soial
0SSues
integration. People acros the
integration So 26 Outine the major attempts at regional
the sarne
operate to econorc Caribbean se may t
tackle therzd sodalebietto
s
integration.
S0 27 Outline the objectives of 1the OECS, Social issues ndatr
Many of the challenges facing the Caribbean
the CSME and the CCJ. ,CARICOM, leenage
can be overcome by Caribbean countries joining SO 28 Analyse the benefits and dsuccesses of
regional aCTOSS
In an manypregnancy-this is
Caribbezn taes
a
siatissut
PAHO,attemptUnitetodNatadiress
together. Regional integration has several benefits for integration. se2 ags 3
this issuin
countries, businesses and individuals. It strengthens S0 29 Examine the factors that hinder the attemnts ions 2123 the
Caribbean countries' trading positions by increasing
at regional integration. CARICOM
Pregnancy jpined togh Poaton
to maFind
market size and appeal. Harmonising trade rules
and policies faclitates international trade, attracts So 30 Examine the role of individual citizens. campaign andPrevent
a ion Week ith aocal Adolmetia
escet
investment and helps the economy to diversify. Being raising awarenessregional halogue en ined at
apart of a larger community, such as CARICOM,
with shared cultural heritage, goals and aspirations
business organisations, government and the
mass media in the integration process. addressing the issue.and engaging
" High pocyakes in
also gives member countries a sense of identity, SO 31 Describe ways in which tourism can be used to levels unempl
-these oandyment andof poverty re
underemployment
belonging and unity, making them more likely to promote regional integration. common problemsissuesin so
collaborate to achieve common goals and advocate These issues can be many Caibbean counties.
for their group's interests on aglobal scale.
SO 32 Differentiate between the types of tourism adiressed
work together to reduce when counties
products available in the Caribbean. barriers togowh
to improve
which in tumintra-regional and internaional and
trade,
increases
OD Factors that promote dance, dress and festivals unites poverty. For erample, employment znd recuces
on various projects. They have created regional adlionalculture shown through
Caribbean often find it harder towomen who start businesses
get financial support
regional integration organisations such as CARICOM and the OECS
to facilitate trade, co-operation and communication.
0leacrossthe men do, so in 2022 the World than
Bank pledged to
improve access to ivestment and loans or womea
The interdependence of Caribbean nations as well as to collaborate to improve transportation
demonstrates how essential it is for people in the region
to share their knowiedge, collaborate and share common
networks so that they function more effectively.
Similar geographical features such as volcanoes,
Checkpoini entreprencurs.
" Tourism- the provision of tourismand services
are important sectors for many Caribbean islands.
goals and dreams in order to progress as awhole. earthquakes and the climate, plus acommon 1What is meant by regional integration? Ko
However, some citizens think that belonging to a larger This gives everyone in the region strong motivztion
vulnerability to natural disasters such as hurricanes, 2Qutline three factors that promote regional to protect the beautiful seting of the Caribbean
bloc can limit the freedom and independence of their create problems that are best addressed collaboratively
country, which can cause confict. Caribbean countries integration.KO and the location of natural resources, such as
are free to accept or reject regional integration efforts
through mitigation, preparedness, adaptation and beaches, forests, waterfalls and wetdands, along
relief efforts. The region is very vulnerable to climate
based on their specific national needs and priorities. change, which brings rising sea levels that threaten
Countries in the Caribbean enjoy many of the same coastal communities, plus stronger storms and Activities O
qualities and face many of the same challenges. These more droughts. Global warming also endangers the b Createapresentation (poster, PowerPoint or
similarities both help to unify countries and reinforce Caribbean's unique ecosystem and biodiversity. 1With a partner, talk about and write a list of at
the need for regional integration. Some of these least three aspects of culture that you have in video) highlighting the organisations that you
researched.Include information about their
factors are considered below.
Common cultural heritage Common, KC
mission, objectives and recent projects.
UR
The Caribbean's strategic location between North Dla ldentify TWO organisations in your country Present your findings to the class, focusing
Geographical location and South America has resulted in shared colonial that are dedicated to preserving and
promoting cultural heritage. Find out the
c organisations in
on the importance of these Uk
The Caribbean region's geographical location experiences and post-colonial struggles. This gives preservingcultural heritage.
facilitates communication and collaboration among Caribbean countriesa sense of shared identity and mission, objectives and recent projects that graphic organiser
tach organisation has undertaken to promote Research and create a differencesIn
its countries. Due to their close proximity and small cultural heritage, regardless of ethnicity, which serves
cultural heritage. KC showing similarities andCaribbeanregion. ux
size, Caribbean countries naturally interact with one as a unifying force among its diverse population. cultural heritage in the
another, making iteasier for them to collaborate History, music, religion, food, dress and festivals 271

270
B) Reglonal development
research theeffects of
andEffects of qlobalisation, trade
with their biodiversi In 2024, the CARICOM

l(artbezn. hecgoint
ungroups,

andtrade
Sceretaniat wganisnd workshoys in Dominica trading blocs
Hlobalisation
Caribbean
countries. U liberalisation on
Grenada to helr thenm to impror the management liberalisation andliberalisation Asaclass,holda panel discussion or debate
and protection of the legal wildlifc tradc. Such Globalisation and trade mean that effectsof alobalisation and trade
collaborations help to kecp the Caribbean's
plants and aninals safc and promote sustainable Caribbean
world powers
compcting with some of the
is in the global market. However, biggestthe e
iberalisationon Caribbean countries.
development. globalisation relates to more than trade. The world
such
today is conncctedin na way that actions siin
Economic issues
country thousaonends economicc
changeand naturalshocks,
another ylnerabilityto
country can impact life in
nate
" Smaller economics- in 2017, the World Bank
commented that deeper regional integration can
heln smalleconomics bv allowing them to share
of miles away.

Environmental
ActAnalivyisetythe
costs and risks, promoting stable growth. For
" The release of greenhouse gases by industries Sasters
to examine thesceeches ci Ca ctee-
regional integration. Dovu20r2w 2der
in developed countries can lead to more
geographyand relative
example, investing in shared services like regional
transportation can save money and improve
extreme weather in the Caribbean
" Eco-tourists from developed countries visit
developing countries.
location,
(averagepoverty rates
enbbean are
poverty of the
around 30% argument argu-erisis.
in tavour sof? it?Can vou think ci
connectivity arnong the Caribbean islands. Pooling Caribbean population) makes
it
resources can also quickly provide emergency
funds after disasters, which is the role of the Conflict
Terrorist recruitment and
herable
ihe
acgration,
aneconomic shock in one country
particularly
etonatural,disasters. Through economic mcr.s
CCRIF, which provides Caribbean countries with
insurance coverage against natural disasters, such
as hurricanes,carthquakes and excess rainfall.
radicalisatlon is an
international issue.
There is misuse of banking
"The
Labour mobility
2018 Protocol of
mitigatedthroughthe support of other
as
when Barbuda
and Antigua worked Advancement
the transter ofís ICT that facilitate
in
" Changing trading patterns - to manage trade
systems and informal
economies to fund terrorism.
" Maritime criminal
Contingency Rights
allows dependents of
individuals with approved
untries,
etherrto
e
the
improvetheir disaster preparedness
devastation caused by Huricane Lee Advances in ICT,
Hke meia
cultural heritage
fuctuations, countries in the OECS can use fiscal
policies that save money during good times to
activities include
smuggling drugs, small
arms, people and
Skilled Certificates to move
freely and access basic social
slowing
.Organisationssuch as CDEMA and the changed how qultural sodal
Development Partners Group for Disaster in the Caribbean heitzge is sharedndp plims,b
use in times of difficulty:. Grenada is leading by hazardous materials.
services across these
ibbean also show how the Caribbean can and bevond. Platforms such
countries.
lnagement Facebook, Instagran,
example with new rules to guide how money is to
responses disasters across the region. For make it easy to
TikTok and Xfom Tair
record and shae riions
spent over the next few years. Eastern Caribbean tegrate
ample,when the eruption of Laa Soufrière volcano nc
eperiences with alarge audience Pthures, vides ni
countries have passed a new law to improve the stories about Caribbean music, dance.
andthe Grenadines forceddaround bod ists
finanial sector by better supervision of banks and Globalisation StVincent to.leave their homes in 2021. ,the and crafts can be posted. This helns
planning for future changes, which make credit 00people to knions
alive for future generaions. Socal maio
more easily available. oM andODEMA provided important support like les
people connect with others who share thér interst
" Free trade and free labour - Caribbean emporaryshelters, essential supplies and help with and identity, even if they are ir wIy or pr
countries can boost their economies and reduce
Competition
Caribbean countries Connectivity
"There, is a need for acuationeftorts. ofthe
have joined together to infrastructure to island
diaspora. This enables them to leam about 1ndg
unemployment by removing trade barriers and form trading blocs with
lower tarifs and bigger
support investment
in technology. Oate change makes Caribbean small with their Caribbean altrl heritage. ICT 1so hens
enhancing labour mobility within the region. negotiating power, as Lts more vulnerable to natural disasters. When us to spread and share informaion, lem pm each
Internätional Monetary Fund (IMF) research other economic regions,
such as the EU, have done. emperatures rise, extreme weather events such other and reach more peorle round the world
Key
from 2020 suggests that reducing non-tariff Globalisation huricanes, floods and droughts become more
barriers and trade costs within CARICOM could Trade liberalisation cnuent and intense, harming the economy.
signifcantly boost trade and welfare gains for all Trading blocs Ring sea levels threaten coastal ecosystems and
members. It could generate significant economic ommunities by increasing the likelihood of saltwater
beneits, potentially increasing the region's GDP Equal access to markets ntusion, soil erosion and habitat loss. Coastal
by over 7%. " In 2020, the CDB hosted a tralning session
focused on expanding the use of established ietences, resilient infrastructure and sustainable
international trading standards, specifically Incoterms Ind-use practices are all needed to mitigate the
Cheokpoini 2020, within the Caribbean. However, currently each
country follows its own standards, for example, the
Saint Lucia Bureau of Standards and the Bureau of
Standards Jamaica are separate organisations.
fects of climate change and strengthen resilience.
he prime minister of Barbados, Mia Motley, argues
1List two ditferent social issues shared by Caribbean hat countries dealing with severe climate impacts
COuntries., KG hould have their debts forgiven so they can focus on
thuilding and adapting to climate change, instead ot
paying debt. 273
272
 Bi) Regional development
has The Bahamas)
countrics are frec to join or not. It lcd to
Cheokpoint ways for countrics to work togcther, like the various
conffoerrmencesing .
and various
of organisations, associations
1 Outline two ways in which social media can help to Each of these has its own goals and reasons for
share cultural heritage. K cxisting, their evolution traces the development an3
integration of the Caribbean region.
fguba
Haitin Britich
Consumer practices in the region Activity
GUATEMALA

Consumer behaviour in the Caribbean needs to be Jamaica

infuenced by an awareness ef regional integration
goals,with a preference for local and regional goods
1a In groups, search for and select songs that
highlight regional unity and integration. K©
Vomiepuoiiccn 'vta
and services. This would support local economies
bAs a class, discuss the messages in these HONDURAS -Arg.
and promote sustainable development. Together
with investrment in local and regional businesses, this songs related to regional unity and
supports regional integration and reduces reliance on
integration. U hCARAGUA
foreign investment and imports.
" According to a 2023 survey, Jamaican consumers
Types of agreement
\COSTA RICA eGairs
Trrcad
are increasingly choosing locally produced goods AVADOP Tcagc VE
over imported alternatives to support the local Regional integration includes countries making
economy and reduce their environmental footprint. different kinds of agreements:
In Trinidad and Tobago, initiatives like the 'Buy " bilateral agreements - such as the memorandunm PANAMA VENZUELA
Local' campaign encourage citizens to invest in of understanding (MOU) signed between Jamaica
and purchase from local businesses. and Trinidad and Tobago in 2022 to strengthen
co-operation in various sectors, including trade, COLOMBIA
tourism and agriculture
Activities " multilateral agreements - in 2020, the
CARICOM Multilateral Air Services Agreement of different regional groups in the Caribbean
Asa class, discuss the role of regional established a single market for air transport tymembership
integration in addressing the challenges
faced by the region. UK
services with uniform stàndards. MestIndies Federation could establish economic
2 Usethe work of Caribbean artists and Such agreements help countries to work together regional integration. The integrzion, it pogressed
highlight the strategies | ideas put forward to and address mutual concerns or goals. They show that .West Indies Federation formed in 1958 and
based on the multilateral British Caribbean
estahlishmenoheto
Indies Shipping Serice brought Wst
promote regional integration. UR countries realise that moving towards integration has region and the UWI is sill a prosperity the
93 Compose acreative piece (song, poem,
benefits for individual countries. Biration Act of 1956. Its purpose was to: institution in the rezon. leating adernie
dance,dramatic piece) that promotes unite English-speaking countries in theCaribbean
regional integration. US Attempts at regional integration oconsolidate independence from the UK
Brainstorm the various media that you or
others have used to send messages both
within your country and overseas. Discuss
The Caribbean has been determined to achieve
regional integration for many years. It has launched a
range of initiatives and organisations to achieve this.
improve social and economic conditions in the
member countries Cheekpdntf
1What do these terms man?
reasons for each choice of media. UO Membership of these contributes to the individual aupport higher education and research across the
and regional identity of Caribbean countries, as rgion by extending the UWI. a Bilatera
well as giving them practical advantages. However, kvs managed by a federal (central) government in b Multlaterl
So26 sometimes developing countries feel that more linidad and Tobago that contained representatives
Major attempts at regional
So 27 developed countries have more benefits than they do.
Despite these challenges, regional integration shows
in each member country (Antigua and Barbuda,
2 For how long was the West indies Federstion in
existence? e
integration that member states have a responsibility to each other atbudos, Dominica, Jamaica, Grenada, St Kitts
eis-Anguilla, Montserrat, St Lucia, St Vincent
Over time, the Caribbean regional integration that includes respecting agreements, contributing to dthe Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago).
process has developed to respond to different shared goals and supporting initiatives that benefit Mhough the federation collapsed in 1962 before it
problems and opportunities,which individual the whole region.
275
274
B Regional development eeloped
countries (MDCs)-

Case study
Jarmaica
and Trinidad
infrastruCture,
dmore
mOre
developed
Batmemberarhaddriesa,
and Tobago
naturalresources than otherindust CARIVTA eee c
Why the West Indies Federation collapsed puntries.
They werealso able to produce itens
andon a greater scale than less
The West Indies Federation was
es1ablished with the goal of uniting English NDBS
cheaply
countriesin the region.
reloped
countries
CARITA coes, i
speakinp Caribbean countries to achieve 7HDERION IB58
Losdeveloped (LDCS) - compared
the other
preater independence from the UK and NMDCs all
, member states
had
improve social and economic conditions. It
Meker
-infrastructures
the andindustries and lacked
diSSolved in 1962 tor several key reasons.
One major reason was the withdrawal of
kev members. In 1961, Jamaica decided to
leave the Federation because its leaders
CARIBBEAN SEA

12
BARBADOS
DC
resourcesthat could be
niural
ivere
:

nembersfthe
of
association.
createda common
exploited.
These
dependent on support from richer

market between
thtgenicntectn,
RIFTA
were worried that the Federation would hurt countries via a
rmber
multilateral agreement that
Jamaica's revenue and economic interests.
Dr Eric Williams, the premier ofTrinidad and Another factor was the Federation's
Tobago, famously said 'one from ten leaves inability to improve living conditions,
nought', to show how crucial Jamaica create jobs or boost trade among member
was to the Federation's survival. In 1962, countries, leading to dissatisfaction and
Trinidad and Tobago also withdrew. It feared disappointment. Additionally, nationalistic Atlantic Ocsar
that allowing tree movement within the feelings and the large distances between the Tuts end
Federation would flood its labour market, countries made co-operation and integration
straining local resources. As the largest difficult. The countries felt disconnected
financial contributors, their departure culturally and physically, making it hard to Cayman lslarids
significantly weakened the Federation. build a united regional identity.
Jamaca
The different levels of economic and social Belize
development between member states
created resentment and discord amona the
Case study questions members. Wealthier nations felt burdened Caribbean Sea
1 State the year in which the West lIndies by the need to support poorer countries, Stvinc
the Greaone
Federation was established and the leading to tension.
name of the Act that set it up. KG
2 Explain the significance of Dr Eric
Williams' statement 'one from ten leaves Caribbean Free Trade Association
nought' in the context of the West Indies
Federation's collapse. UK (CARIFTA)
Less developed countries Guygna
3 in pairs, discuss why you think that After the collapse of the West Indies Federation More developed countries
Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago's in 1962, many Caribbean countries achieved Suriname
exit from the federation had such a big independence from the UK and were free to determine
impact. U their own future. The new governments decided to
work together to improve living conditions in their
4 Do you think Jamaica and Trinidad and countries through economic integration. The resulting
Tobago were right to leave the group? CARIFTA was formed in 1965 between Antigua and lgshowing more and less developed countries of the Carbbean
Give reasons for your answer. UK Barbuda, Barbados, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.
In 1968, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla,
St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Montserrat
and Jamaica joined CARIFTA, with Belize following
in 1971. 277

276
 hetvesof
B) Regional development BA Regonalintegraion
CARICOM and
obiectiresof
derpianed
e
the are
bythe17 UN SDGs and are similar: OECS CARICOM criee
accelerating
finctionalco-operation- integration
Fastering
and
member
and
in,
such as:
areas countries try to the sarme time s
this
deducation
o
-
member countries
colaborate
educationthroughinitiatives like
cvee i
,
in
UWI or ecinoic ererzz
CKC®
disasterr management- member countries Common market-merbes fom1
SRATARY
GNERAL
mutualsupport andlaid to affected market and 1zee on
proride
nations
tobuild regionalI resilience. Following
likehurricanes or earthquakes,
Tmatters euch zs tra'e,
polices, and tbe moy nåfseiieins on
Government leaders in 1973 signing the Ireaty ot Chaguaramas tha.
established CARICOM
events
neighbouringcountries deploy
teams
response
andl offer emergency
humanitarian
assistance
rtuctinii
tarifis tnposed on zoods th
Outside the regon Shaing 1 re impoT i
co-operative effort to mitigate disaster
makes it ezsy for onoa m
Checkpoin impacts
a and,distribute relief resources efidently

care- regional organisationslikethe

COuntries to workpepietT
are more likely to rzdemesmoebee
znd a oTS
The CARIFTA games,an annual athletics competition founded by the
1Answer true or false to these statements and give
health Public: Health Agency (CARPHA) then with unties in ach ohes, zn
association of Caribbean states, continues to this day
reasons for each answer. UK
Caribbean
co-ordinatepublic health initiatives. Member Ihis builds trzde 2ndouide hai trade bloc.
countriescollaborate on disease member ountis incezses he eonois o
Activity
a MDCS in CARIFTA were supported by LDCs. surveil ance,
healthcarepplanning and response efforts, Curency -mary OECS countries have also
b CARIFTA became CARICOM in 1973. addressing health threats such as epidemics adopted the same Caribbean qurenc
or NCD t» (Eastern
1 In pairs, talk about what conflicts may arise G Suriname and Haiti are associate members of Caribbean dolar, EC$
collectively
between MDCs and LDCs within a regional
organisation. Do you have any solutions for CARICOM. integrate their economies.Arelaredfurcher
OECS goal
is to transtorm its eonov to
how these conflicts might be resolved? Write
these solutions down to share with your
CARPH becone
zioballv
competitive, whie vahing the environnent
using it to surport deelopment.
and
class. UK OECS
The OECS was formed in 1981 following the signing
of the Treaty of Basseterre to ensure the sustainable
CARICOM development of its member states and share the costs
By 1973, CARIFTA had increased co-operation, unity of governing them. It is smaller than CARICOM
and includes 11 LDC Eastern Caribbean states: the
and economic growth in the Caribbean. Leaders now Leeward Islands (Antigua and Barbuda, St Kitts and
thought that a new agreement was needed to build on
this success and further develop integration between Nevis, Montserrat, Anguilla and the British Virgin
member states. CARICOM was established by the Islands) and the Windward Islands (Republic of
Treaty of Chaguaramas, which was signed in Trinidad Dominica, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, transportation -shared transportation
and obago by Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Grenada, Martinique and Guadeloupe). infrastructure and communication networks
Trinidad and Tobago. It outlined agreements made enhance connectivity and promote economic
between 15 Commonwealth Caribbean countries: development across the Caribbean region The Car hezn Aatural Reserch end Deveopment insttute
Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, communication - initiatives such as the (CARDI strengthens regional cc'aboratcn and provides funding for
states
Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, reseerch ard training atross CARICOM memher
St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Caribbean Media Corporation promote -
Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. Suriname and integration by facilitating the exchange of "Common co-ordinated foreignandpolicymultinational
news, information and cultural content among members deal with counries
Haiti, which were not Commonwealth members, regional
corporations (MNCs) outside theirrelate
joined CARICOM in 1995 and 2002 respectively. member countries. to
that
Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, Creation of asingle economy - the OECS wishes grouping under agreed policies as trade,
Cayman Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands are all
The headquarters of the 0ECS is in Basseterre, the capital city of St different areas offoreign policy, such
Kitts and Nevis to establish a functional economic union and
associate members of the community. 279

278
 Activity
B) Regional development

defence. the environment and development.

cnsures that menmbers act as a unified
This
whole and
trade,
Activities
sequence os
the
informationin the text,
completethe
Using
comparing
and
Venn diagram copy

aribbean countries
below
1the regional groupings that
(SME
the CARICOMTr fChaps
Aeonegraton
are a stronger prescnce globally in issues of 1 Create a timeline to show the Caribbean ditferent will belong to. Most trade
development and security. This enables them to
foster beneficial trade and economic relations with
other countries.
the integration movement inthe
region. KO
In groups, conduct research on various place
themin
into morethan
countries fit sections
Belize;and
groupingsoverlap.UK
$0
one
where thegrrelevant
ouping,
Anguilla have
liheratrn¢ tshaugin Thiscdhe
development - members aim toO 2a attempts at integration in the Caribbean you. 2 inge
" Human and social donetor market to
advance cquity and inclusion by reducing disparity
in health, education and social outcomes, and
(your teacher will give you one to study).UR
bExamine the reasons that the previous
aen
Organisation of obstasingleacles facde andmti
improving standards of living and work, as well as attempts were not successtul and prepare a OECS
Eastern Caribbean
byeconomto form aei
this
achieving full employment. An example,byofShakiah PowerPoint slide to share with the class to States
CARICOM's youth work, for example explain this. UK Anguila
systern
ne same co-ordiniz Doies 2desnoic
Lewis from Turks and Caicos, who was appointed Association of
Putting the aurzency 2085 mebe oof ing
as the CARICOM Youth Ambassador for the Caribbean States trezty into Drice
involves hamoni iks ine
2023 to 2024 term.
Associationof Caribbean States (ACS) cARICOM
ACS
hscal polides, andsir.z taaion sstens, nd
" Security -CARICOM wishes to facilitate 'a safe, The ACS was established in 1994 when: a treaty was
Belze
Caribbean trade regulations estahing comnnomery
Community fnanial
s being(riles) 2085 mebe countries
just and free Community'. In 2006, members i
signed in Colombia for countries in the region of the The CSMMEi
signed a treaty on security assistance among
CARICOM member states. To support border Caribbean Basin. The secretariat is
Trinidad, Members include:
Port of Spain, showingaoverlap in country membershio pof the
Caribbean Community impemenedMzketin o(CSM
established in 2006 and Se
Ostages: the
w
control and tackle crime, CARICÖM established diagram and
ACS regional groupings the
the Implementing Agency for Crime and Security " Caribbean states - Antigua and Barbuda, the
Venn OECS
CARICOM, Caribbean Community Singleestahishment
Eoonoy
of the
to oversee a collective response in the areas of Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica. ongoing process. (CSE) is zn
crime and security. It includes: Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti,
Joint Regional Communications Centre - helps Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent
regional law enforcement personnel to monitor
border control
and the Grenadines, Turks and Caicos, Suriname
and Trinidad and Tobago Bahama Atlantc Ocean
Regional Intelligence Fusion Centre -gives " South and Central American states -Colombia.
information to help regional security agencies to Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
detect, deter and control crimne Mexico, Nicaragua, Panarma and Venezuela.
Regional Crime and Security Strategy Central " Associate members - Aruba, British Virgin
Coordinating Unit- helped to create the Jamaica
Islands, Curaçao, Guadeloupe, Martinique,
CARICOM Crimeand Security Strategy, Montserrat, St Martin, St Maarten - France Antigua and
(French Guiana and St Barthélemy) and the Belize Burtuda
which it helps to implement.
Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Saba and St Domirica
Eustatius). Caribbean Ses
Cheokpoint The objectives of the ACS are to promote functional
co-operation among member states, in particular: acados
1 What does OECS stand for? KO
" the preservation and conservation of the Caribbean
2 When was OECS created? KG dand
Sea through the Caribbean Sea Commission
3How many countries are members of CARICOM? " the development of sustainable tourism
KC
" advancing economic integration and intra-regional
4 List three areas in which CARICOM and OECS share trade and investment to improve the economic Guyana
similar objectives. KO competitiveness of the Greater Caribbean region
Suriname
" natural disaster and risk reduction through disaster
planning and reliefby the Directorate for Disaster
Risk Reduction
" effective intra-regional air and maritime transport countries
co-ordinated by the Directorate for Transport. he CSME removes restrictions on the movement tof goods, services, money andlabour between member
281
280
ERegonal development
lcountries, regions
sdiantaged
and
The first six Members to join the CSME in
2006 is
funded
by contributions
countries
loc.I t and
sectfromors within
were Barbados, Bclizc, Guvana, Jannaica, Suriname
and Trinidad and Tobago, followed by
Barbuda,Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts Antigua
St Lucia, and St \incent
and
and Nevis,
Checkpoint
1 Decide which regional grouping each of the
other
uls,
international groups, mernber

TheCCanata ieeC.
and the Grenadines.
Haiti is a partial mcmber. The creation of a following statements refer to (some regional aroune
coonomic spacc in the region fosters changesingle
and may apply to more than one statement): K
progress towards shared economic goals, promoting a Suriname was one of the first countries to join
development and prosperity for all member states. [dMangoes BAPRADOS
MANGOES 550 In the regn,tecCsuai
b It was formed following the signing of the
of Bassetere (18 June 1981). Treaty ycDsf
Objectives of the CSME
TheCSMIE works to implement certain c This regional grouping lasted four years.
member states. rights in dItadded nine new protocols to the Treaty of
" The right to free movement of
of member states can move to,
people - citizens
own property
and work freely in other member states. This
Chaguaramas.
Activities
HaHarmrmoonniissaattioionn rake it
to work oze
involves harmonising labour policies, recognising
qualiications and certifications and promoting
skills development and mobility within
1 Find at least three recent newspaper articles tlemarketis not always good news for everyone -LDClocal
Integrate the
bar\egalriers to trade and abe
It encourages people to
the region.
remain within the region
and contribute to its development.
or reliable online sources about implementing
CSME objectives. For each article, note how
different CARICOM states are meeting
otcersmayloseeout on trade duetoimported products from
s beingcheaper such systas eTns znd
businessCOMiniz
Ihis improveS iSn siz
ziiie
Dracis iD es
The right to free movement of capital - citizens these objectives. Focus on initiatives,
policies, challenges and successes. Prepare
CDEcontributes
states,
to reducing
disparities
fostering regional lintegrationamong colaboration aoss borders.
co-andHaorpermoniztseaitinonareasmakessuhit easie
can move money and invest freely within the mber
a PowerPoint presentation of your findings to
CSME. Removing restrictions on capital ffows enhancing the competitiveness of the whole io m
between member states encourages investment share in class. UK urbbeanregion. It. aims to advance the SDGs s halh
and financial integration, and creates a favourable 2a In groups, allocate roles such as moderator
and representatives of the OECS, CARICOM
BIgportingsectors such as
and climate-resilient
Ticulture, infrastructure
cOunt environmental
ties to use theirprotecioa or
I:os
environment for investment and economic growth
so that money remains in the Caribbean to and CSME. Research the goals and key
initiatives of your given organisation and snple,itgave.Suriname aloan of USS10 mil ion
stre
sustainable energy. For common proachiese
uengths to
blems incommon
2 snd iinesSn
develop it. eevelopment of a sustainable electricity
" Protection of consumers citizens benefit from,
write a 100- to 150-word summary of the key
plyin remote villages.
"
Immi gratiaocounry
n poücy ivohs poTS
ries
points. UK can enter
2nd bowho
for cxample, by developing the Caribbean Rapid
Alert System for Exchange of Information on bThe group holds a panel discussion in class,
guided by the moderator.
toCARICOV
trarel withinpassport
avis2, which
make:
CARICOM e h.Irisket:
dangerous non-food consumer goods.
In your own words, produce a citizen's guide Nourse, there is noguarantee that all countries will strenghns tes
poßdes lso elvwihin the
" Contingent rights - goods and services can move
to CSME, giving a summary of its objectives ss abide by agreements and policies. Unresolved Immi g ration
border securit, with iasuesrezion.
Fke
freely within a trade group, including:
" the right toestablishment allows citizens to be
as well as some key information about it.
You may wish to create a brochure, leaflet or
icts can threaten regional organisations. For
umple, conflict arose within CARIFTA over some
reuniting faniieslzworkers to immigrte,
and heringriugees Such
self-employed and set up businesses in member poliies balance naional innerest and seauriny:
webpage, for example. UR "aties still charging tariffs on goods imported whiüle upholing humanitariun vlues.
states. This keeps businesses and entrepreneurs im member countries. Or exporters may claim
within the region and develops its economies, "Fiscal (taxl poiies are ules set by
the
increasing opportunities for citizens
ita product is regionally produced to beneft from to manage 2country's ecOnom. By govemman: co-ordinating
The CARICOM Development Fund (CDF) trade and price advantages, when actually it was these policies, CARICOVl countries can ensure
" the right to free movement of goods and nduced outside the region. that their spen ding benaits the entire region and
services ensures that they meet agreed regional Following the establishment of the CSME, some that taxes are ippkei fairir acos il member
LDCscomplained that asingle market and economy here there is confict resulting from violation of
standards and are exempt from import duties or countries. This unihed approah to policies tso
tariffs. By removing all restrictions, trade within could negatively affect their economies. For example, ms of integration agreements, the CC] is there to
the CSME increases and boosts employment. opening their economy could take custom away from Rpret protocols and serve as a mediator to address strengthens the regions global agpeal s aplace to
do business by providing clarity and consistency.
local producers and skilled workers could more easily ts and uphold the integrity of the regional Such policies contribute to economic integration
move to other countries to earn more. In response, ation process, It is also the court of last resort
CARICOM set up the CDF in 2008 to provide Cl and criminal matters, and in cases and promote co-operation, trade and growth, 2s
involving seen in the CSME.
support via financial and technical assistance to lmental rights, for Barbados, Belize and Guyana.
282 283
 B4 Regional integration
'ternal trade policies imposc agreed tariffs and
charges on goods imported from countries outside Benefits and successes of o 29
he CSE. This protects local manufacturers and
warantecs acompetitive price for locally-produced
goods. trade policies also ensure that
internationaltrade benefits the whole
regional integration
region Regional integration in the Caribbean has helped
cqually: that one country does not more to shape the identity of the region's countrics and
an others through more competitive prices. citizens.CARICOM citizens share a common
. Legislation establishes common laws across identity, which gives them asense of belonging
member states to ensure that citizens cannot avoid and promotes unity across borders. Integration
has provided people and countries with greater
legal consequences by moving from one country to freedom and choice, allowing them to reap the
another. Since many Companies operate in many
CSE countries, uniform laws simplify compliance many benefits of regional co-operation. Along with
and give consistency to both employees and these advantages, however, issues have arisen, such
employers. The CCJ also facilitates integration as disagreements over migrant workers, who may be
by serving as the ultimate authority in disputes viewed as a threat, or hostile business takeovers.
related to the interpretation and application of the
revised Treaty of Chaguaramas. Benefits
Sectoral policies in agriculture, manufacturing and As people understand the benefits of regional
fsheries harmonise policies in these important integration, there is a clear trend for Caribbean
sectors to ensure that CSE countries can work countries to become more integrated, interdependent
effectively together to build thriving industries. and collaborative.
Harmonised CARICOM policies for agriculture,
industry and fisheries make it easy for all countries
to benefit from investment and development in
Reduction in unemployment and
these sectors. They also promote conservation and underemployment
the effcient, sustainable exploitation of the region's The introduction of the CSME and regional
natural resources and boost exports, production integration policies, such as the abolition of work
and productivity. permits and the introduction of the Certificate of
CARICOM Skills Qualification, have enabled
the free movement of skilled workers and portable
Checkpoin qualifications. This allows citizens to find better
paying jobs in other CARICOM countries. This
1a What do these acronyms stand for? (KO integrated approach addreses skill gaps, ensuring that
i CSME skilled workers can move to areas where their expertise
is most needed, driving down unemployment and
iiCCJ underemployment rates.
iii XCD The Caribbean region experienced varying
iv OECS unemployment rates before and after the
implementation of CSME, though the overall trend
b Write asentence explaining what each of these is down.
is. UK

Activity 0
 B() Regional development

Unemployment Unemployment
Country
rate (%) after
rate (%) before Activity
CSME presentation that
CSME (2007)
1 Prepare a Power Point
Barbados 7.4% (2012) 11.6% outlines the advantages and drawbacks of
(2018) 8.3% free movement in any CARICOM country,
(2022) 8.5%
The Bahamas 7.9% (2011) 13.7%
(2018) 10% Better response toglobalisation and
(2022) 9.2% trade liberalisation
Jamaica 9.6% (2013) 15.3%
(2012) 7.1% By forming a trading bloc, Caribbean countries
create stronger, more diverse economies by
(2023) 4.2% increasing
the range, quantity and quality of the products and
services that they sel. This improves international
fredag competitiveness, meaning that the region is better
equipped tocompete with rich MNCs in the global
grt market.

Aim Description Example

Increased production and Working together increases the Jamaica, with its energy-intensive
competitiveness variety and amount of products bauxite processing industry,
and services, lowers costs and imports liquefied natural gas
enables more competitive prices. from Trinidad and Tobago. This
stable and cost-effective energy
supply helps Jamaica topower its
bauxite and alumina processing
facilities efficiently.
Investment enables quality Sharing resources allows for The CDB funds projects that
improvement investment in better technology
and infrastructure, improving improve transportation and
product quality. communication, enhancing
Internationalcompetitiveness productionquality and efficiency.
Trading as a group leverages The Economic Partnership
good trade agreements and
market access. Agreement between
CARIFORUM and the EU gives
Caribbean goods better access to
Diversification and risk reduction European markets.
Trading as a region spreads Economic downturns in tourism
economic risks across different can be balanced by growth in
industries, making countries less agriculture or manufacturing in
vulnerable. other countries, stabilising the
region's economy

286
 B4 Regional Integration

cqual access to serviccs paid for by the combined

governments of member countries
agrccd environmental standards
cheaper and better-quality goods - increased
intra-regional and international trade mean that
companics can produce more at acheaper unit
cost, which is passed on to customers. Customers
also beneft from better-quality products as all
member countries stick to agreed standards.

|Activity O
laCreate asong or poem highlighting the
benefits of CARICOM for individuals,
businesses and countries. UK
bRecord and share your songon a social media
platform.(KO

Reduction in inequality of wealth

distribution
In 2018, the region saw a GDP increase of over 7%
due to better trade and easier movement of workers.
Such economic growth allows governments to spend
more on important services like health care and
education, reducing inequality.
As regional co-operation reduces unemployment, the
income gap between the rich and poor also narrows.
For example, Jamaicas unemployment rate dropped
to a record-low 4.2% in October 2023, which
helped to reduce poverty from 13.9% in 2021 to an
estimated 12.3% in 2023.
Member countries can also pool their resources, share
the costs of service provisions and subsidise each
other, so that when one Caribbean export is doing
badly, it can be subsidised by another product that is
doing well. In this way, wealth distribution is made
more equal as the whole Caribbean benefits from the
region's resources.

f
Cheokpoin
1What can reduce the gap between the rich and the
poor? (KC
S

287
B) Reglonal development
BA Regjonal integration
Activity O Activity | co-operation
ncreased
states- regionalism among member and sustainable
1a Think of a response to this Part development
nership to Address . The US-Carhbet.
igquest
oods,ion:abourHowant
1 Atan event gathering with government the Cimte
officials responsible for implementing does the free movement of iintegration leads to (PACC 2030), a ership betweenCáss 2030
regional integration policies, this question capital benefit member r states of Regional better co-operation
andrelationsbetween member states as countries Caribbean nationsparttohadvance the USA nd
was asked: 'What specific actions would
you take to ensure that wealth distribution
integration efforts like the CSME?
bPair up with a classmate and
reglonal ethebenefitsof their combined efforts. Through build resilience and epand cleanclimate
across the agyadupt ation,
2ccess
role. It hasregion,
a
workingtogether, Caribbean
fundedhighlizhrs
fdiurstcussher diyoursCUSS
becomes more equal within your region? thoughts. Find another pair to is
helpsto reduce tensions between the
identity developed, this enhancd global
Write an appropriate response to this all your responses. U shich citizens
ofindividual.countries.Being part of acommunity the numerous
develoBypment stomforsurzeprojects,
of incading
question. UR Bahamas. risk ips in
c Each group shares their
class. K response with tha
ulsobrings security as countries support each other
and resilience, advocating cimate daptationthe
Caribbean naions he become ky
during dificult times, such as after
natural disasters, players in internat
Free movement of goods, labour and Increased market size
iworktogetherto tackle
crime and drug use.
common problems, such development effortiosnal
. climate policy nd sustrinahle
s
capital
Regional integration removes some international
barriers and reduces others, making it easier for
citizens to live, work, trade and invest money in
Trading blocs give acountry access to a
market formed of all the member
wealth inside the region. The CSME
20 countries (15 member states and
bigger
statesincand keep Oheokgoiat
1 Choose five of the terms
below. Write five sentences
any member state. For example, the CARICOM about the bene'ts of regional integration
Certificate of Recognition of Skills Qualification members) with around 16 million citizens
Additionally, regional businesses are
associate of your chosen terns In eadh
sentence. R
using one
(CARICOM SkillsCertificate) allows qualifed than businesses basediin just one less Better
individuals from one CARICOM member state to
live and work in another CARICOM member state if one country is negativelyyaffectedcountry
disaster or alack of skilled workers, by anatural
vubecauslnerabele Reduced
economies
Ihcreased
selfsuffiiency isolation co-operation
vulnerability trade barriers compettiveness
autonomy fragmentation sale
without needing awork permit - so auniversity
graduate from Trinidad and Tobago can move to
this can be offset
by the business doing well in other countries
unemployment
Reduced
co-operaton
Trade expansion and
Barbados to work as a manager without facing Inequality free movement
significant bureaucratic barriers. This strengthens Improved levels of international Less
trade and skills distribution in member countries. competitiveness vulnerability Activities o
O1a Use various sources (newspaper articles,
Caribbean countries improve their global relevant websites) to research the benefits ot
competitiveness by joining regional groups like
the CSME. For example, regional integration to your country. Create
marketing attracts more regional co-operation in a presentation or infographic illustrating
the Caribbean. Regional international tourists to
integration also enables
Some benefits of regional integration the benefits and drawbacks of regional
integration for individuals, businesses and
economies of scale, allowing member countries Greater international presence Countries.
beneft from increased production capacity and to D
Prepare abrochure outlining the benefits
costs, Caribbean countries are thus better able tolower Caribbean regional integration has yielded signifcant of regional integration to individuals,
compete with large corporations and other global benefits, including astronger global presence. businesses and countries. You can use visual
competitors, strengthening their position in the
international market.
Working together and speaking with one voice has aids such as charts, graphs and icons.
allowed Caribbean countries to be heard and seen Q2 Draw cartoon strips to suggest ways in which
on a global scale. Caribbean countries can better individuals may enjoy greater benefits from
Expansion of trade represent their colective interests in international regional integration. R
The freedom to travel and work íreely across the Caribbean improves meetings and negotiations if they act as asingle
employmenl opportunities for citizens The CSME allows member states to trade entity.
more
goods and services both within the region and Regional integration has also enabled the Caribbean
internationally, which helps lower costs and inaresE Successes
to better participate in global trade and econonmic
profits. For example, Jamaica and Trinidad and networks. As a result, Caribbean countries have The benefts of regional integration have resulted in
Tobago have signed an MOU to minimise trade gained international recognition, enabling them some tangible successes.
barriers by setting up asystem to resolve trade issues to make signifcunt contributions to global
quickly. It is expected to boost trade between the nNo discussions about climate change, trade agreements
countries by over $1 billion ayear.
288 289
 B) Regional development B4 Regional integratio
Retter cO-ordinated response to natural
Report card on regional integration
Investment in sustainability
Project tltle Improved trading relatlonshie
Profect
title
disaster Case study
Project title The CSME'S aim is to remove The UWI Global
Update The Caribbean Climate Investment
Update
and professional restrictions trade Update
CARICOM set up the CDEMA, a
regional inter-governmental agency
Campus
Program (CCIP) has provided The UWIhas over 42
substantial financial and technical Success status The CSME has negotiated
and
for disaster management. locations in the region.
However, there are more than 700 islands
Venezuela,Colombia, Dominicanslgned
assistance to enterprises using bilateral trade agreements with CDEMA runs the Regional Training in
renewable energy and climate
Successstatus the Caribbean. This is why
adaptation technologies. The Republic, Cuba and Costa Rica Centre, which offers training in
(now called Global Campus) was
Open Campus
of up emergency operations, disaster risk established
grammes matching grants
proc Project title Access to international reduction and resillence-building for in 2008. Its goal is that UW's
to S1 nhave
Caribbean nations to
several
heivelop solar
to reduce
research
The CARDI worked with the
funding and the region.
Increased shared cultural experiences
education, research and services high-quality
should be
and wind energy projects
increase
Update Smart Projecttitle available to everyone who wishes to reach
carbon emissions and Aariculture and Rural Enterprises their fullpotential, whether or not they can
energy security. Programme, funded by the The CARIFESTA brings together
Success status In Barbados in 2019, a solar energy International Fund for Agricutural Update
artists, performers anddcultural
physically attend the university. The Global
funded by CCIP reduced the
project Development, the CDB and the enthusiasts from across the region
Campus lets people study from home
island's reliance on imported fossil government of Grenada, to improvo to celebrate Caribbean arts and across the Caribbean and combine studying
fuels and created sustainable jobs in livelihoods through skills training with paid employment or childcare. Online
the renewable energy sector. aaricultural investments, climate-smart heritage.
practices, business skills learning reduces the cost of studying by
technical services for ruraltraining
Improved access to tertiary institutions and 1Success status The first CARIFESTA had over 1000
Project ttle
enterprises artistes from over 30 Caribbean and removing relocation and travelling costs.
Update UWI began in Jamaica in 1948 as a Success status Two new dasheen varieties, Samea South American countries and is now
college of the University of London and IND 512, were the Caribbean's biggest arts festival. Out of 50 000 students, over 40% study
with 33 medical students. introduced to
online. The internet makes distance learning
Grenadian farmers. They are better Project title ldentifying Caribbean sporting talents
|Success statusUWI now has over 50 000 students suited to local climate and soll possible, allowing students to listen to
and over 2 650 000 alumni. conditions, produce higher yields
arow faster and suffer fewer post lectures via podcasts, access learning
Regional access to primary, secondary Update The annual CARIFTA games started material, submit their own work electronically
Project title harvest losses. They are also in 1972 and provide a showcase for
and post-secondary education
affected by pests and diseases,lesscook regional sporting talent. and take part in online discussions with
Update Following independence, CARICOM faster and taste good. tutors and fellow students.
countries sought a unified education Success status In 2024 Jamaica won its 38th
system. The CXCO replaced
Project title Improved access to justice and
arbitration
Carifta Games title in Grenada, with
Bahamas second and Trinidad and
British examination boards with a
The CCJ was set up to Tobago third.
standardised regional certification in Update provide
line with the Regional Qualifications accessible, fair and Project title Boosting tourism
Framework for primary, secondary for the Caribbean. efficient justice
The Caribbean Tourism Association
and post-secondary students, Success statusSince the tirst appeal was filed at the Update and Caribbean Hotel Association
ensuring consistent educational
CCJ in 2005, it has heard work to develop sustainable tourism
standards and enhancing mobility increasing
numbers of civil and criminal
within the region. Tertiary or post cases. in the region.
secondary education success is Project title Better cO-ordinated response to health Success status In 2023, new hotels and resorts
dependent on the foundation laid at issues opened and average room
primary and secondary levels.
Update CARICOM set up the Carilbbean occupancy grew to 65.6% in 2023
from 61% in 2022.
Success status Regional integration has significantly Co-operation in Health (CCH), a
Improved access to tertiary regional health framework. The UWI Cave Hill campus in Barbados
education institutions like the UWI,
which offers world-class education
across the Caribbean region.
Success status CCHI, started in 1984, eliminated
indigenous measles by 1991 and
rubella by 2002. CCH II (1999 to
eheckpoin Case study questions
describe the UWI
Project title Greater access to capital 2005) improved health systems and 1Choose three of the following and write ashort and 1 In your own words,
Global Campus. KO
Update The CBD was set up in 1970 with HIV response through the Pan
paragraph on each one, explaining its meaning
initial capital of $50 million. Caribbean Partnership Against HIV
and AlDS. CCH III (2006 to 2015) three ways in which it has contributed to suCcessul 2 ldentify TWO
benefits of the Global
Success status In 2023, the CDB approved over advanced regional co-operation with integration. UR Campus. K
US$461 million to finance projects in efforts like the Port of Spain d The CCJ regional
water, renewable energy, education Declaration on NCDs and creating
a TheCXC® 3 How does ICT promote U
and health. CARPHA. b The CDB e CARPHA integration in this instance?
The CSME f CDEMA
291
290
 B4 Regonal integ ation
B(G) Regional development

Activities O
Dla In groups, prepare a case
study on one of the
V Checkpaint
lse these words to write a paragraph abort
TravelAgent Activities
1 Work in small groups to develop a plan to
Successes of regional integration. UK howtourism can be seen to promote increase the number of regional
with another group and integration. UR regional that come to your country. Includetourists
ideas for
b Swap your case study success working with other Caribbean countries.
prepare a poster to demonstrate the promoting economic linkage
in their case study. KO
O2a In pairs, research a benefit of regional
policies economic
marketing 2 A group of youtooka trip to another
Caribbean island and received unpleasant
treatment on arrival in the country. Write a
integration to your country and prepare a letter addressed to the Chief Immigration
presentation slide about it. Ú
class. KO Activity O Officer of the CARICOM country expressing
b Share your presentation with the
cAfter all the presentations, discuss
whether
regional
Writea letter to a regional newspane LondonPari dissatisfaction with the way you and other
citizens from your country were treated
your country has benefited from outlining at least three reasons on arrival in their country. Explain why
why
integration. collaboration benefits tourism. UK regional CARICOM citizens should expect better. u

Common economic and marketing Creating communication linkages withi

the Caribbean
Concept of aviation hubs
policies Aviation hubs are international airports that are a
Many people these days use the internet to book their holidays
ather than visitinga travel agent connecting point for Aights, both within and outside
sinmilar
Since many islands in the Caribbean offer Regional and international tourists want the Caribbean region. The more aviation hubs there
attractions, they can work together to use common
economic and marketing practices, saving time
that they can communicate with
via communication links such as
telephoneand
guarantees
people at home, Tourismn companies are always tryying to find new,
innovative ways of promoting themselves on social
are within the Caribbean region, and the more
Aights that use them, the easier it is for tourists and
and money to benefit their tourism industries. the internet, while they are away. media. For example, a resort in Costa Rica used
TheCSME allows its members to co-ordinate networks such as ne Caribbean Communication
Media allouy social media to raise awareness of its environmental
citizens to travel within the region. Many aairlines
provide fAights within the Caribbean, inchuding
their economic policies and facilitates economic Caribbean locals and visitors to link with other programmes and raised US$140 000 in donations 0nterCaribbean Airways, Caribbean Airlines and
integration, enhancing economic linkage. This Caribbean countries and keep up with weather a result. Travel companies can also pay to advertise Copa Airlines.
includes setting standard rates for port fees and hotel reports and news across the region. This can be their services or holidays on search engines and other
tax across the region to make travel easier for visitors particularly important for tourists travelling between The creation of air hubs contributes to the larger aims
websites. Mass media also provides opportunities of regional development and integration, helping
and avoid undercutting each other in terms of costs. Caribbean islands. Linking businesses across the for the tourism industry to advertise. TV channels Caribbean countries to increase their links vith
CARICOM countries have also signed an agreement Caribbean also means that locals and tourists can run adverts for holidays in January when Christmas each other and improve the accessibility of tourism
for customs-free trading of goods for tourism access similar services throughout the region. is over and people want a holiday to look forward
between member countries. destinations. It reinforces the Caribbean's attraction
Communication technology has revolutionised the to. Many newspapers also run travel supplements at as a single destination with diverse attractions.
Regional organisations, such as the CTO, the way people travel.1Tourists used to visit travel agents weekends.
CHTA and the CDB, promote tourism and finance and consult holiday brochures; now, most
development across the region.. For example, the
Enhancing Tourism Sector Resilience Project funded
simply go online. Travel agents, tour tourists
companies, cruise
liners, resorts, hotels and airlines all have websites.
Checkpoint
by the CDB in 2020 focused on improving tourism People can research the type of holiday they want 1 Suggest two ways in which communication
in the Caribbean by building better infrastructure, ine,fndlout t tours and technology has hadan impact on tourism. uK
training hospitality workers and creating appealing a place and
attractions there are
od essential
marketing 1 E S . t also supports eco-tourism
and cultural t , ensuring that tourism benefits
information,
as ferry and flight timetables. Holiday and Aightsuch
local communities and preserves the region's natural comparison sites help people to find the best prices
and cultural heritage. and online reviews from other tourists help consumers
to make informed choices and give c
ecompanies instant
feedback fromn their customers. Most hotels and villas
can be booked online, as can car hire,
restaurants and Caribbean
many tours and visitor attractions. Tourists also use Aviation hubs provide connecting flights between
the internet to find out about the festivals, carnivals destinations
and events across the Caribbean.
292 293
B() Regional development Régonalnteg raton
Country
Busiest Caribbean airports
Location

St Juan
Puerto Rico GeographyandIpoliticssof the region Differences in stages of growth
than 20
1Luis Muñoz Marín
International Airport Punta Cana
Dominican Republic Caribbean has more distinct countries,
The characteriseddtby its unique geography, and development, plus unequal
2 Punta Cana International
Airport Cuba
each which
3 José Martí International Airport
Airport
Havana
Santo Domingo Dominican Republic shapesitssculture, economy anddsocial dynamics.
Differentislands have different vulnerabilities to distributionof resources
4 Las Americas International Montego Bay Jamaica
eavironmental hazards such as hurrricanes Caribbean countries are at different stages of
5 Sangster International
Airport The Bahamas and rising
Airport Nassau
sea requiringspecialised adaptation and
levels,strategies. development. Some countries, such 2s Barbados,
6Lynden Pindling International Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago resilience This makes it difficult to have a Aruba and the Bahamas, are economically
7Piarco International Airport Bridgetown
Barbados
single regional strategy. and have relatively high GDPs. Ar the otherstzble
end of
Ioternational Airport the scale, Haiti has the second highest populaion
8 Grantley Adams The distance across water between Caribbean nations
ikeJarmaica and Barbados creates practical challenges
living below the povery line in the world Wih
|Activity such different growth and development, it is hard
Cheokpoin O1 Choose one of the Caribbean'ss aviation hubs
or collaboration and co-operation among Caribbean
countries,, making communication and transportation
between countries more difficult
and costly. It can also
for countries to feel like equal partners in aregional
Organisation. Additionally, while some isands
have abundant natural resources and thriving
and find out: KG
load to a sense of isolation and a lack of connection economies, others struggle with limited resources and
H N T a which airlines fly from it
between island nations, making it challenging to co underdeveloped infrastruchure. For example, Trinidad
bthe Caribbean countries they fly to ordinate and implement cohesive regional policies. has large amounts of oil, which brought 5796 of
cthe time between an international ninks govermment revenue in 2022. Small islands, such 2s
arriving and the next tregional
flight depating. Absence of acommon model for St Kitts, do not have any valuable mineral deposits.
This, along with the frequency and severity of nanural
M
AB development disasters that affect certain islands, leads to a disparity
between the wealth of different islands. These
U CARICOM countries are all sovereign states free
Factors that hinder regional to make their own decisions whether to accept
CARICOM's suggestions or not. However, the
disparities can create feelings of inequality and make
collaboration and integration challenging, paricuarly

DR
integration unanimity rule, which requires all members to agree
a decision, can delay or prevent progress. By
if richer islands are less willing to share resources to
help poorer ones, slowing down regional development.
Although countries in the Caribbean region have contrast, the OECS Assembly can make decisions MDCs subsidise ILDCs in the Caribbean within
many things in common, such as geography, economy on behalf of the community without requiring regional organisations. This can create resentment in
1Using the word wheel above, list four different and culture, there are big challenges to regional richer countries, while poorer counries may feel that
airports in the Caribbean that serve as aviation hubs integration. Factors that shape the region's policies
unanimous agreement.
they are overlooked within the group. Such attiudes
(the letters in the middle can be used more than and
once in a word. KC membership, hindering Caribbean regional Such different approaches to decision-making
and implementation, combined with the lack of a
and economic differences present challenges when
integration, include:
common model for development, can lead to confict trying to form agreements and progress as a unified
2 Suggest: regional whole.
the growing infuence of metropolitan agencies in regional groups. This also hindered previous
a two reasons why cruises are so popular in the such as Castries City Council (St Lucia), San Caribbean integration efforts, such as the West Indies
Caribbean Ke
Juan-Laventille Regional Corporation (Trinidad
and Tobago) and Kingston and St Andrew
Federation in the 1950s and the Caribbean Free Trade
Association in the 1960s, which shows how hard it is
b two aspects of culture that attract tourists KO
Municipal Corporation (Jamaica) on the region's to get diferent countries to co-operate and be united.
c two reasons for choosing the Caribbean for an membership. While these agencies can bring
event like a wedding. UK benefits, like better infrastructure and more eficent
services, their power can sometimes restrict the Activity 9
freedom of governments to make national decisions la As a class, prepare a scrapbook of
" the strong influence of outside organisations, like newspaper and magazine articles that show
the EU. hindrances to regional integration. KO
Insularities such as many of the factors below also b In groups, discuSs solutions to the issues
of
affect progress to integration.
identified in the scrapbook and present them Due to its close proximity to Venezuela's oil, the Caribbean island
class. UK Aruba benefits indirectly from the oil industry through the provision
B() Regional development B4 Regional integ ation
Activity
O The lack of
Despite agreements, some governments co-ordination,
of time between quality of and letn
flights an make tradplanes
Activity O with others by offering incentives,,such asmay
1a Find out how the GDP of your country
tax
rent-free office spacc, rebates, grants or reduced compet
breaks, e groups, write a
skit
exploring the dilemma
In byisland primeeministers who must
dificult and frustrating,
people and services
planning
making it hari o move goods,
tariffs to foreign industries, encourage
to 11afaced
interests offtheir between Caribbezn nzbons, which
compares to other Caribbean countries. KC invest in their country. They may prepare them to balancethe country
with hinders the development of regional
bls your country an MDC or an LDC? industries such as call centres by for newer commitmentsto CARICOM. U transportation costs also inrezse the martes High
Q cIn groups, discuss what this means for your such roles, or building technologytraining
parks topeople for
thelr discussion on the challenges goods, making then less affordahle forprics of impcted
. Include consumes znd
country's role within regional groupings. O facilities, which disadvantages other
Larger countries also offer countries.provide
clearer opportunities of promoting local industrles while also hurting efforts to encourage intra-regional trade
supporting regional projects. Additionaly, limited access to
growth than those with
competition can hinder smaller ipopulations. S
regional .Such Highlight the tensions between insularitv transportation isnetworks rstricsafordable, eiiet
tourisn opporturiies
Competition for foreign investment Conflict
There can be conflict berween countries over foreign
integration efforts,
between territorial and
(orioritising national interests) and
regionalism (prioritising the interests of the
Since tourism a key sector for many
economies, this is a signifiant problerm.Caribbean
For cumple.
Caribbean region as a whole) in your skit. high costs and poor transport opions might kep
investment, particularly around the question of
where shared projects or important industries should regional demands and loyalties bRoleplay your skit in your class. K
tourists confined to a single resort or
the financial benefits of tourisn from isiand, preening
be located. The location of organisations linked to Caribbean citizens have strong emotional and spradng nare
CARICOM and the OECS should be spread across political loyalty have to their country - this is evenly across different places in the region.
member countries so that all countries benefit. territorial loyalty. Sometimess this can Political will
the requirements of the region, as in 2018,confict with
Barbados was reluctant to implement fully when
MNCs may want to invest in the Caribbean. Richer palirical will refers to the determination and
Caribbean countries may have natural resources, better the commitment of electedd politicians to pursue specifc
infrastructure and superior accessibility, which supports CSME regional project because of
trade. LDCs may argue that they need the benefits concerns
possible impact on its local1;job market i about its
policies or initiatives. It drives forward agreements
Similarly in 2020, CARICOM membersandwere
that industry and business bring more. This conflict can
cause tension between members of regional groups. critical of Dominica's Citizenship by Investment economy. and projects that promote regional integration. Strong
politicalI will is necessary to overcome obstacles such
Programme, which gives foreigners Dominican As conficting national interests, bureaucratic problems
citizenship in and lack of public support. Political will can lead to the
they thought itexchange for investment, because
undermined regional security and success or failure of regional integration projects. For
economic stability. example, to start the process of forming CARICOM,
Nationalism can mean a nation's wish to be the Georgetown Accord (1973) needed the political
independent: however, it can mean a love of vur will of the prime ministers of Barbados, Guyana,
country that is too great. This also
may cause governments
Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. In 2019, efforts to
to see a conflict between the needs of
strengthen regional security cooperation through the
and those of
mamav regionalism. example,their
make decisions For country
a government
Regional Security System (RSS) were impacted by
lack of political will among member states to provide
and business in their that promore manu more funds and fully implement related agreements.
the whole region. Thiscountry rather than The distance and water mass betveen Caribbean countres mesn that
conflict can also occur in travel is possible only by plane or baat
individuals, who may want to employ
rather than workers from other fellow nationals Lack of /high cost of inter-regional
rmay resent migrants who Caribbean countries. transport Absence of acommon currency
receive government
benefits.To ensure the success of regional The high cost and poor availability of transport The lack of a common currency within the Caribbean
governments and the media to addressintegration, internally, inter-regionally and internationally region is a barrier to economic integration. It
nationalism within individualneed
countries. create major problems for regional integration. complicates financial transactions and trade between
For example, in 2020 Leeward Islands Air Transport countries, as businesses and individuals struggle with

Call centres are a

1
Checkpoint
Define nationalism and regionalism. KC
(LIAT) collapsed because of an ageing fleet
and financial problems. It was owned by several
Caribbean governments (including Antigua and
Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica and St Vincent and
exchange rate fluctuations and curTency conversion
costs. It also makes spending money more difhicult
for tourists and makes it hard to compare costs across
the region.
foreign investment.booming business in the Caribbean and attract the Grenadines), which led to delays and conflicts The absence of a common curency also limits
centres are based canHowever, competit
etilion
cause tension within over where these call of interest. The Caribbean, made up of many islands the effectivencss of monetary policies (see page
regionalgroupings and countries, often has inadequate transportation 284) aimed at promoting economic stability and
296 infrastructure or requires extremely expensive projects. facilitating cross-border investment. As a result, intra
297
B(ii) Regional development

regional trade is hindered and the fullpotential of The similarities between Caribbean nations can
economic co-operation within the Caribbean remains lead to competition between them rather than
unrealised. Establishing a common currency or collaboration, sothat instead of working together
themselvas
enhancing currency co-operation between Caribbean to meet common goals, countries find
nations could help to advance regional integration competing for tourists and trade opportunities.
initiatives by removing these barriers and contributing Additionally, the similarities between Caribbean
to regional identity, as the euro has in the EU. islands hinder efforts to diversify production into
other sectors. As a result, there is a pressing need
for Caribbean countries to explore strategies for
Checkpoin diversifying their production base and reducing their
dependence on asingle or dominant industry.
1 Why is political will important in Caribbean
relations? KO Influence of MNCs
2 List two problems with Caribbean transportation MNCs, such as Xerox, Scotiabank, KPMG, Vistaprint
networks. K
and others, may choose to locate technology and
business support projects in the Caribbean, including cal
centres, finance and administration. Because they offer
Activity signifcant investrment and employment opportunities,
they may influence governments to compete to host
la Find out the cost of travelling from your them in their country. Some offer diferent terms to
country to three other Caribbean islands by different countries, or trade with selected suppliers only.
different means and routes. (KO
This can darmage regional relations as well as reducing
b Write a list of the main points that you have trade between Caribbean countries. fMNCs are
identified. Then suggest at least three ways in concentrated in a few Caribbean countries, this could
which Caribbean governments and agencies contribute to uneven regional development.
could work together to improve this situation.
For each,explain a long-term benefit. U
Checkpoinf
1Outline three factors that can lead to inequality
Lack of diversification in production between Caribbean countries. KO
Many Caribbean islands rely heavily on one source
of revenue, such as financial services in the Cayman
Islands. For most, tourism is the main industry, Activities
which makes them vulnerable to changes in the
tourism market, such as those caused by pandemics la In groups,prepare a case study on the
or global recessions. For example, the Caribbean challenges faced by an attempt at regional
tourism sector was expected to grow by about integration. Explain whether the attempt
3.7% in 2024, but it remains sensitive to economic succeeded or failed, giving reasons. UK
downturns and natural disasters like hurricanes, bSwap your case study with another group.
which can greatly impact tourism and income. Note the challenges experienced by the
Historically,many Caribbean economies depended attempt at regional integration and propose
on sugar and bananas, making them vulnerable to solutions to their case study. KO
crop diseases that could devastate local economies. c With the other group, discuss and evaluate the
For example, the banana industry faced significant proposed solutions to each case study. UK
issues from diseases like Panama disease in the mid
20th century, which wiped out large plantations of O2 Analyse the practices and actions of
the Gros Michel banana. The transition from these Caribbean leaders and stakeholders that
single-crop economies to tourism simply shifted the hinder regional integration. O
problem to a different sector.

298
 B4 Regional integration
Activity @ economy. Such support also
fa Presentithe information in t for regional institutions, suchincludes advocacy
as educational
the using a
different method (such as a bartable
graph). K organisations and cultural
asense of collective identityinitiatives, which promote
Number Gender Exercise and social cohesion.
Age In the face of globalisation and trade
Group citizens can demonstrate their liberalisation,
18-25 Male frequency commitment to
regional development by choosing locally produced
Daily goods and services, reducing
26-35 Female Weekly dependence on foreign
imports and strengthening regional
36-45 8 Male
Daily resilience. This
helps local traders, who face competition
foreign imports. Additionally, choosing tofrom
46-55 8 Female
56-65 12 Male
Monthly within their own countries further vacation
Over 65 20 Female
Occasionally
Never economies and showcases the region's diverse
stimulates local
cultural and natural attractions.
bExplain why you have selected your chosen
method. UK

Delicious Roti
-Roles in the integration made from locally
sourced produce
process
.Chicken
There are different roles that individuals, businesses,
the government and mass media choose to play .Goat

in achieving regional integration, ranging from .Lamb

government policies to personal choices and .Conch
actions. The region depends on its citizens, business
organisations, institutions and governments assisting
each other. Such collaboration not only facilitates
integration but also fosters a sense of shared regional
identity.
Role of citizens
Citizens can support regional integration through
their attitudes, actions and words.
" Entrepreneurship is being actively encouraged in
the Caribbean as a solution to high unemployment
rates and economic growth. The right of
establishment makes it easy for Caribbean citizens Citizens can promote integration by setting up businesses, using
to set up businesses in any member state. The more locally sourced products and supporting fellow citizens
home-grown businesses there are that trade with
each other, the more wealth will be created and Solidarity in the region is encouraged and by
kept within the Caribbean. cultivating relationships with individuals from
other CARICOM countries, citizens contribute
" Supporting regional producers and institutions to a collective consciousness with shared ideas
fosters economic growth and sustainability within and attitudes, operating as a unifying force for
the region. By patronising local businesses and the region. Citizens should actively promote
service providers, citizens contribute to the success development in other CARICOM nations
of regional enterprises and support the overall through trade, investment and travel. Parents can

301
 antploymcnt,whhether in one County or acrOSS
B() Regional development he
region.They also give citizens the opportunity BA
the Regjonal integ on
shape the next generation's outlook by instilling
values of inclusivity and a sense of responsibility Checkpoint
buyingshares in the business.
invecountries have set up several l stock
changes,including a regional one (the Eastern "
estabicounties
menbe shment of trade rales and sbe
towards the wider Caribbean community. Showing
a welcoming and supportive stance towards visitors 1 In your own words, explain two ways in which
Curibb
CuribbeanSecurities Exchange), to boost trade harmonisinsgapply
government policies-
he ensuring tha i g
investmentin the area. Through
increase the shares
confict
as all same poids
and CARICOM migrants develops relationships dtizens can play arole in regional integration, K© employmcnt.businesses
and same laws andbusinesses then trade reucs
It also und the
and increases understanding, which further Jnd
individuals. which income and counties abideprotocols. nsres
strengthens the bonds of solidarity and mutual spendingof benefits region's
the
eonomicstabilityand successful integration. of trade and by and beneir fron that al
the sne is
support. This sense of unity is particularly vital
Activity bureaucracy eoonomi
and c intthategratallion, wich
in times of emergency or natural disaster, which and services are ofensures countisgods
highlight the interdependence of Caribbean
nations and the importance of collective action in
overcoming challenges.
1a Go on a virtual field trip or WebQuest to
another Caribbean country. Explore its Cheokpoint "
honouring protocols
a
reduces bariers, sinilar standard This, in tu
inceasing trade berween cu
and -regional
contribution to regional integration, KO based on poliáes
bIn pairs, explain to each other the own
words, explain two roles of
business heads of integration is
protocols 1gTeed
contribution to regional integration of the nyour
t organisationsin promoting regional co-operation. governmentCARICOM,
is bult on the for berween
eanp',
country that you 'e-visited'. into the Treatypoliies
of
and protocols writen
revisions. ConfictChaguzramas and
mav anse if rules aresubsequeni
CARICOM to broken: for
Activity must enforce thefunction
agreed effectively,ongovenmens
Role of business organisations 2s e-commerce, protocols issues
government procurement (orsuch
Businesses have a significant role to play in increasing small groups, pretend you are setting up purchasing of goods and services) and trade in free
and promoting regional co-operation between h1Inbusiness. Present atwo-minute business zones that are exempt from tax.
a of the class
Caribbean countries by: oitch to the rest and what explaining what " educating dtizens - heloing iizens to undestand
" S- this helps businesses vour business
is measures you will the goals and benefts of Canibbean
improving
to increase compehility
their and enables them to We to advance regional integration. Take integration
builds asupportive, inforned cornmunity. It
invest. One example is when a business decides aclass vote on which business you would
investin. UR explaining the aims of working together as ameans
region.
to buy or merge with another business in the such as simproving economic
After Hurricane Maria in 2017, other Caribbean countries took in country or region. By combining staff, expertisce, better trade opporunities andco-operaion, ceaing
enouraging soial
investment ad natural may reduce and cultural exchanges between member ountis.
people from Dominica
Investing in local and regional businesses can resourcease their
their costs, gain market share and
productivity. To keep prices competitive and Role of government When people understand these goals, they can see
the potential for greater economic stability, mnore
iobs and access to a wider
of the
significantly contribute to economic growth and win sales, businesses need to work efficiently to le leaders of the country and representatives
and
stability. Citizens can buy shares in companies, minimise their costs. Such competitiveness creates obligation to lead bv Services. Public awareness market to
campaigns, ionl
nublic, governments have an
providing financial support for their cxpansion strong businesses, which are more likely to succeed Pmple and educate citizens about the objectives programmes and community oueach can spread
and development. By investing in local enterprises, on the global market. It also creates meaningful nd benefits of regional integration.
Governments this infornation, helping everyone to see how
individuals not only contribute to job creation and regional integration can positiely affect their lis
consumer choice, meaning that customers are more and programmes
set up and promote joint activities and
wealth generation but also foster a sense of ownership likely to use a local business rather than looking to solidarity. This and contribute to the gowth of the Caribbean.
and pride in the region's economic progress. that foster regional consciousness
an international provider includes cultural exchanges, educational initiatives,
Supporting local businesses through investment also
helpsto mitigate the impact of external economic
shocks and enhance the regional economy's resilience.
increasing the range and quality of goods and
services - businesses can ofer a wider variety
and collaborative projects in areas such as health
environmental protection and disaster management.
care.
Checkpoint
of products and services through joint regional Governments collaborate with various regional 1Complete this sentence using four of these terms.
Being informed helps citizens to contribute to research, partnerships and sharing resources organisations and institutions to align policies and There could be more than one possible answer. O
the development of the Caribbean region. They and expertise. For example, Digicel operates in strategies, ensuring cohesive development efforts.by: Governments must (a) and (b).
can do this by finding out about other Caribbean Barbados and Jamaica, providing digital and
countries and recognising the similarities and They can also promote and develop integration people about the (c) and (d)_ of
links thbat exist, as well as celebrating differences. business solutions to improve connectivity, - it is the regional integration.
cybersecurity and cloud services. It uses the " enacting the enabling legislation
to implement
By keeping up with developments regarding lead by example drawbacks educate
regional integration agreements and understanding
strengths of both countries to offer a range of responsibility
agreements made
of governnCARICOM countries objectives promote develop
advanced technology services across the region negatives
representatives information
how they can contribute to these, citizens can
" providing opportunities for investment to achieve regional integration. This includes
promote regional integration and build a stronger giving rights and
passing enabling legislationand
Caribbean community. and employment - businesses offer citizens
powers to regional groups businesses, such as 303

302
 BA Regional integration
and.online news cducate citizens about the
. Irint
objectives and bencfits of regional integration.
They disseminate information on co-operation,
cconomic opportunitics and social cohesion,
encouraging public support for integration
initiatives.
. Social media can connect citizens across countries,
CL TOMs givingaashared sense of purpose and identity.
OMin Media outlets provide platforms for public
discourse and debate on regional integration
issues. Through talk shows, panel discussions,
investigations and opinion pieces, they facilitate
Another significant initiative was the citizens' expression of opinions, sharing of
nnology perspectives and engagement in constructive
adoption of a mergerS and
Cmatket
acquisitions
policy designed to prevent market dialogue regarding integration challenges and
opportunities. They may also provide critical
Radio broadcasting promotes regional ntegation. fer e3e.
aweather warning for Dominica could alert a person ling n
Barbados to check on their Grenadian relative
dominance by firms and protect

mmes tO
irom monopolistic pricing within the
The CDF was set up partly to meet the
consumers
CSME.
scrutiny when regional initiatives are not going
well, which can help to improve them.
demands of this protocol, . Mass media encourages citizen participation |Activity 9
in regional integration efiorts by promoting 1 Read regional newspapers on the internet,
awareness of opportunities for engagement. It listen to podcasts or broadcasts from
informs about public consultations, community regional radio stations on the internet and
Case study questions forums and volunteer initiatives, empowering interact with Caribbean people on social
sal to
1 What is the purpose of the COTED citizens to contribute actively to the integration media to find out what is happening in other
on
iali00d
protocol? KG process. countries. UR
edcar 2 What is needed for this protocol to be Broadcast and digital
sta, effective? KG
TV
food, as Radio
acturing 3 In your own words, explain whata Today, most Caribbean countries have many
Common ExternalTariff is and why The Caribbean has hundreds of radio stations TV channels transmitting news, drama, films,
suspending it would be useful to transmitting music, news, documentaries, music and documentaries. TV fosters integration
CARICOM. U entertainment and chat shows to potentially millions by broadcasting programmes across Caribbean
of listeners. Although radio stations transmit from countries. Locally produced shows like Caribbean
individual countries, their programmes can be Passport' are shown regionally, promoting culural
Role of the mass media streamed from the internet and listened to anywhere. exchange and integration. Production companies in
Radio broadcasting isfairly cheap to run and most different Caribbean countries may work together to
E, with a Mass media has a huge infuence and can play a households in the Caribbean own a radio, which produce joint programming.
communication.
citizens, signifcant role in advancing regional integration makes radio an important means of TV news informs viewers about what is happening
elp the within the Caribbean. It is often used for public service announcements, across the Caribbean and the world, providing
e an such as safety advice regarding hurricanes or political essential information, such as regional weather
" Regional or national television or radio shows, broadcasts during elections.
such as 'Caribbean Perspective' produced by reports. Streaming services and web-based broadcasts
now provide viewers anywhere with Caribbean
berson the Caribbean Broadcasting Union, showcase content and give Caribbean programming a wider
the role collaborative efforts, cultural exchanges and succes reach.
ent in stories across the region, promoting a sense of
estions regional unity, progress and solidarity. This helps
to combat insularity by making Caribbean itizens
mal aware of regional issues, rather than just those in
nce. UK their own country.
30
B(i) Regional development

Activity O
1 Find out whichradio andTVchannels
transmit from your country. If there are no 20:36
channels that transmit from your country,
which is the nearest? KO oAllow people to
communicate with others
wherever they are in the
region or the world.
Internet Voice mail can store
messages to be listened
The internet and its use on cell phones contributes to later.
to regional integration because it makes it easier Some can also be used to
than ever for people to communicate across access the internet and
countries. As technology improves and the number social media, make
of telecommunication providers increases, it is purchases and send and
receive emails.
becoming more affordable for the Caribbean diaspora
to use the internet to stay in touch, for example, by Enable people to conduct
business on the move and
using WhatsApp. work remotely (away from
The internet supports regional integration by the office).
providing: Provide vital communication
" easy access to people and information across the
links in emergencies.
Caribbean region
" arange of different, cheap ways to communicate
constantly developing technology, which has
further reach and offers a more reliable service.
Cell phones

The internet

How the internet promotes

regional integration
Provides instant information on almost any topic allowing Caribbean citizens to be
informed about matters and issues relating to the Caribbean region.
Allows people to work remotely across the Caribbean, so opening up travel and
intra-regional business. Working from home using the internet is called telecommuting.
Enables distance learning so that, for example, a student in The British Virgin Islands
can study from home at the University of the West Indies.
Means that consumers can buy online from retailers across the Caribbean and the world.
Enables communication through teleconferencing using free services, such as
WhatsApp.
Enables instant communication via email including the transfer of documents, photos,
audio and video files.

306
 MONDAY

Thr lcaur
Activity O
1 Usingthe internet, try to find the
VITAMING presented in different Caribbean same story
different newspapers approach thenewspapers
and online news providers. Howdo tha
differently or emphasise different story
ONOUR AINARDS
OVURAGI SECTION C

HONOUR
AWARDS Whydo youthink this is? U aaspects?
PLATINUM Social media

FOR PANTON
Retired justice and Integrity Commision chairman
Social media platforms like Facebook,
Twitter), Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok and
YouTube are widely used inthe Caribbean to
X
(formerly
receives RJRGLEANER Honour Awards' top honour
connect individuals, groups and
R
information and promote regionalcommunities, share
initiatives. For
example, regional organisations like CARICOM
and OECS use social media to give
updates,,
with citizens and get feedback on integration engage
efforte
Additionally, grassroots movements and civil sociehr
organisations leverage platforms like WhatsApp and
UAL VOICI
Snapchat to mobilise support for regional causes and
advocate for policy change. The 2022 Digital News
dn r e n d t s t à o in Report revealed that many young people now get
their news from social media rather than traditional
news outlets, with 40% of 18-24-year-olds using
iPr@tect MEDICAL ALERT TikTok and 15% using it specifically for news,
RLiNK
L
SYSTEM WITH
24-HOUR SUPPORT
providing quick access to diverse viewpoints but also
potentially spreading misinformation and resulting in
PRE-ORDER NOW less in-depth understanding of complex issues.
FOR MORE INEC:

GOUniry VITAMINC
Checkpoiaf
1a What is meant by mass media? KO
The Jamaica Gleaner newspaper aims to appeal to readers across the
Caribbean b List five different types of mass media.

Checkpoint |Activity O
1a What is meant by the printed press? KO
bGive five different types of printed press. la Find the OECSYouTube channel and watch one
of its programmes. Take notes of the main
( Give the name of an example of printed press points and how well they are presented. Ko
that is readin your country. bAs aclass, discuss the programme. What
was its main message? How effectively was
this conveyed? How could it be improved?
How could the OECS use social media to
communicate? UR

308