COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SPECIAL ELECTRICAL MACHINES

053EE01

ASSIGNMENT 02

SUBMITTED BY

SAMWEL A. MWAKALINGA

Reg No: 19171053030

BACHELORS DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO

Mrs. Leema Prasilla

DATE:

31/01/2022
QN1- Explain in details about the Construction features of the Brushless Permanent Magnet
Motor also the principle of operation

A: CONSTRUCTION

Stator:

The stator of the BLPM dc motor is made up of silicon steel stampings with slots in its Interior
surface. These slots accommodate either a closed or opened distributed armature winding Usually
it is closed. This winding is to be wound for a specified number of poles. This winding is Suitably
connected to a dc supply through a power electronic switching circuitry (named as Electronic
commutator).

Rotor:

Rotor is made of forged steel. Rotor accommodates permanent magnet. Number of poles of the
Rotor is the same as that of the stator. The rotor shaft carries a rotor position sensor. This position
Sensor provides information about the position of the shaft at any instant to the controller which
Sends suitable signals to the electronic commutator. This electronic commutator function is similar
to the conventional mechanical commutator DC motor.

Fig Arrangement of permanent magnet in the rotor

This motor possess more advantages over conventional DC motor is given below.

1. As no mechanical commutator and brushes are required, it has longer life.

2. Problems relating to radio frequency and electromagnetic interference are minimized.
3. This motor can run at speeds higher than those obtained in a conventional DC motor.
4. This motor is more efficient.

B: Principles of Brushless PMDC Motor

Starting

When dc supply is switched on to the motor the armature winding draws a current. The current
Distribution within the stator armature winding depends upon rotor position and the devices turned
On. An mmf perpendicular to the permanent magnet field is set up. Then the armature conductors
Experience a force. The reactive force develops a torque in the rotor. If this torque is more than
the Opposing frictional and load torque the motor starts. It is a self-starting motor.

Demagnetization curve

As the motor picks up speed, there exists a relative angular velocity between the permanent magnet
Field and the armature conductors. AS per faradays law of electromagnetic induction, an emf is
Dynamically induced in the armature conductors. This back emf as per Lenz’s law opposes the
cause Armature current and is reduced. As a result, the developed torque reduces. Finally, the rotor
will attain a steady speed when the developed torque is exactly equal to the Opposing frictional
load torque. Thus, the motor attains a “steady state condition”.

Electromechanical Power transfer

When the load – torque is increased, the rotor speed tends to fall. As a result, the back emf
generated in the armature winding tends to get reduced. Then the current drawn from the mains is
increased as the supply voltage remains constant. More torque is developed by the motor. The
motor will attain a New dynamic equilibrium position when the developed torque is equal to the
new torque. Then the Power drawn from the mains V *I is equal to the mechanical power delivered
= Pm =ωT and The various losses in the motor and in the electronic switching circuitry and vice
versa takes place, When the load is reduced. Then electrical to mechanical power transfer takes
place.
Three- phase three pulse (or half-wave) brushless DC motor.

The stator has three-phase winding which is star connected. The neutral or star point of the
Winding is connected to positive terminal of the DC supply. A single- phase supply is converted
into DC by using diode bridge rectifier. The capacitor C act as a filter turned on in appropriate
sequence So unidirectional torque is developed When transistor TR1 is turned on, phase A is
energized; when TR2 is on, phase B is energized and so on. When phase winding are energized in
a sequence ABC the rotor rotation is clockwise.

When sequence ACB, the rotor revolves anti clockwise. The rotor- position sensor mounted on the
Motor shaft provides a position feedback. It monitors the shaft position and sends signals to the
Drive circuitry of the inverter circuit.

Fig. 3-phase 3-Pulse brushless DC motor

In response of these signals, the inverter allows the flow of current to stator phase windings in a
Controlled sequence so that motor produces the desired torque and speed. The commonly used
rotorposition sensors are Hall Effect sensors and electro-optical sensors. An electro optical sensor
Consists of a light-emitting-diode (LED), photo transistor and a shaft-mounted slotted wheel.
Operation of Brushless PMDC Motor.

Fig shows an elementary form of the phase stator winding and the permanent-magnet rotor with
two poles.

Fig. Elementary model of phase stator winding

When phase A is energized, stator S and N poles are created as shown in fig. Stator S pole repels
Rotor S pole and attracts rotor N pole, thus producing clockwise torque. The magnitude of this
torque Is given by

Te= K1 Φ s Φ r sinθ

Where

Φ s= Stator field flux

Φ r= Rotor field flux

Θ= Torque angle
K1 = Torque constant

Strength of rotor-field flux ɸr is constant as it produced by permanent magnets. The magnitconstan

Stator field is proportional to stator current. As the stator current is constant the stator field flux Φ
Can also be treated constant. In view of this, the torque expression for Phase A, from the above
Equation can be expressed as

Tea= K ia sinθ

Where ia is the constant stator current in phase A.

QN 2: Explain about rotor position sensor for BLPM motor

Rotor Position sensors for BLPM motor

It converts the information of rotor shaft position into suitable electrical signal. This signal is
Utilized to switch ON and OFF the various semiconductor devices of electric switching and
Commutation circuitry of BLPM motor.

Two popular rotor sensors are:

a. Optical Position Sensor

b. Hall Effect Position Sensor.

Optical position sensor

This makes use of six photo transistors. This device is turned into ON state when light rays fall on
The devices. Otherwise the device is in OFF state the schematic representation is shown in fig.

Fig Optical position sensor

The phototransistors are fixed at the end shield cover such that they are mutually displaced by 60
Degree electrical by a suitable light source. The shaft carries a circular disc which rotates along
the Shaft. The disc prevents the light ray falling on the devices. Suitable slot are punched in the
disc Such turned into on state suitably turns the main switching devices of electronic commutation
Circuitry into on state. As the shaft rotates, the devices of electronic commutation which are turned
Into ON are successively changed.
Hall effect position sensor

Consider a small pellet of n-type semiconducting material as shown in fig 1.14

Fig: Hall Effect

A current icis allowed to pass from the surface ABCD to the surface EFGH. Let the surface ABEF
Be subjected to a North pole magnetic field of flux density B tesla. As per Fleming left hand rule,
the Positive charge in the pellet get concentrated near surface ADHE and negative charges near
the Surface BCFG. Since n-type material has free negative charges, there electrons gets
concentrated Near the surface BCGF.This charge in distribution makes the surface ADHE more
positive than the Surface BCGF. This potential known as Hall emf or emf due to Hall Effect.It has
been experimentally shown that emf due to Hall Effect is

VH is given by VH = RH(Ic / d) volts

Where Ic cur

rent through the pellet in amps

B- Flux density in tesla

d- Thickness of the pellet in m.

RH – Constant which depends upon the physical dimensions or physical properties of the pellet.

If the polarity of B is changed from North Pole to South Pole the polarity of the emf due to Hall
Effect also get changed.

QN3: PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A BRUSHLESS PM SNW OR BLPB SYNCHRONOUS

MOTOR:

Consider a BLPM SNW motor, the stator carries a balanced 3ϕ winding. this winding is connected
to a dc supply through an electronic commutator whose switching action is influenced by the signal
obtained from the rotor position sensor.

Under steady state operating condition, the voltage available at the input terminals of the armature
winding is assumed to be sinusoidally varying three phase balanced voltage. The electronic
commutator acts as an ideal inverter whose frequency is influenced by the rotor speed. Under this
condition a revolving magnetic field is set up in the air gap which is sinusoidally distributed in
space, having a number of poles is equal to the rotor. It rotates in air gap in the same direction as
that of rotor and a speed equal to the speed of the rotor.

Rotor carries a permanent magnet. Its flux density is sine distributed. It also revolved in the air gap
with as particular speed.

It is assumed that the motor acts as a balanced 3ϕ system. Therefore, it is sufficient to draw the
phasor diagram for only one phase. The armature winding circuit is influenced by the following
emfs.

1. V - supply voltage per phase across each winding of the armature .The magnitude of this
voltage depends upon dc voltage and switching techniques adopted .
2. Ef - emf induced in the armature winding per phase due to sinusoidally varying
Permanent magnetic field flux. Magnitude of Ef=4.44ϕmfKw1Tph=|Ef|
As per Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, this emf lags behind ϕmf-permanent
magnet flux enclosed by armature phase winding by 90°.
3. Ea – emf induced in the armature phase winding due to the flux ϕa set up by resultant
armature mmf ϕ∞Ia
Further the current I phasor is resolved into two components Id and Iq

Id set up mmf along the direct axis (or axis of the permanent magnet)

Iq sets up mmf along quadrature axis (i,e) axis perpendicular to the axis of permanent magnet.
Note:

In case of salient pole rotors the electromagnetic torque developed from the electrical power. From
eqn. (5.43)
 REFERENCE

1. Phasor Diagram of Brushless PM SNW or BLPM Synchronous Motor - BrainKart.com

2. Important questions and Answers Department of EE- Special electrical Machines –
Regulation: 2013 learn from Engineers. Com