HVAC

Muhammed Ijas K.M

[email protected]
HVAC
▰ Heating: The process of pumping hot air driven from a boiler/furnace through a
series of ducts within a building.
▰ Ventilation: The process of sending the stale air out from a space and intake of
air to the same space.
▰ Air Conditioning: The process which cools or heats, cleans, circulates the air,
freshens the air and controls the moisture content.

HUMAN COMFORT CONDITIONS

▰ Human comfort condition is affected by 5 conditions:
1. Temperature
2. Relative humidity
3. Air motion
4. Air purity
5. Clothing
▰ Best conditions:
 Temperature: 20-24°C (in winter) & 22-26°C (in summer)
 RH: 30-60%

HEAT
Heat is a form of energy that transfers from one body to another due to temperature
difference.
Unit → BTU (British Thermal Unit) – FPS system
→ Calorie – Metric system

British Thermal Unit (BTU)

1 BTU is the amount of energy required to raise 1°F of one pound of water.
1 kg = 2.2 lb

1 kcal Is the amount of energy required to heat 1 kg of water by 1°C.

1 kcal = 3.97 BTU

 Sensible Heat: It raises the temperature of the substance and can be measured
by an ordinary thermometer.
 Latent Heat: It is absorbed or released whenever there is a change of phase. It is
a hidden heat and cannot be measured by an ordinary thermometer.

HEAT TRANSMISSION
▰ Heat flows from hot area to cold area.
▰ 3 types of transmission:
 Conduction: Heat transfer through a body due to molecular action. Eg. Heat
transfer through a metal rod.
  Convection: Heat transfer resulting from movement of fluids. Eg. Heat transfer
between wall and surrounding air.
 Radiation: Heat transfer that occurs between 2 separate bodies by means of
electromagnetic radiation (wave motion). Eg. Heat transfer from sun to earth’s
surface.

REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration is the process of maintaining the space at a temperature lower than that
of surrounding temperature.
Unit → Ton of refrigeration (TR)

1TR is the amount of refrigeration effect produced by the uniform melting of 1 ton of ice
at 0°C in 24 hours.

1TR = 12000 BTU/hr = 3.5 kW = 210 kJ/min = 50.4 kcal/min

Refrigeration Effect: Amount of heat which has to be removed from the surface to
maintain a temperature lower than that of the surrounding with 1kg of refrigerant.
Unit → kJ/kg

Refrigeration Capacity: Product of refrigeration effect and mass flow rate of refrigerant.
Unit → kJ/sec, kW

TEMPERATURE
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness measured by an ordinary
thermometer.

K °C °F

Ice Point 273 0 32

Steam Point 373 100 212

A−ice point B−ice point

steam point−ice point = steam point−ice point
(of A) (of B)
HVAC STANDARDS
 ASHRAE - American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers
 ISHRAE - Indian Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers
 ARI - Air conditioning and Refrigeration Institute
 FM - Factory Mutual Insurance Company
 NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
 SMACNA - Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association
 ASTM - American Society of Testing and Materials
 OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
 UL - Under Writers Laboratories Incorporated
 LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

REFRIGERATION CYCLE
VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE
▰ The modern air conditioning system cools an indoor space by using the
refrigeration cycle.
▰ Four core components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and
evaporator.
▰ The Carnot cycle, which is completely reversible, is a perfect model for a vapour
compression refrigeration cycle operating between two fixed temperatures.

VAPOUR ABSORPTION CYCLE

▰ Compressor replaced by absorber, pump and generator.
▰ Uses minimum 2 fluids - refrigerant and absorbent.
▰ Used where cost of electricity is very high. Used in large capacity refrigeration.
 ▰ Most popularly used VARS systems are:
 Aqua Ammonia refrigeration system (Refrigerant - NH3; Absorbent - H2O)
 Lithium Bromide refrigeration system (Refrigerant - H2O; Absorbent - LiBr)

DIFFERENCE: VCRS & VARS

METHOD OF SUCTION AND COMPRESSION OF REFRIGERANT
 In VCRS, the compressor sucks the refrigerant from the evaporator and
compresses it under high pressure.
 In VARS, the process of suction and compression is carried out by two different
devices called absorbers and generators. Thus, the absorber and generator
replace the compressor in the VARS.

ENERGY INPUT
 The energy input to VCRS is given as a mechanical function from an electric
motor. Energy input in a VARS is given as heat.
 VARS is best for locations where heat energy is readily available at a low cost.
Steam power plants can easily run this refrigeration system using the waste heat
produced in the power plant.
HVAC COMPONENTS
COMPRESSOR
It takes low-pressure gas refrigerant coming into it, and turns it into high-pressure gas
by the time the refrigerant leaves, increasing the refrigerant’s temperature as well.

COMPRESSOR TYPES
Reciprocating Compressor
 A piston compresses the air by moving up and down inside a cylinder.
 The vacuum effect created by this motion sucks in the refrigerant gas.
Screw Compressor
 Screw compressors are typically restricted to large commercial buildings with
lots of air to circulate and cool.
 The unit contains a pair of mated helical rotors that push air from one side to the
other.
 Reliable and efficient but not cost-effective for smaller applications.
 Suitable for refrigerants like R-12 and R-22.

Rotary Compressor
 Rotary compressor produces compressed refrigerant by the rotary movement of
blades or the movement of eccentric roller connected to the motor shaft.
 A bladed shaft rotates within a graduated cylinder to push and compress
refrigerant at the same time.
 Rotary compressors are quiet and do not suffer from vibration as much as other
compressors.
Centrifugal Compressor
 It pulls the refrigerant in using centrifugal force and is then compressed using an
impeller.
 Largest and most expensive.
 Centrifugal compressors are used in large HVAC systems.
 Suitable for refrigerants like R-11 and R-113.

Scroll Compressor
 Consists of a fixed coil, the scroll, that makes up the unit’s center. A second coil
rotates around the central scroll, compressing the refrigerant and driving it
toward the center.
 Fewer moving parts - more reliable.

CONDENSER
Upon leaving the compressor, the high-pressure gas refrigerant enters the condenser.
The condenser is a network of pipes that a hot, gas refrigerant passes through. When it
leaves the condenser, the refrigerant will lose its heat and transforms to liquid form. In
an air conditioner, the condenser expels hot air.
CONDENSER TYPES
1. Air-cooled Condenser
 Condensers consist of a finned continuous tube coil.
 A fan mounted on the compressor-motor pulleys blows air across the condenser
coil.
 The unit should be located in a well-ventilated and preferably cool place.
 Simple design and low installation cost.

a) Natural Convection
 Air comes into contact with the hot coil, absorbing the heat of the refrigerant
inside the coil, resulting in an increase in the air temperature.
 As the warm air is lighter, it moves up and replaces the cold air, and again the
cold air comes to touch the hot coils.
 Airflow rate and the radiative heat transfer is low.
 As large condensing surfaces are required to reject a certain amount of heat, this
type of condenser is used for small capacity refrigeration systems like home
refrigerators & freezers.

b) Forced Convection
 In forced convection, the fan is used to force the air over the condenser coils to
increase the heat transfer capacity.
 Commonly used in window air conditioners and packaged air conditioning plants.
 2. Water-cooled Condenser
This type of condenser uses water to cool the hot refrigerant and convert it into a liquid.
These are used where there is sufficient supply of water.

a) Double Tube
 Double tube condensers have a tube of water inside a larger refrigerant tube.
 Water absorbs most of the refrigerant’s heat, but since the refrigerant tube is
exposed to the natural circulations of air, part of the cooling process is over
natural convection.

b) Shell and Coil

 In a shell-and-coil condenser, a welded shell consists of a coil of finned water
tubing.
 The hot refrigerants flow into the shell while cold water circulates inside the coils
and condenses the refrigerants.
 Compact and low cost.
 c) Shell and Tube
 In shell and tube condensers, water is pumped through pipes while refrigerant
flows into the shell.
 The installation of fins in the pipes allows for better heat transfer.
 Low-cost & easy to maintain

Evaporative Condenser
 Combine the functions of condensers & cooling towers.
 Refrigerant enters the top of the coil & flows down.
 Air is blown through an opening near the bottom, flows upward into the
refrigerant coil, through the spray and eliminator, and into the fan, and is
discharged at the top of the unit.
EXPANSION VALVE
The refrigerant has left the condenser as a high-pressure liquid. But for the evaporator
to do its job, the refrigerant has to be at a lower pressure. Expansion valve changes the
high pressure refrigerant from the condensing unit to low pressure refrigerant.

EXPANSION VALVE TYPES

Capillary Tubes
 A capillary tube is a long, wound-up copper tube with a tiny opening that
receives hot, high-pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser.
 The small opening holds high pressure on one side of the tube and low pressure
on the opposite side.
 The friction from the walls of the tube rapidly reduces the pressure of the
refrigerant flowing through it.
 Used in domestic refrigerators.
Automatic Expansion Valve
 Automatic Expansion Valve regulates the flow of refrigerant from the liquid line
to the evaporator by using a pressure-actuated diaphragm.
 It maintains a constant pressure in the evaporator.
 Poor efficiency compared with other types.

Thermal Expansion Valve (TEV/TXV)

 It controls the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator in response to the cooling
load.
 A sensing bulb compares the temperature before and after the evaporator.
 A membrane inside the valve housing adjusts the mass flow of refrigerant in
response to the evaporator load.
EVAPORATOR
The evaporator turns the refrigerant from liquid to gas. It absorbs heat from the space
which is to be conditioned and turns the air cold. This is where the “conditioning” of the
air occurs.

EVAPORATOR TYPES
Bare Tube Evaporator
 It comprises of copper tubing or steel pipes.
 The bare tube evaporator is made up of multiple rounds of tubing.
 The ambient air passes over the bare tube evaporator and the chilled air leaves it
to be used for cooling.
 Used in domestic refrigerators.
Finned Evaporator
 Finned evaporators are bare tube evaporators that have been coated with fins.
 The fins are made up of thin sheets of metal having good thermal conductivity.
 These fins enhance the contact surface of the metallic tubing with the fluid and
improves the heat transfer rate.
 More effective than bare tube evaporators.

Plate Type Evaporator

 The coil usually made up of copper or aluminum is embedded in the plate so as
to form a flat looking surface.
 The external plate helps in increasing the heat transfer from the metal tubing to
the substance to be chilled.
 More rigid as the external plate provides lots of safety.
Shell and Tube Evaporator
Consist of several horizontal tubes inside a shell.

a) Dry Expansion System

 Refrigerant circulates through tube and liquid which cools it passes through
shell.
 Refrigeration capacity of 2-250 TR.

b) Flooded Evaporator
 Water or brine solution flows through the tube and refrigerant circulates
through shell.
 Refrigeration capacity upto 5000TR.
 Used in chillers.
REFRIGERANTS
 A refrigerant is a working fluid used in the refrigeration cycle of air conditioning
systems and heat pumps.
 It produces cooling effect by absorbing heat in the evaporator and rejecting heat
to surroundings in the condenser side.
 In most cases, they undergo a repeated phase transition from a liquid to a gas
and back again.

 Primary Refrigerants: Directly flows into the refrigerating machine and produce
cooling effect. Eg. R-11, R-12, R-22, R-134
 Secondary Refrigerants: Used to transfer heat from the substance being cooled
to a heat exchanger where the heat is absorbed by a primary refrigerant. Eg.
Water, brine solution

INORGANIC REFRIGERANTS
R717 - Ammonia - NH3
R718 - Water - H2O
R744 - Carbon Dioxide - CO2

ORGANIC REFRIGERANTS
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
R170 - Ethane - CH3CH3
R290 - Propane - CH3CH2CH3
R600a - Isobutane - CH(CH2)2CH3
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
R22 - Chlorodifluoromethane - CHClF2
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
R32 - difluoromethane - CH2F2
R134a - 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane - CH2FCF3
R143a - 1,1,1-trifluoroethane - CH3CF3
AZEOTROPES
R502 - R22 + R115 (48.8:51.2)
R507 - R125 + R143a (1:1)

Physical Properties
▰ Cost: Low cost
▰ Viscosity: Low viscosity
▰ Leakage Detection
 Freon Leaks: Detected by halide torch test. Colour of light changes from blue to
bluish green.
 Ammonia Leaks: Detected by sulphur stick method. Reacts with sulphur and
produce white fumes of ammonium sulphide.
 SO2 Leaks: Detected by ammonia swab test.

Chemical Properties
▰ Toxicity: Non-toxic
▰ Flammability: Non-flammable
▰ Reactivity: Non-reactive or less reactive
▰ Solubility in water: Should not be soluble in water

AIR CONDITIONER
▰ Air-conditioner is an electrical device used to create and maintain certain
temperature, relative humidity and air purity conditions in indoor spaces.
▰ It is used to maintain a level of personal comfort.
▰ It cools down a space by removing heat from the space and moving it to some
outside area.

AIR CONDITIONER TYPES

Wall-mounted Split AC
 A combination of an outdoor unit and one or more indoor units.
 The indoor units are mounted on a wall and equipped with air blowers.
 The indoor unit comprises of evaporator expansion valve. The outdoor unit
comprises of condenser and compressor.
 The indoor & outdoor units are connected through tubing through which
refrigerant circulates.
Floor-mounted Split AC
 The indoor unit of floor-mounted AC rests on the floor.
 It is ideal for spaces with tilted walls such as attics or building constructed by
fragile materials such as glass.
 Easy access to the air filters.
 Better cooling as the fan blows the air directly at occupant’s level.

Window AC
 A window AC is a single unit with all of its components enclosed inside.
 It ejects heat out of its outdoor side and blows cool air into the room on the
indoor side.
 It is installed in a window or by making a hole in the wall.
 It has a filter that slides out so that it can be cleaned regularly.
Portable AC
 It is a single unit with all its components enclosed inside.
 It is a free-standing unit and is portable.
 It requires is a power outlet to power it up & access to a window where the unit’s
air can be exhausted by using its funnel.
 Portable ACs can be single-hose that takes in air from inside of a room and expel
it outdoors. Or, dual-hose which pulls air from outdoor using one hose to cool the
condenser and is then exhausted outdoors from the other hose.

Cassette AC
 A cassette air conditioner is a type of split system and its indoor unit is installed
in the ceiling.
 The conduit connecting the indoor and outdoor units is hidden in the ceiling
space.
 The outdoor unit can power more than one indoor unit.
 Along with square models with air flow in 2, 3 and 4 directions, circular models
with 360° coverage are also available.
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING

DIRECT EXPANSION (DX) SYSTEM

▰ In DX systems, the evaporator is in direct contact with the supply air.
▰ DX units include split systems, ducted systems and packaged units.
▰ Suitable for small buildings, single-level complexes, and homes.
▰ Refrigerators and freezers use DX cooling to remove thermal energy from inside
the freezer unit to the outside.

DUCTABLE SPLIT AC
▰ Indoor unit which contains evaporator coil, fan and filter is mounted on the
ceiling.
▰ Duct is used to supply air to the spaces.
▰ Outdoor unit is connected to the Indoor unit with copper pipes.
VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW/VOLUME (VRF/VRV)
▰ VRV is an HVAC technology invented by Daikin Industries Ltd. in 1982.
▰ Several indoor units can be connected to single outdoor unit.
▰ Each indoor unit can be controlled separately.
▰ VRV alternates the refrigerant volume in a system to match a building’s
requirements.
▰ The total demand of all indoor units will determine how the outdoor unit adjusts
the refrigerant volume and temperature.
▰ Lower power consumption, initial and maintenance cost compared to chiller
system.

VARIABLE AIR VOLUME (VAV)

▰ VAV systems supply air at a variable temperature and airflow rate from an air
handling unit (AHU).
▰ It consists of an AHU and VAV boxes, typically with one VAV box per zone.
▰ Each VAV box can open or close an integral damper to modulate airflow to
satisfy each zone’s temperature setpoints.
▰ In cases where the zone may require more heat, VAV boxes have auxiliary
heating/reheat coil.
VAV BOX
A VAV box consists of a volume control damper and controls a separate panel.
The controls respond to a thermostat, opening and closing the damper in response to
the given temperature.
CHILLERS
▰ Centralised systems use chillers for conditioning the air inside a building.
▰ Chillers generate chilled water which is used to provide air conditioning in
buildings.
Working
▰ Chillers use a refrigerant gas to move the unwanted heat between the
evaporator and the condenser.
▰ The chilled water is generated in evaporator and this is sent around the building
by a pump to collect the unwanted heat and bring it back to the evaporator to be
cooled down.
▰ The refrigerant collects this heat and moves it to the condenser.
▰ The condenser puts this unwanted heat into another loop which is sent by a
pump to the cooling tower to send it into atmosphere (water cooled) or it will
send it to a cooling coil where a fan blows the heat away (air cooled).

TYPES OF CHILLERS
1. AIR-COOLED CHILLERS
 These chillers are typically located on the roof.
 Air cooled chillers will blow air across their condenser to disperse the unwanted
heat into the atmosphere.
 2. WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
 These chillers are typically located in the basement.
 Water cooled chillers use cooling towers to disperse the unwanted heat into the
atmosphere.

COOLING TOWER
▰ Cooling towers are used to remove heat from water used in water-cooled
applications.
▰ It is a specialized heat exchanger in which air and water are brought into direct
contact with each other in order to reduce the water’s temperature.
TYPES OF COOLING TOWERS
1. Crossflow Cooling Towers
 Water flows vertically through the fill while the air flows horizontally, across the
flow of the falling water.
 Gravity flow hot water distribution basins are mounted at the top of the unit
above the fill.
 2. Counterflow Cooling Towers
 Air flows vertically upward, counter to the flow of falling water in the fill.
 Counterflow towers use pressurized, pipe-type spray systems to spray water
onto the top of the fill.

CROSSFLOW COUNTERFLOW

Air flows horizontal in the fill Air flows vertical in the fill

Hot water distribution - Gravity Hot water distribution - Pressurized nozzles

Fans - Direct drive Fans - Belt drive

Maintenance can be done while running Shutoff before maintenance

Larger area Taller - more height

Heavier - Additional support legs No need of support

3. Induced Draft Cooling Towers
 Induced draft cooling towers have fans that are typically mounted on top of the
unit.
 It pulls the air through the fill media.

4. Forced Draft Cooling Towers

 Blowers are located at the base of the air inlet face.
 Air is pushed by the blowers through fill media.
AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)
▰ The basic function of the AHU is to take outside air, re-condition it and supply it
as fresh air to a building.
▰ AHU typically houses blower, heating or cooling coil (or both) and filters.
▰ AHU's can be given provision for adding fresh air, humidifier and UV lights for
killing organic substances.
ROOFTOP UNIT (RTU)
▰ A Rooftop Unit (RTU) is a self-contained heating and cooling unit that is typically
mounted on the roof of a building.
▰ An RTU is sometimes called a “packaged unit” because it includes all the
components of an air conditioning and heating system (evaporator coil,
condenser coil, compressor, heat source, fan, etc.) in one box.

FAN COIL UNIT (FCU)

▰ FCU houses the blower (fan), the evaporator coil (for DX System) / heat
exchanger coil (for systems other than DX), filter and sometimes heater coil
(electric).
▰ Takes in the hot air from room and cools it, then supplies it to the room.
▰ FCU installed for small capacities and have less options like humidity control.
▰ FCUs are usually available from 0.75 to 5 TR.
 AHU FCU

Bigger and complex system Smaller and simple system

Channels air through ducts May or may not have ducts

Treats outside air Recycle or re-circulates the air inside the room

Can be indoor or outdoor unit Only indoor unit

Can have humidifying components No humidifying components

Less noise Noisy operation

More tonnage capacities (used in large

Less tonnage capacities
buildings)
FRESH AIR HANDLING UNIT (FAHU)
▰ FAHU is same as an AHU with 100% fresh air (no air recirculation). The return air
is extracted to the atmosphere.
▰ They are used where there are limitations to fresh air intake either directly or
through AHUs. For eg., places like hospitals where contaminated return air is not
advised to be reused.
▰ The extracted air is most likely to be of at a lower temperature than the fresh air
taken by the FAHU, so inorder to increase the efficiency of the system a heat
exchanger is used where the temperature of fresh air is transferred to the
extracted air.
HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM
Rotor Wheel

Heat Pipe
▰ The heat pipes are sealed tubes that are filled with a working fluid.
▰ One side of the heat pipe is exposed to the waste heat, which heats up the fluid
inside the pipe. The latent heat of vaporization is then used to transfer heat over
a long distance.
Run around Coil
Plate type Heat Exchanger
DUCTS
Ducts are fabricated passages or paths used in HVAC to deliver and remove air.

DUCT MATERIALS
 Galvanised Iron (GI)
 Stainless Steel
 Aluminium
 Galvanised Steel
 Mild Steel

INSULATION MATERIALS
Thermal Insulation – Outside duct
Acoustic Insulation (Acoustic Lining) – Inside duct
Inorganic
 Fibrous materials - Glass wool, Rock wool
 Cellular materials - Calcium silicate, Cellular glass
Organic
 Poly Urethane Foam (PUF)
 Nitrile Rubber
 Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) - Thermocol

DUCT TYPES
Square Duct
 Less friction compared to rectangular duct.
 Less materials required for fabrication compared to rectangular duct.
 Height required to install square duct is more as compared to rectangular duct.
Rectangular Duct
 Height required to install is less.
 Easy to fabricate at work site.
 More friction compared to square and round duct.

Round Duct
 Low friction.
 Less materials required for fabrication.
 Require more height for installation.
 Fabrication time is more.
DUCT FITTINGS

Reducer

Offset

Elbow

R-fitting
 Tee

Split bend

Transition
 Dampers

AIR TERMINALS
▰ Used to deliver both conditioning and ventilating air.
▰ A diffuser evenly distributes air in the desired direction by using profiled blades.

▰ A grill supplies or extracts air without any kind of deflection.

▰ An air register is the same as a grille, but with adjustable dampers in it.
DUCT DESIGN METHODS
Velocity Reduction Method
Air velocity reduced arbitrarily as we proceed down from the duct run.

Equal Friction Method

 Frictional pressure drop per unit length of the duct is maintained constant (0.09
in/WC)
 Used commonly in residential and commercial projects
 Best suited for CAV, not recommended for VAV

Static Regain Method

 Maintain a constant static pressure before each terminal and branch to provide
same flow.
 When the velocity reduces gradually, duct sizing is performed after each
branch/outlet.
 The static regain method is commonly used for high velocity systems with long
duct runs, especially in large systems.

PSYCHROMETRY
Psychrometry is a branch of engineering science which deals with the study of moist air.
1. Dry Air: Mixture of gases such as N2, O2, CO2, H2, inert gases, etc. N2 and O2 are
major constituents.
2. Moist Air: Dry air mixed with water vapour.
3. Saturated Air: Mixture of dry air and water vapor in which the air has diffused
maximum amount of water vapor in it.
4. Specific Humidity/Humidity Ratio (w):
 Actual mass of water vapour present in 1kg of dry air.
 Generally expressed in g/kg of dry air.
𝒎
w = 𝒎𝒗
𝒂

mv → mass of water vapour

ma → mass of dry air
 5. Relative Humidity (Φ):
 Ratio of actual mass of water vapour in a given volume of moist air to the mass
of water vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature
and pressure.
 Relative humidity represents the moisture absorbing capacity.
 As Φ increases, moisture absorbing capacity decreases.

𝐦𝒗
Φ=
𝒎𝒗𝒔
mv → mass of water vapour in actual condition
mvs → mass of water vapour in saturated condition

6. Degree of Saturation (μ)

Ratio of actual specific humidity to specific humidity of saturated air at the same
temperature.

𝐰
μ=
𝐰𝐬

w → specific humidity in actual condition

ws → specific humidity in saturated condition

7. Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT): Temperature indicated by an ordinary

thermometer.
8. Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT): Temperature of air measured by a thermometer
whose bulb is covered with a wet cotton cloth.
9. Dew Point Temperature (DPT): Temperature of air recorded by thermometer
when the moisture present in the air begins to condense.
10. Wet Bulb Depression: Difference between DBT and WBT of air.
11. Dew Point Depression: Difference between DBT and DPT of air.

For saturated air (Φ = 100%),

DBT=WBT=DPT

For unsaturated air (Φ < 100%),

DBT>WBT>DPT
VENTILATION
Ventilation systems are used to:
▰ Provide fresh air
▰ Remove or dilute airborne contaminants
▰ Reduce fire or explosion hazards
▰ Maintain comfortable temperature and humidity levels
▰ Control indoor air quality

Toilets, kitchens, car parking areas, tunnels, etc. should be kept at negative pressure,
i.e., pressure inside the room should be lower than atmospheric pressure.

Exhaust Air CFM= Room Volume x (ACH/60)

Toilet Ventilation
ACH values for:
 Private toilet = 8 to 10
 Public toilet = 15 to 20
Supply air CFM = 75 - 85% of exhaust air CFM
Kitchen Ventilation
ACH range: 15 to 60
Supply air CFM = 80 - 85% of exhaust air CFM

Car Parking Ventilation

ACH range = 6 to 10
Supply air CFM = 75 - 85% of exhaust air CFM
Tunnel Ventilation
ACH range = 6 to 10
Supply air CFM = 75 - 85% of exhaust air CFM