Sets, Relations and Functions

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Sets, Relations and Functions
Sets
Definition and Description of Sets
Definition
A set is a collection of well defined objects.
Definition
A set is a collection of well defined objects.
Note
(a) Sets are generally denoted by capital letters
like A, B, X, Y etc.
Elements of the set are denoted by small letters
like a, b, x, y etc.
(b) If a is an element of the set A, then it’s written as a
A.
(c) Elements are not repeated in the set.
Description
Sets are described in two ways.

(i) Roster form (ii) Set Builder form

Elements are listed using Elements are told by

commas and brackets telling the property or
For example, rule they follow
{a, e, i, o, u} For example,
{x : x is a vowel}
 Question!

Q Match the following

(a) {1, 2, 4} (i) {x : x is a prime divisor of 6}
(b) {2, 3} (ii) {x : x N and x is a divisor of 4}
(c) {A, C, E, H, I, M, S, T} (iii) {x : x is a letter of the word MATHEMATICS}
(iv) {x : x N and x < 7}
(v) {x : x is a letter of the word ALCHEMIST}
Solution :

A II; B I; C III
 Question!

Q Write the set {1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64} in set-builder form.

Ex
Solution :

Given set is A = {1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64}

By observation, we can say
n- 1
A = {2 : n ≤ 7 and n N}
Alternatively, we can say
n
A = {2 : n ≤ 6 and n W}
 Question!

Q Write the set in set-builder form.

Solution :
 Question!

Q Write the following set in the roster form.

2
C = (x : x + 7x - 8 = 0, x R}
Solution :
Types of Sets
Null set or Empty set or Void set

A set which does not contain any element is called Empty set
or Null set or Void set. It’s denoted by or { }.

Eg. (i)

(ii)
 Question!

Q The set A = {x : x
2
R, x = 16 and 2x = 6] equal-

B {14, 3, 4}

C {3}

D {4}
 Question!

Q The set A = {x : x
2
R, x = 16 and 2x = 6] equal-

B {14, 3, 4}

C {3}

D {4}
Solution :
Singleton Set

A set containing single element is called singleton set.

Remark : Curly brackets ie { . } are use to write singletons.

Eg. {z} , {0} , { } , { {1,2,3,4,5} } are singleton sets.

Finite Set

A set which is either empty or has finite number of elements is

called a finite set.

Remark
Number of elements in a finite set A is called the order or
the cardinality of the set A, generally denoted by o(A) or
(A).
 Question!

Q If A = {1, 2, {3, 4} }, then n(A) = _____.

A 2

B 3

C 4

D None of these

Recall
Eg. {z} , {0} , { } , { {1,2,3,4,5} } are singleton sets.
 Question!

Q If A = {1, 2, {3, 4} }, then n(A) = _____.

A 2

B 3

C 4

D None of these
Solution :

Given A = {1, 2, {3, 4} }

Here, {3, 4} is an element of A
So, n(A) = 3
Infinite Set

A set having infinite number of elements is called infinite set.

Eg. (i) {1, 2, 3, 4, ...},

(ii) {..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...} etc.
Equal Sets
Two sets are said to be equal if they have exactly the same
elements.
Eg. If A = {0, 1, 2} , B = {2, 1, 0} , C = {0, 1, 1, 2}, then A = B = C.

Equivalent Sets
Two finite sets are said to be equivalent if their cardinalities are
equal.
Eg. {1, 2, 3} is equivalent to {dog, cat, parrot}.
Subset
s
 Subset
s
Definition

Set A is said to be a subset of set B if every element of A is

also an element of B. It is generally denoted as A ! B.

Ex. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then A ! B.

Note
(a) Every set is a subset of itself.
(b) ɸ is a subset of all sets.
(c) A ! B and B ! A ∀ A = B .
Observations

If A = { p , q , {2, 3} } , then try to observe that

(i) { p , q } ! A
(ii) { { 2, 3} , p } ! A
 Question!

Q Write the subsets of {1, 2}

Solution :

Let A = {1, 2}
The subsets of A are: , {1}, {2}, {1,2}
Power set
 Power set

Definition
The collection of all the subsets of a set A is called the power
set of A, denoted by P(A).
 Question!

Q Write down the power sets of the following sets.

(a) A = {1, 2}
(b) A = {1, 2, 3}
Solution :

(a) Given A = {1, 2}

Power set of A = {ɸ, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}

(b) Given A = {1, 2, 3}

P(A) = {ɸ, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2} {2, 3}, {1, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}
Result
p
If n(A) = p, then the number of subsets of A is 2 .
Clearly, same will be n(P(A)).
 Question!

Q Two finite sets have p and q number of elements Respectively.

The number of elements in the power set of the first set is 12 more
than the number of elements in the power set of the second set.
Find p and q.
Solution :

Here, let the two sets be A and B,

such that n(A) = p and n(B) = q.
p
Number of elements in power set of A = 2
q
Number of elements in power set of B = 2
p q
Now, according to question, 2 − 2 = 12,
q p- q 2 2
that is 2 (2 - 1) = 2 (2 -1)
# q = 2, p = 4
 Operations on Sets
To understand operations on sets, first we need to know the
term “universal set”.
 Operations on Sets
Universal Set
If we talk about any particular context in sets then the set
which is superset of all possible sets in the given context is
called universal set.
(Generally, it’s given in the question).

Venn Diagram

Ex. A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {3, 4, 5}
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
 Operations on Sets
Following are the operations on sets that we are now going to
learn.
(a) Union of two Sets
(b) Intersection of two Sets
(c) Difference of two Sets
(d) Symmetric Difference of two Sets
(e) Complement of a Set
 Operations on Sets

Union of two Sets

A ∃ B = {x : x A or x B}
Ex. {1, 2, 3} ∃ {2, 3, 4} = {1, 2, 3, 4}

A B
 Operations on Sets
1.5
Intersection of two Sets

A %B = {x : x A and x B
simultaneously}

Ex. {1, 2, 3} %{2, 3, 4} = {2, 3} A B

Ex
Note
(a) If C ! B, then
(i) C ∃ B = B
(ii) C %B = C
Note

(b) C %(B ∃ A) = (C %B) ∃ (C %A); C ∃ (B %A) = (C ∃ B) %(C ∃

A)
Note
(a) If C ! B, then
(i) C ∃ B = B
(ii) C %B = C
(b) C %(B ∃ A) = (C %B) ∃ (C %A); C ∃ (B %A) = (C ∃ B) %(C ∃
A)
(c) If C %B = ɸ, then C and B are called disjoint sets.
 Operations on Sets

Complement of a Set A
c

c
A or A’ = {x : x & A and x U} A

Eg. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, then complement of {1, 2, 3, 4} is {5,

6}.
Note
c c
(a) (A ) = A
Note
c c
(a) (A ) = A
c
(b) A ∃ A = U
Note
c c
(a) (A ) = A
c
(b) A ∃ A = U
c
(c) A %B = ∀ A! B
De-Morgan’s Laws
c c c
(i) (A ∃ B) = A %B

c c c
(ii) (A %B) = A ∃ B
 Operations on Sets
Difference of two Sets

A –B (or) A\B = {x : x A and x &

B}
A B
Eg. {1, 2, 3} –{2, 3, 4} =

Eg. {1,2,3}\ {4,5} =

Observation
c
A\B = A %B
 Operations on Sets

Symmetric Difference of two Sets

A B
Cardinality based Problems
 Cardinality based Problems

Result

(i) n(A ∃ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A %B)

 Cardinality based Problems

Result

(i) n(A ∃ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A %B)

(ii) n(A ∃ B ∃ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A %B) - n(A %C) - n(B %
C)
+ n(A %B %C)
A B
Remarks

(a) n(A) = x1 + x2
x4
(b) n(only A) = x1
(c) n(B) = x2 + x3 x2
x1 x3
(d) n(only B) = x3
A B
(e) n(none of A or B) = x4
 Question!

Q In a school, every teacher teaches either maths or physics. If 15

teach maths, 24 teach physics, while 6 teach both, then find
(a) the number of teachers.
(b) the number of teachers who teach physics only.
 Question!

Q In a school, every teacher teaches either maths or physics. If 15

teach maths, 24 teach physics, while 6 teach both, then find
(a) the number of teachers.
Solution :

Let A be the set of teacher who teaches Maths

B be the set of teacher who teaches Physics
Then n(A) = 15, n(B) = 24
A B
n(A %B) = 6
# Total number of teachers
n(A ∃ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A %B)
= 15 + 24 –6
= 33
 Question!

Q In a school, every teacher teaches either maths or physics. If 15

teach maths, 24 teach physics, while 6 teach both, then find
(b) the number of teachers who teach physics only.
Solution :

Let x1 = num of teachers who teach physics only

Let x2 = num of teachers who teach maths only
Let x3 = num of teachers who teach both maths and physics

According to the question,

x1 + x3 = 24 and x2 + x3 = 15 and x3 = 6
x1 x3 x2
Solving, we get x1 = 24 - 6 = 18
 Question!

Q In a class 60% passed their Physics examination and 58% passed

in Mathematics. W hat percentage of students passed both their
physics and Mathematics examination?

A 18%

B 17%

C 16%

D 2%
 Question!

Q In a class 60% passed their Physics examination and 58% passed

in Mathematics. W hat percentage of students passed both their
physics and Mathematics examination?

A 18%

B 17%

C 16%

D 2%
Solution :
n(P) = 60,
n(M) = 58,
n(P ∃ M) = 100,
n(P %M) = n(P) + n(M) - n(P ∃ M)
= 60 + 58 - 100
= 18
 Question!

Q In a survey of 600 students in a school, 150 students were found

to be drinking Tea and 225 drinking Coffee, 100 were drinking both
Tea and Coffee. Find how many students were drinking neither
Tea nor Coffee.
Solution :
Given,
Total number of students = 600
Number of students who were drinking Tea = n(T) = 150
Number of students who were drinking Coffee = n(C) = 225
Number of students who were drinking both Tea and Coffee = n(T %C) = 100
n(T ∃ C) = n(T) + n(C) - n(T %C)
= 150 + 225 - 100
= 375 - 100
= 275
Hence, the number of students who are drinking neither Tea nor Coffee
= 600 - 275 = 325
Observation

In a school, if 15 teachers teach maths and 25 teachers

teach physics, and if total number of teachers is 30, then try
to observe that minimum value of n(M %P) is 10.
Remarks
(a) If n(A) + n(B) ≥ n(U) , then minimum value of n(A %B) is
given by n(A) + n(B) − n(U)
(b) If n(A) + n(B) < n(U), then minimum n(A %B) = 0
 Question!

Q If n(A) = 5 and n(B) = 10 , then find maximum and minimum

possible values of n(A %B) if
(a) n(U) = 8
(b) n(U) = 20
Solution :

(a) Given, n(A) = 5 and n(B) = 10

Here, maximum possible value of n(A %B) = 5
Now, as n(U) = 8 and n(A) + n(B) = 15
Thus, minimum value of n(A %B) = 7
Solution :
(b) Given, n(A) = 5 and n(B) = 10
Here, maximum possible value of n(A %B) = 5
Now, as n(U) = 20 and n(A) + n(B) = 15
Thus, minimum value of n(A %B) = 0
 Question!

Q There are 25 students. Every student reads 10 newspapers and

each newspaper is read by (i.e., shared by) 5 students. Find the
number of newspapers.

D
 Question!

Q There are 25 students. Every student reads 10 newspapers and

each newspaper is read by (i.e., shared by) 5 students. Find the
number of newspapers.

D
Solution :

Since every student reads 10 newspaper

Thus, total number of newspaper read = 10 × 25 = 250
But each news paper is shared by 5 students
Thus actual number of newspapers =
 Question!

Q Suppose A1, A2, ….., A30 are 30 sets, each with 5 elements and B1,
B2, …., Bn are n sets, each with 3 elements. and each element of
S belongs to exactly 10 of A i‘s and 9 of Bj’s. Find ‘n’.
Solution :
 C
x3
x6 x5
x7
x4
x1 x2

A B
 Cardinality based
Problems
Remarks
(a) n(A) = x1 + x4 + x6 + x7
C
(b) n(only A) = x1 x3
x6 x5
(c) n(only A and B) = x1 + x4 + x2 x7
x4
(d) n(only one of A, B or C) = x1 + x2 + x3 x1 x2
(e) n(exactly two of A, B and C) = x4 + x5 + x6 B
A
(f) n(A, B or C) = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 +
x7
 Question!
Q Of the number of three athletic teams in a school, 21are in the
basketball team, 26 in hockey team and 29 in the football team, 14
play hockey and basketball, 15 play hockey and football, 12 play
football and basketball and 8 play all the games. The total number
of members is

A 42 B 43 C 45 D None of these

Recall:
n(A ∃ B ∃ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A %B) - n(A %C) - n(B %C)
+ n(A %B %C)
 Question!
Q Of the number of three athletic teams in a school, 21are in the
basketball team, 26 in hockey team and 29 in the football team, 14
play hockey and basketball, 15 play hockey and football, 12 play
football and basketball and 8 play all the games. The total number
of members is

A 42 B 43 C 45 D None of these
Solution :

Let B, H, F be the sets of the three teams respectively

So n(B) = 21, n(H) = 26, n(F) = 29,
n(H %B) = 14, n(H %F) = 15, n(F %B) = 12,
n(B %H %F) = 8 and
n(B ∃ H ∃ F) = n(B) + n(H) + n(F) - n(H %B) - n(H %F)
- n(F %B) + n(B %H %F)
= 21+ 26 + 29 - 14 - 15 - 12 + 8 = 43
 Question!

Q In a class, every student plays either cricket or hockey or

badminton. 10 play cricket, 15 play hockey, 20 play badminton,
5 play cricket and hockey, 2 play hockey and badminton,
5 play badminton and cricket and 2 play all the games.
How many play exactly one of the games?
Solution :
x3 B
n(C) = 10 = x1 + x4 + x6 + x7 x6 x5
x7
n(H) = 15 = x2 + x4 + x7 + x5
x4
n(B) = 20 = x3 + x5 + x6 + x7 x1 x2
n(C %H) = 5 = x4 + x7 C H
n(H %B) = 2 = x5 + x7
n(B %C) = 5 = x6 + x7 # x4 = 3 ; x5 = 0 ; x6 = 3
n(C %H %B) = 2 = x7 x1 = 2 ; x2 = 10 ; x3 = 15
Solution :
x3 B
Number of students playing x6 x5
x7
exactly one game x4
x1 x2
= x1 + x2 + x3 = 27
C H
Enroll into Multiple course
MASTER CLASS
TEACHE TEACHE
R R
 Jee 2021

100 % ilers : 17
99 percentilers
Jee 2021
307+
 548
JEE Adv.
2020
How to Avail Discount
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Apply Coupon Code:

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